Invert Module 2 Quiz
Class Anthozoa: corals, sea anenomes. Sea fans. Phylum Cnidaria
- Largest cnidarian class - Marine - Polyps stage only - Oral disc - Gastrovascular cavity divided by septa; layers of tissue, mesentarties, increased surface area to volume ratio. - Some produce calcium carbonate skeleton (reef building corals, sea fans) - Separate sexes, often broadcast spawners - Also have asexual reproduction through binary fission, some also have budding. - Mouth is found in center of oral disc. Oral disc is surrounded by tentacles which have stinging cells.
leuconoid
1-3 Grades of Construction: Sponges Third level of complexity is the ____________ sponge. No obvious giant spongocoel. No obvious giant osculum instead multiple Osceola. Lots of canals and channels inside.
Asconoids
1-3 Grades of Construction: Sponges The first group the _____________where lots of ostia, big spongeocoel, one opening out.
syconoid
1-3 Grades of Construction: Sponges The next level with increasing complexity is the _____________. Looks very similar but there are these little pockets or indentations which provides more area for choanocytes.
ostium/ostia
A sponge has lots of holes in it. There are these small holes that are called
With tissues you can make up nerves, muscles, gastrovascular cavity and then the ability to move and you can eat more have more modes of getting food instead of just filtration of particles. You can now regulate internal spaces.
Advantage for Diplobastic in Cnidarians?
Gorgonacea
Ahermatypic corals (Subclass Alcyonaria or Octocorallia) Sea fans and sea whips -axial skeleton of gorgonin
Pennatulacea
Ahermatypic corals (Subclass Alcyonaria or Octocorallia) o sea pen and sea pansies - axial calcified skeleton
Alcyonacea
Ahermatypic corals (Subclass Alcyonaria or Octocorallia) soft corals- do produce calcium carbonate spicules
o Cnidarians- epitheliomuscular cells (contractile epithelial cells) for locomotion; cells that line cavities spaces, contractile in cnidarians o Ctenophores - Fully differentiated muscle cells for prey capture
Are they diploblastic or triploblstic?
Diversity
Asexually repreoducing form of hydrozoan feeding tentacles and reproductive. Medusae that bud off are separate sexes as part of gastrovascual cavity, broad cast spawning planktotrophic larvae. Hydrozoan _____________: none look like the little green hydroid
The increased number of blooms is due to climate change.
Blooms What's causing them?
boring sponges
Certain types of sponges called _________________. They can actually bore into CaCO2 structures of other animals. It has bored into the shells of mollusck and coral. They secrete an acid that erodes away at the calcium carbonate and they ectend down by phagocytosis because they are still just cell-based organisms. They take the pieces of the calcium carbonate and they spit them out. By doing that they can create space to which the sponges live.
Rhopalia
Class Cubozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) with complex visual structures (structure that has the oscelia and statocyst)
Physalia physalis
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Portugese man-o-war also a colonial organism not a bell of jelly but a polyp that has been inflated with gases. Tentacles hanging down below, very long and thin
Weird colonial hydrozoa:
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) Velella velella reffered to as by the wind sailor. Floating on the water and disk of tissue on surface and it rises out of the cell tissue. Colonial organism.
Hydranth (Gastrozooid)
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) ____________________ is name for feeding polyp
Gonangium (Gonozooid)
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) is reproductive polyp (asexual reproduction) produce mini medusae and break free and swim off and do sexual reproduction
Siphonophores
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) live out in open ocean, they look a lot like the organs of a single body but they are individual colony. Often times one or a few polyps that are modified into nematophores. They have a diel migration. Vertical migration, these animals in day time go down to deep water and come up to surface at night. Come up to surface to feed on plankton and go down to dark to hide. Night better hiddent translucent and transparent
longitudinal and circular muscles in the bell
Class Scyphozoa They have both _____________________________________ and the contraction form a vertex of water that pushes it for. Jelly fish gets more drag in water. The stopping vortex rolls underneath bell contraction and relaxation of bell create the verticies that push the jelly forward.
Strobilation, Ephyrae
Class scyphozoa Asexual reproduction - transverse division of the whole polyp Scyphistoma (polyp phase) ______________(transverse division) _____________-(young medusa) No true polyp stage in this
Jelly fish, Sea anenomes, corals and psyfaunafor, portugese man-o-war
Cnidarian examples
Few hours to a few months, one jelly can reverse its lifecycle in times of stress medusa back to simpler life form.
Cnidarian trivia How long do jellies live?
GFP Green fluorescent protein, used to die proteins to fluoresce
Cnidarian trivia What important protein, used in biomedical research, comes from jellies?
A smack
Cnidarian trivia What is a group of jellies called?
Henry Rollins, Frank Zappa
Cnidarian trivia What species of jelly is named after a musician?
benthic
Cnidarians , polyp are _________ (attached to something or bottom rocks)
Major advancement #2: Cells organized into tissues
Cnidarians have two tissue layers. They are diploblastic. Blue is outer layer and green is inner layer. Blue outer layer is ectoderm, and the inner layer which is endoderm and the white would be your gastrovascular cavity. The grey section thick, mesoglea. One opening that has mouth and anus functions. Function of endoderm is uptake of nutrients and the ectoderm being protection. No tissue layers in sponge.
polymorphic.
Colonies are _____________ Corals are reproducing asexual. You can have two corals close together that join together. Some pelagic polyps that are swimming (Some exceptions)
Staying right side up
Cool trick #2 Cnidarians Ocelli Statocysts
nematocyst.
Cool trick#1 Cnidarians The actual structure within the cell that does the stinging or the stinging part is the ____________ The ____________ is located inside this capsule. There is a lid on it called the operculum and it is a generic term for covering. It covers gills in fish and snails the shell cover. This cells thread is coiled around the stinging barb.
exoskeleton
Crab wearing a sponge hat. 30 species of sponge crabs that are found primarily in Australia. The crab is wearing a sponge because it provides camouflage and sponges have allied chemical defense and spicules. Hairy looking Velcro like surface on ________________.
bioluminescent
Ctenophore feeding Beroe- teeth Most are not __________________-. Some that are bioluminescent. Mostly drift with currents. Flashes of bluish light.
statocyst.
Ctenophore: Nervous system are quite complex Sensory structures, statocyst and anal pore Nerve net Peripheral nerve net, aboral sensory organs statocyst. Apical organ sensory organ at anal end contains anal pores and ______________ Portion of tentacle contractile fibers which is muscle tissue, colloblast are also part of sensory component of nervous system. Mechanical stimulation trigger them, line tentacle. Adhesive granules. Filaments that hold them and granules are released and prey is stuck.
o One way that helped is ctenophores are basically transparent (very easy to see their gut) o Ctenophore eating one another you can see it in them. Feed ctenophores and watch food move in oral and out the aboral end.
Ctenophores How did scientist figure out ctenophores have a digestive system with two openings?
Beroe
Ctenophores ___________- does not have tentacles, has large oral opening, two flaps have teeth on them are larger stiffer cilia. When beroe if its hungry enough it will use it like a mouth and bite down and take down through pharanx which is also larger
osmotic pressure
Ctenophores Anal pores and statocysts are sensory tissues that are part of nervous system. o Anal pores are separate from anus regulate ___________-
solitary
Ctenophores are also _____________- and do not exhibit polymorphism
No, growth rate did not reliably predict generation rate. Taxonomy did not predict regeneration rate. Regeneration and survivorship are inversely proportional to recruitment rate. The better the sponge is at reproducing the less good it is at regeneration.
Do sponges that grow more quickly, do they regenerate better?
flagellum;microvilli
Each choanocyte has a __________. The movement of the flagella collectively pushes the water through. As the water comes through, it moves through this collar of ________________. The caller ______________acts like a mesh or a net. As the water moves through the collar the food particles get trapped. This is how the sponge is capturing food via filter-feeding.
amoeba sites
Egg cells are produced from ______________. They do not have gonads so through cellular level. Egg is formed by a transformation of an _____________. Adult sponge is releasing sperm cells. The egg stays in the sponge (the mesohyl), but the sperm are released through the Osculum. These sperm are taking up by a neighboring sponge through the ostia right through the water flow going into the body. Then this sperm are able to get into the mesohyl and they fertilize the egg. The larva begins to develop inside the sponge. The vast majority of sponges retain that fertilized egg and the mesohyl retain that larva until a certain point in development before they release it. Typically let get into a little ball of cells and then release off osculum. The larvae is a planktotrophic larvae and will swim off it it doesn't get eaten or carried to an in hospitable environment.
ocelli
First trick that cnidarians have is primarily in the medusa form. They have these ________ which are kinda like eyes. They are photo forced and are used to detect light. There are many biolumeniscent animals. o Box jelly can actual for images.
The answer is no. The size of the ostia is limiting to particle size of food. Certain particle size isn't about 50 microns. Bigger than 50 microns cannot pass through. They are rejected and not consumed. Smaller particles organic, and some even inorganic dissolved and particulate matter do get though.
Food How selective is a sponge at feeding? Does everything go through the porous site and into the sponge and consumes whichever comes its way?
Zooxanthallae.
Graph Importance of coral reefs, net primary productivity. Different ecosystems and their primary productivity. Most of productivity is happening between symbiosis of________________-
corallite.
Hermatypic corals (Order Scleractinia) Each individual polyp produces one cup of corralum structure an each of them is called a __________ Collectively all the corrallums form the colony. Living tissue is inside the _____________The tissue that produces the coral hard structure is part of the gastroderm which is layer of ectoderm. Modified gastrodermis that produces the ________________
Law of Continuity:
How do sponges create water flow through the body? 2 laws of physics that help to explain the movement of water through a sponges body. Imagine a tube or pipe and the water is flowing in from the left to the right, the area of the tube or pipe is bigger on one side than on the other. The water in order to keep it flowing through at a constant rate because the volume decreases from one side to the other the velocity has to increase.
Bernoulli's principle
How do sponges create water flow through the body? 2 laws of physics that help to explain the movement of water through a sponges body. ________________ an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure. An example is an airplane wing because air acts like a fluid. As the air plane wing is curved on the top and its flat on the bottom, so the air moving over the top of the wing is moving more quickly than the air on the bottom because it has a longer distance to travel to the front of the wing to the back. So the air on the bottom which is moving relatively slower is pushing upward creating or creating more pressure pushing upward on the wing which gives the airplane lift.
colloblase ctenes, granules Majority they have tentacles and within them are the colloblast. These colloblast have a spiral coiled up filament they do not have a barbed or spine. Instead they have granules. Granules within it with a ctenophore glue. When the tentacle comes into contact with granules release adhesive substance and stick to prey. Ctenes, combs cilia beat up and down rapidly. Motion of all of these collectively is what allows it to swim. Ctenophores, have long tentacles, once they capture prey they can pull tentacles in and can scrape food off with their mouth. Brought down through the gastrovascular canals which continue through the entirety of the body. The different species have a different organization. High Surface area to Volume Ratio.
How do they capture their food? Ctenophores
Things that cause it to fire it is high pressure. If come into contact with the nematocyst the cell is stimulated. When the cell is stimulated, the operculum opens, high pressure system pressure released thread coils and stinging barb comes out. The barb is designed with these little spines to stick inside the prey. Injecting some sort of venom. Once firing occurs barbs remain stuck and cnidarian will create new nematocysts and they are produced from the golgi. They can fire them over an over throughout their life. The acid will deactivate the barb the acid in the urine. You can use soda or coffee. The worst thing to do is to pour fresh water on it and will irritate it. Some have so much pressure they can break through crustacean shell.
How does nematocyst and cnitdocytes work
The water comes in through the ostia and moves through the body, through the spongocoel and out through the osculum. This movement of water provides the flow of food that the sponges are able to filter out.
How does water travel in sponges?
sexual, asexual
In general.... Reproduction Cnidarian Medusa have___________reproduction, polyps have __________ reproduction
law of continuity relation to sponge
In other words as the flow moves through at a continuous rate, the velocity of the water is moving more slowly on greater volume slide an quicker on other. This relates to a sponge because if you think about a sponge and you think about the movement of water through the ostia and the osculum and the pipe the law of continuity applies to it. Each individual ostia, individual inflow pore is really small. Example as asconoid sponge with one osculum, the osculum is relatively big. However, you have lots of ostia the small ones. Collectively the total area of ostium size is really big make one big area. The water flows into the ostia fairly slowly. This is good because you want the water to flow over the choanocytes fairly slowly so that they have the chance to filter the food out. Then water flows into the spongocoel and out the osculum and that's like the water then moving into a smaller area type. In order to keep the water rate constant the water going now through the spongocoel and out the osculum has to move faster because you are getting rid of the waste.
Symbiosis with bacteria
Microbes of bacteria make up about 60% of the total body mass of a sponge. In the mesohyl, canals, an everywhere in the sponge there are bacteria. These bacteria just like our microbiome are really important to the survival of sponges. Sponges and bacteria provide a mutual protection for one another. Sponges provide protection for bacteria because they give it a safe place to leave but the bacteria produce all sorts of chemical compounds that can acts as anti predatory chemical compounds or other types of chemical defenses. Some of them actually produce in shallow water sponges. Compunds that can act like sunscreens so your sponges don't get sunburned too. They assist with cross-feeding, filter feeding, nutrient uptake, chemical defense, fermentation, and photosynthesis.
oral disc
Mouths: Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa: - The increased complexity of body, radial symmetry with mouth in center. There are also retractor muscles that are in ____________ that can open and close the mouth and pull tentacles in. It can close itself down for protection.
acontia
Mouths: Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa: Gland like strucutres with mesenteries are the _________, long filaments that can extend out of the mouth are armed with cnidocytes. They use them in defense and competition for space. Extend acontia out of mouth and sting repeatedly its neighbor. Gonads at base separate sexes. Situated on mesentery.
messentaries
Mouths: Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa: The gatrovascular body cavity with one opening, septa sheet like partitions that extend from body wall into gastrovascular that are endoderm tissue. Secrete digestive enzymes by the ______________. Gland like strucutres with mesenteries are the acontia, long filaments that can extend out of the mouth are armed with cnidocytes. They use them in defense and competition for space. Extend acontia out of mouth and sting repeatedly its neighbor. Gonads at base separate sexes. Situated on mesentery.
photophores- detect light
Ocelli
the water is moving into more slowly and out more swiftly.
Ostia, this is your inflow pipes, flagellated chamber would be like your spongocoel or if it's a more complex sponge of other chambers and your osculum is your outflow pipe. Even though each individual ostia is really small compared to an osculum collectively when you add them all together you have a much bigger cross section area. The area of the pipe is bigger compared to the osculum so therefore ___________________
Theme: Efficient predation in a simple (?) package
Phylum Ctenophora
Haploid meaning having one set and diploid two sets of chromosomes. Yes, they all have haploid and diploid stages.
Reproduction: Alternation of generations Cnidarians Do they all have haploid and diploid stages?
Many cnidarians have part of their lifecycles as polyp and part as a medusa. Not all of them do that though. Some of them skip some or the other stage.
Reproduction: Alternation of generations Cnidarians Do they all have polyp and medusa stages?
Think about a coral it is colony of polyps. A jellyfish is not a colony.
Reproduction: Alternation of generations Cnidarians o Do they all form colonies?
The answer here is yes, vast majority have separate sexes
Reproduction: Alternation of generations Cnidarians o Do they all have separate sexes?
Yes, because of the effect that they could have on seafood that we like to eat. Livlihood of economy of fishermns and removing of top predators.
Should we care about the blooms?
Choanocytes
Sponge ____________________ can be modified to become a sperm cell. Sometimes the entire choanocyte will sink into the mesohyl and form these spermatic cyst.
hermaphrodites
Sponge Sexual reproduction _______________. It does produce both eggs and sperm. They don't have gonads, so where are the gametes made? The sperm are modified choanocytes.
protein core
Sponge Spicules have both inorganic and organic components. The inorganic are the layers of CaCO3 or SiO2 on the outside and the organic is ____________
spicules
Sponge The skeleton is composed of a collagen type protein called a spongin They have _________ which are small structures made of calcium carbonate which is same as our bone or silica which is glass.
spicules
Sponge _____________ are interesting for numerous of reasons. First, they have a variety of different shapes and sizes. This unique aspect of the___________ and different composition of ____________ is one of the major ways that sponges have been classified and the way that their evolutionary relationships have been determined.
Demospongiae
Sponge Classes: ___________ spongin and maybe silica spicules, leuconoid construction, largest class Vastly most common almost any sponge encountered are in this class. Spongein, skeleton made up the collagen like protein spongeon. They also have silica spiculues. They are all leuconoid sponges.
Hexactinellida
Sponge Classes: ____________________ six- rayed silica spicules, syconoid, some leuconoid, syncytial throughout. These are the glass sponges. They are all deep sea sponges and they all have this structure of silica spicules that have distinctive six rayed. Spicules are fused together
Calcarea
Sponge Classes: ________________calcium carbonate spicules, all 3 grades of construction. They are also sometimes called bony sponges because theyre spicules are entirely made of CaCO2.
based on morphology
Sponge Grades of construction
sexually, vast majority are simultaneous (hermaphrodites) and asexually.
Sponge Reproduction?
Aciclovir
Sponge pharmacology ______________ which is an anti-viral compound. It is used to treat herpes, chicken pox and shingles, blocks viral DNA synthesis and virus cant reproduce and survive. 1977 discovery. WHO has listed it as one of the safest and important medications.
Anntiretroviral (AZT)
Sponge pharmacology _______________(HIV) is the primary drug used to treat HIV anti retroviral that works against the synthesis of RNA in the virus. 1987 discovery first effective HIV virus medication.
Arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C)
Sponge pharmacology ________________ chemotherapy compound also from sponges. It is mainly used to treat lymphomas and leukemias and other types of blood cancers also blocks DNA synthesis in cancer cells in this case, and also blocks repair.
collagen, calcium carbonate and silica
Sponge skeletons are made of
ocean climate change
Sponge skeletons tell us about
porocytes
Sponge: These are little openings and they are made of these cells called ____________ The _____________ is the cell that makes the opening.
amebocytes
Sponge: Once the food is trapped in the collar it has to get into the cells so nutrients can be used. The food is brought back into the cell through these food vacuoles that move through the cell and then get picked up by other cells in the sponge body called _______________
intracellular digestion
Sponges are unique because they are the only group that relies solely on ___________________________ (phagocytosis primarily). We have extracellular digestion. Our digestion starts as soon goes into our mouth and the enzymes in saliva start digestion.
complexity and body plan.
Sponges have a different level of
budding
Sponges have both sexual and asexual reproduction. They do not self fertilize. They accomplish asexual reproduction by _____________. _____________ was one of the ways that asexually reproduction can be done. Essentially, a little many sponge grows off the side of the big one and eventually breaks free and establishes itself.
sclerocytes
Sponges have the___________________in sponges is modified amoeba sites. That are building the spicules. They build their skeleton different than the way that we build our skeleton. Our skeleton is one giant continuing structure of articulated bones and joints and it grows in that organized fashion. Where as the sponges spicules are constructed using the ____________ and are assembled and moved to their location where they will ultimately end up and are assembled on site. Individual pieces come together. Different than any other animal group.
spongocoel.
Sponges: They have this big body cavity in the middle called the _____________
Rhopalium
Statocyst in Cnidarians These are for balance and orientation on which ways is up. _____________ they function like the bones in our inner ear. Small sensory structures that are found around the perimeter of a bell in jelly fish and they help the jellyfish with orientation. In the the _________there are these specific structures called statocysts. Small mineral crystals with calcium carbonate and the hairs on the cells detect the movement of the little crystal ball and if the crystal is upside down the animal can detect its orientation.
balance sensory deception
Statocysts
Sponge defenses:
Study: sponges competing with corals and the defenses sponges use to protect theirselves with corals. Corals and sponges both need Space (Hard surface).
mesohyl
The ___________is this jelly like layer that provides structure but it is also where these other cell types kind of move around. The motile cells and the skeleton are located within the ____________.
Pinacocyte
The cells that are called_______________ are the like your skin cells. They are on the exterior of your body. Then there is this layer between the outside and the inside (grey stuff in drawing) is not truly tissue. It is a gelatinous layer called the mesohyl.
How do sponges compete?
The chemical defenses. Results: Extracted chemicals from the sponges made from bacteria and used lower and higher and put it in with strip. Sponges that grow faster produce chemical defenses and vice versa. They made these phytojel strips. Chemical soaked bandaids soaked in sponge extract and one with none and no strip on it. And look at maximum yield how well corals can grow through their photosynthetic. When soak bandaid in sponge extract significant decrease in coral growth. The importance of this is that sponges if they can outcompete coral it can damage the coral reef. The overfishing of fishes that eat sponges means that there are more sponges (in carribean)
Bath sponges./ leuconoid
The most complex sponges _____________sponges. They are the ones that grow the largest, on coral reef. They are the most diverse and most common. There is no central spongocoel, there are multiple oscula. Those are the outflow currents. The incurrent pores are the ostia, but now they do not go into big open chambers instead they go into smaller chambers called choanocyte chambers. Notice all of the branching and networking of these channels through the body tissue. There is much more mesohyl and tissue not true tissue body mass to sponge. Lots of little chambers with choanocytes greater surface area to body ratio more pumping and filtering of food. They can also grow in all directions because there is no central spongocoel that they are growing around. Flat or round any shape.
cnidocyte
The stinging cells are called ______________ in cnidarians
choanocytes
The workhorse cells of the sponges are the ______________. They are also called collar cells. They are the cells that are responsible for moving that water through the sponge and filtering out the food. They are aligning the big open chamber of the spongocoel before the water comes in through the ostia.
Phylum Porifera
Theme: A cellular level of organization provides flexibility despite simplicity o Simplest of animals, they only have a cellular level of organization and do not have tissues or organs. o They have huge flexibility emboding planning o In a simple body plan you can still have a lot of complexity
Phylum Cnidarians:
Theme: Simple body, complicated life cycle
osculum/oscula
There are these larger openings in the sponge called
sponge spicules
These are based on taxonomy and most of the taxonomy is based on the ___________ There are a lot of exceptions to the rules and classifications are inprecise.
nervous, muscle, gastrovascular, epethetial, epidermis layer
Tissues found in cnidarians:
1. Tissue Levels of Organization 2. Having a body axis or symmetry
Two Key Evolutionary Events: Cnidarian
ostia than that oscula.
Typically sponges have more of the _______________________.These are the structures of what water flows.
Not all go through organized plan of polyp and medusa stages
Variation on theme Hydra no medusa stage Jellies that don't have polyp stage
broadcast spawners.
Very simple gonad tissue. In gastrovascular cavity tissue that produces either egg or sperm. Most are __________________They join together to form zygote and larva. Larva develops into poly where asexusal reproduction occurs which is budding. Forming on branches is polyps and they are forming little medusa. The little medusae are released and are the separate sexes.
coral bleaching
Water temperature is hurting corals, when cell gets stressed .Chain reaction occurs which leads to the production of free radicals, unpaired electrons, which try to find electron anywhere they can and cause damage to cell. Coral cells get stressed and expressed the dinoflagellates. When coral dies this is where ___________________ occurs. Corals are generally slow growing animals and very hard for corals to recover.
Sponge pharmacology
We can harvest sponges. A wide number of medical compounds and so on that are taking or extracted from sponges.
They get a safe place because living in tissue in cell. They also get nutrients, nitrogen from the corals waste products. The corals get food. Reef building are much more reliant on zooxanthellae about 95% of food is acquired from them. The dianoflagellates assist in the formation of the coralites. Zooxanthale take up calcium and carbonate from water how they are helping and producing the skeleton.
What do the dinoflagellates get from the deal? Hermatypic corals (Order Scleractinia)
The big advantage is you can now have organization of the tissues, it is important for the muscle and nerve tissue. In cnidarians they have longitudinal and circular muscles. Having body axis allows for the organization which allows for mobility and ability to have more flexible lifestyle. The mouth is on one side and nothing on the other. We don't generally try to call them the top or the bottom or the dorsal and ventral instead. The side with the mouth is the oral side and the side without the mouth is the aboral side. Polyp oral on top and flipped in the medusa.
What is the advantage to having a body axis or some form of symmetry?
Diploblastic
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? 2 layers of tissue, inner and outer layer)
Eumetozoa
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? Tissue level of organization:
Gastrovascular cavity
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? ____________________ with one opening (digestive system, incomplete cut, only one opening, extracellular digestion now, digestive enzymes begin to break down before taken up to cell)
Radial symmetry
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? ______________________ (a round organism that can be cut along axis and get mirror)
hydrostatic skeleton
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? o (mesoglea) (not anything hard or structural made by the animal, essentially water filled body cavity, water feels cavity and pushes between two tissue layer to provide structural support) turgor pressure from 1108 same type of idea with the plants/ mesoglea similar to mesohyl it is different mesohyl is mostly gel made up of the collagen protein while the mesoglea is mostly made up of water is that __________________ and proteins and microscopic fibers that help with support in the water.
Nerves (nerve net) & muscles
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? o : (nervous system - ___________ no central nervous system processing area no brain or spine a network of nerves. This in conjunction with muscles allows for locomotion, can take on other feeding strategies such as predation. Propulsive motion what does that mean think about a jellyfish impulses it bell in propulsive motion)
sexually & asexually
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? o Reproduce
cnidocytes
What makes a Cnidarian a Cnidarian? o Tentacles with ___________ (tentacles with stinging cells)
o Tentacles with colloblasts (no nematocyst) specialized cell type used to capture prey, they are not stinging cells. Sticky, and snare prey. One species that does have nematocyst in tentacles but does not produce nematocyst itself eats tentacles in jelly fish into their own. o Eight ctenes (comb rows/plate) they go around the perimeter of body on the exterior. Rows of hairlike projections. These combs are cilia, largest animals that move solely will cilia. o Digestive canals with two openings (series of canals) o Hermaphrodites (they do not have separate sexes, they do not self fertilize, they don't really have asexual reproduction) very good regenerative capacity. Can regrow back that tissue.
What makes a ctenophore a ctenophore? differences to cnidarians
Eumetozoa (true animals) o Radial symmetry, sort of (on the exterior they have radial symmetry, not quite radial symmetrical on internal structures) we call this biradial symmetry: two planes on which you can cut and get mirror images o Diploblastic, sort of {inbetween layer, (mesoglea in cnidarian) is more organized, it contains cell and specialized muscle cells in mesoglea layer. Sorta primitive third layer, makes them more highly involved o Nerve net, they have statocyst that help them to sense gravity, possibly have structure for detecting light o Have a pair of small anal pores that they use for detecting osmotic pressure o Hydrostatic skeleton via mesoglea
What makes a ctenophore a ctenophore? similarities to cnidarians
pluripotent
What makes a sponge a sponge? Cellular level of organization (a lot of flexibility) The cells are __________________, this is a cell that become a lot of different cell types ex. Stem cell.
spongin
What makes a sponge a sponge? "Skeleton" of _____________ silica and calcium carbonate (no cartilage or muscles) it does provide a framework of where cells moved and are attached.
Asymmetrical
What makes a sponge a sponge? ________________, can grow in all different shapes and forms
filter feeder
What makes a sponge a sponge? ___________________pump water through their body and they filter food out. They filter out zooplankton and phytoplankton primarily. They also can filter out bacteria and particulate and dissolved organic matter.
sessile
What makes a sponge a sponge? o Most are marine and all are __________ The larva are mobile and they are mostly plantotrophic. Once the larva is released from the adult sponge, it swims off and finds a new hard surface to grow on and hatches itself there
corals, sea anemones, sea pens
Who are they? Cnidarian Classes Class Anthozoa-
sea wasps, box jellies (poisonous ones)
Who are they? Cnidarian Classes Class Cubozoa-
colonial hydroids, small jellies, siphonophores
Who are they? Cnidarian Classes Class Hydrozoa-
big jellies, stauremedusae
Who are they? Cnidarian Classes Class Scyphozoa-
Dianoflagellates
Zooxanthallae _________________ in gastroderm of coral polyps (type of phytoplankton photosynthetic single celled protist that live in gastroderm in coral polyps) ectodermal tissue where sunlight is
A cyst
____________ is a structure that is very durable and very resistant to environmental conditions. The sponge will later burst open and release the sponge. They are essentially storing the sperm to release later on when conditions are not optimal.
Mesoglea
____________ nonliving tissue
Glass sponge
_____________ their spicules are in an organized structure they have a very specific structure, and they are made of silica and are pretty much all deep sea sponges.
Sclerocyte
______________ this is a modified amoeba site. Its job is to produce the spicules.
Phagocytes
________________ is one of the amebocyte groups. These are cells that are taking up the nutrients by phagocytosis.
Bernoulli's principle relation to sponge
____________________ applies to a sponge because if you look at the blue arrows and think about a sponge that is standing up off the bottom of the sea floor. The water up above the sponge is moving relatively quicker than the water down below. We are talking about ambient water currents now and nothing to do specifically with the sponge yet. This is because the water below is encountering drag friction with the sea floor, so its slower with a faster movement up at the top is causing a decreased pressure. A decreased pressure creates a suction which in other words means the water that moving more slowly outside this bunch is moving into the sponge also moving slowly through the sponge do to the law of continuity. Not only is the change in area helping to increase the flow of water out of the sponge but the decrease pressure due to the faster water movement above the sponge creates this suction and it is kind of like a chimney.
Charaimastic megafauna
______________________ dolphin wearing sponge on rostrum (nose part of dolphin) These are dolphin that forage for fish near sea floor and nose gets scuffed up from things on body (rocks, rubble) protection.
Leucosolenia
___________________is an asconoid sponge. This cluster would be a group of individuals that had probably reproduced asexually. They are small. Each of them is like a simple tube shape. Most simple body plan and lowest filtering compacity or lowest surface area to volume ratio, and therefore are very size limited. Because they cannot filter as much food simple body plan. Multiple ostia, one osculum, big spongocoel. Choanocytes here just align the spongocoel.
Hydra
__________is very simple freshwater cnidarian.
60 percent
humans share about _____________ genetic identity with sponges
Spongin
is the collagen like fiber than makes the squishy part of the sponge structure. Bath sponge, using spongeon fiber structure. Spicules tend to be squished and beaten until spicules are broken apart
Class Cubozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)
o Box Jellies o Marine o No strobilation o Rhopalia with complex visual structures (structure that has the oscelia and statocyst) o Very strong venom (neurotoxin and lytic enzymes that form holes in your cells) Strictly medusa to larva to medusa, some have polyp most are not tho About 50 species The bell is almost square Causes osmosis and cardio toxins and death in cells.
pelagaic,
o Cnidarians Medeusa are ____________, (means open water)
Major advancement #1: evolution of a body axis
o Flower arrangement (coral or sea aneomone) body plan is called a polyp Polyp has a stalk and oral at the mouth, mouth is surrounded by tentacles with stinging cells. o Jelly fish body plan (medusa) Flip polyp upside down and get a medusa, instead of a stalk you now have the bell jelly part of jelly fish.
Phylum Ctenophora
o Jelly like animal and are all marine, were for a long time classified in cnidarians. o Prevent interesting question to evolutionary biologist o 100 species but likely many more in deep sea 2 key evolutionary events:
Sponge regeneration
o Masters of regenerating o Simulated trunk-fish feeding, flat teeth that they scrape away at sponge tissue. And creating wounds on sponge with razor blades. Right after scraping was done. Some species do not recover very well. Some after six days the wound is nearly entirely gone. They wanted to know if the growth rate of a sponge predicts regeneration.
solitary
o Medusa are _____________ polyps are solitary or colonial o Colonies are polymorphic. Corals are reproducing asexual. You can have two corals close together that join together. Some pelagic polyps that are swimming (Some exceptions)
Ahermatypic corals (Subclass Alcyonaria or Octocorallia)
o No calcium carbonate skeleton o Colonial (do find them on coral reefs but are not involved in formation) o Alcyonacea -soft corals- do produce calcium carbonate spicules o Gorgonacea - Sea fans and sea whips -axial skeleton of gorgonin o Pennatulacea- sea pen and sea pansies - axial calcified skeleton
Class Hydrozoa (Phylum Cnidaria)
o Primarily polys o Most diverse group of cnidarians o Marine and Freshwater o No cells in mesoglea (water layer) o Polymorphic colonies o Polyp and medusa forms in complex life cycle o Polyps that reproductive and polyps for feeding
diatoms
o Study that came out a few years ago showing how deep sea sponges, glass sponges, can tell us things about climate change. o These glass sponges can get up to about 10-12 feet and they live for a long time. 11 thousand years old. o These layers growth rate is more dependent on the temperature of the surrounding sea water. When the water is warmer or colder, they are going to grow bigger or smaller. o Silica, the glass that makes up the spicules. The spicules in the sea water dissolving in the sea water. A lot of this comes from surface organisms that have seawater. These organisms form the surface that have silica are the primary group or largest group the ___________, photosynthetic phytoplankton. Photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton are dissolving carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Hermatypic corals (Order Scleractinia)
o These are the reef building corals o Produce an aragonitic corallum o Growth form dictated by genetic and environmental influences. o About 1400 species (about 800 on coral reefs) o Aragonitic corlum
Class Scyphozoa
o True Jellies o Marine o Asexual reproduction by strobilation (mini jelly forms in the adult and is released) o Solitary
Scleractinian Diversity
o approximately 6000 species Anthozoa o approximately 535 Scleractinian genera o Indospecific greatest diversity
Scypha
syconoid. Looks a lot like the asconoid sponge but has an increase of complexity. The body wall is thicker than in the asconoid sponges. The thicker body wall allows for a more complex system of canals bringing water and pumping water through. Incurrent canals (ostia) where water comes in but theyre not just the simple pores anymore. Water can flow through canals and these chambers are lined in black then are lined with choanocytes. The same area of body you are getting a greater number of choanocytes. The infolds allow for more in body wall. One osculum water goes out and big spongocoel. syconoid sponges are generally larger versions with more infoldings of an asconoid sponge.
Aragonitic corlum Hermatypic corals (Order Scleractinia)
which is calcium carbonate structure that also has aragonic in it. Study reef structure of corralum. Growth form also dictated by genetics, branching, leafy, mounded