Invitation to the Life Span

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

-Erikson's- toddlers want self-rule over their own actions and bodies.

The Development of Spoken Language in the first Two years

1.) Newborn: Reflexive Communication 2.) 2 months: Cooing 3.) 6 - 10 months: babbling 4.) 12 months: first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language.

An average newborn weighs

7 pounds

Secure Attachment

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

child-directed speech

AKA: Baby talk or Motherese The high-pitched, simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants.

Language Acquisition Device - LAD

Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary and intonation

Self-Recognition Experiment

In a classic experiment, 9 to 24-month-olds looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been surreptitiously put on their noses. If they reacted by touching their noses that meant they knew the mirror showed their own faces. None of the babies younger than 12 month olds showed that self-recognition, although they sometimes smiled and touched the dot on the "other" baby in the mirror.

Co-Sleeping

Infants in Asia, Africa, and Latin America sleep with their parents. People in those cultures believed that parent-child separation at night was cruel.

Around one year of age

Infants walk well

Noam Chomsky

Language Acquisition Device - LAD

Second Year

Physical growth in the ________ _______ is slower

Object Permanence

Piaget believed that failure to search for a toy before 8 months was evidence that the baby had no concept of this.

Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's term for the way infants think- by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development. "Experience to understand the world."

New York Longitudinal Study

Studied the temperament of a child and how easily they warmed up to strangers. 1. Easy - 40 % 2.Difficult - 10% 3. Slow to warm up - 15% 4. Hard to classify - 35%

Hypothalamus

The ________, in particular, grows more slowly if an infant is often frightened.

Social Learning

The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others. Infants learn from the people around them. - Watson-

Ugandan Mothers

These mothers never kiss their infants but often massage them

2 Year olds

____-______ ______ are half their adult height

Synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. Usually begins with adults imitating infants: Parent copies the baby. It is a conversation

Attachment

a lasting emotional bond

newborn hearing

a newborn turns toward the direction of a voice

Holophrase

a single word the expresses an entire thought

Colostrum

a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother's breasts at birth.

Separation Anxiety

an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

Lullabies

babies expect the rythms, segmentation, and cadence of the words they hear long before they understand their meaning

Infant Smelling

babies learn to recognize each person's scent, they prefer to sleep next to their caregivers, and they nuzzle into their caregivers chests

Depressed mothers

babies suffer with these kind of mothers unless someone else is a sensitive partner.** Babies may be better off if they are in another caregiving situation. **

Brain basics

begins with nerve cells, called NEURONS.

Listening

children prefer the language their mother speaks over an unheard language

Anger

evident at 6 months, usually triggered by frustration, such as when infants are prevented from moving or grabbing

Social Smile

evoked by a human face at about 6 weeks.

Percentiles

express where a particular baby ranks on a specific measure compared with other babies of the same age. Thus, weight at the 30th percentile means that 30% of all babies weigh less, and 70% weigh more

The attachment Experiment

in this episode of the Strange Situation, Brian shows every sign of secure attachment. a. He explores the playroom happily when his mother is present. b. he cries when she leaves; and C. he is readily comforted when she returns

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

infants begin at the first level: their emotions serve to ensure that physiological needs are met. In his theory you don't move forward in the levels till physiological needs are met.

Stimulation

infants need this from the very moment they are born.

Center-based care or Day care

is common in France, Israel, China and Sweden, where it is heavily subsidized by the government, and scarce in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where it is not. North America is in between these extremes, but variation from place to place is apparent.

Gross Motor Skills

large body movements. I.E. Walking and jumping

Erikson Believed...

like freud, that problems in early infancy could last a lifetime.

Infants Acquisition of Grammar with different languages

listening to two languages does not necessarily slow down the acquisition of grammar, rather "development in each language proceeds separately and in a language-specific manner."

Allocare

literally, "other-care", the care of children by people other than the biological parents.

infant sight

newborns are legally blind; they focus only on things between 4 and 30 inches away.

Sensation

occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus, as when the inner ear reverberates with sound or the retina and pupil of the eye intercept light.

Infants Word Development

once vocabulary reaches about 50 expressed words, meaning words the child can say, - understood words are far more extensive, it builds rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month, with 21 month-olds saying twice as many words as 18-month olds.

Family Day-Care

one caregiver looks after a small group of young children in her - almost never his - home.

Colic

probably the result of immature digestion

Breast Milk during infancy

provides antibodies against any disease to which the mother is immune. It aids in decreasing allergies and asthma.

Social Referencing

refers to seeking emotional responses or information from other people, much as a student might consult a dictionary or other reference work. Someone's reassuring glace or cautionary words in a facial expression of alarm, pleasure, or dismay- those are social references

Shaken baby syndrome

shaking stops the crying because blood vessels in the brain rupture and fragile neural connections break.

Newborns

sleep 15 to 17 hours a day. They cannot sleep through the night because their brain has not matured

Transitional Object

some babies become accustomed to these, such as a teddy bear or blanket that comforts them as they transition from sleeping in their parents' arms to sleeping alone

Self-Righting

the "inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit"; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical.

Prefrontal Cortex

the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Synapses

the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons at intersections. These are critical communication links within the brain.

Transient Exuberance

the great, but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life. "Early Dendrite growth"

Cortex

the outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve this.

Fathers as social partners

the parents are more playful

The Own-Race Effect

the result of limited multiethnic experience, not innate prejudice

Pruning

when applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

In some areas, Women have fewer babies

when they realize that each newborn is likely to survive to adulthood