Invitation to the Life Span Key Terms Ch 8

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

Polygamous Family

a family consisting of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and his wives

Extended Family

a family consisting of parents, their children, and other relatives living in one household

Nuclear Family

a family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18

Single-parent Family

a family that consists of only one parent and hiso rher children under age 18

Blended Family

a stepparent family that includes children born to several families, such as the biological children from the spouses' previous marriages and the biological children of the new couple

Aggressive-rejected Children

children who are disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Withdrawn-rejected Children

children who are disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn and anxious behavior

Bullying

repeated,systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

Bully-victim

someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well, also known as the provocative victim

Effortful Control

the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effor, not simply through natural inclination

Social Cognition

the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior

Resilience

the capacity to adapt well despite significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

Industry vs. Inferiority

the fourth of Erikson's psychological crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

Family Structure

the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily and so on

Culture of Children

the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society

Social Comparison

the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers

Family Function

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships and to foster harmony and stability