IO PSYCH CHAPTER 11

workforce, workplace

___ substance use and impairment concerns alcohol and drug use away from work by members of the working population and ___ substance use and impairment is the consumption of alcohol or drugs immediately prior to coming to work or during work such that their work is negatively impacted (IO psychologists are more interested in this one)

problem

___-focused coping styles involve: -escaping from the stress or removing the stress, confronting the problem head-on, information Seeking - (using the internet), putting into place cognitive strategies to avoid it in future, evaluating the pros and cons of different options for dealing with the stressor

emotion

___-focused coping styles involve: -keeping yourself busy to take your mind off the issue, letting off steam to other people, praying for guidance and strength, ignoring the problem in the hope that it will go away, distracting yourself (e.g. TV, eating), building yourself up to expect the worse

high, low

___-skill workers are more likely to choose flexible work arrangements for themselves whereas ___-skilled workers are often obligated to use such alternate arrangements due to needs of the organization

morally

___-tainted dirty work will have more stickiness than other kinds of dirty work because immoral acts are seen as illustrative of the individual's character (exotic dancer)

workplace psychological health

a broad-based concept that refers to the mental, emotional, and physical well-being of employees in relation to the conduct of their work; this is the opposite of scientific management

employee assistant programs (EAPs)

a means of addressing problems with drug use at work; they address all kinds of adjustment, stress, and family problems faced by workers; such programs are mandated by the federal government for all employees who receive more than a specified amount of federal funding; worksites with low turnover usually provide more of these

shift work

a non-traditional work pattern in which an operation functions 24 hours per day; typical work shifts are 7 am to 3 pm, 3 pm to 11 pm, and 11 pm to 7 am; police officers, firefighters, healthcare providers, industrial manufacturing jobs; 40% of employees in the US are engaged in this type of work pattern

psychological capital

a personal resource consisting of hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience that impacts one's psychological health and helps combat occupational stress

flextime

a schedule of work hours that permits employees flexibility in when they arrive at and leave work; 56% of us employers offer this to their employees

compressed work week

a schedule of work hours that typically involves more hours per day and fewer days per week; these are most typically evidenced in law enforcement and health care professions; also known as the "4/40"

work-family interpersonal capitalization

an active response to positive work events that involves sharing or discussing such events with one's spouse or partner at home; by simply sharing positive events that occur at work with loved ones at home, individuals are able to highlight their resources and affirm their self-worth, and they are also able to relive and savor their positive mood

idiosyncratic deals

an intervention that occurs on an individual basis; special arrangements meant to help them meet their personal needs and preferences; for example, an employee may ask to start and end their work day earlier so they can pick up their child from school; these are important when organizational policy and support are lacking

stressors

anything that evokes a stress reaction; these can be one-time events like getting fired or ongoing like daily hassles

stigmas

characteristics or marks that are devalued in some social contexts, leading to prejudice against the person who possesses the mark

30

employees who reported experiencing work-family conflict were up to ___ times more likely to experience a clinically significant psychological health problem

family, work

enrichment originating in the ___ was related to family satisfaction and enrichment originating in the ___ was related to lower turnover intentions

children, both

families with more ___ at home experience more work-family conflict and men/women/both experience more work-family conflict

temporal, spatial

flexible work arrangements offer ___ flexibility (when work is done) and ___ flexibility (where work is done)

decrease, remained the same

flextime led to a large increase/decrease in absenteeism, while turnover rates increased/decreased/remained the same

lower, professional

flextime primarily benefitted ___-level employees by giving them more flexibility in their schedules and for ___ employees, the flextime system merely formalized the already existing informal system they had with the company

high

geographical areas with high/low unemployment rates are more likely to use pre-employment drug testing

agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness

individuals who experienced unemployment had clear changes to their levels of ___, ___, and ___ to experience; these changes were less extreme for those who became re-employed

insecurity

job ___ is substantially related to both the frequency and quantity of alcohol use during the day, but only to the frequency of illicit drug useq

distress

negative stress; the type of stress usually referred to in everyday conversation; loss of motivation, reduced effectiveness, physical, mental, and behavioral problems

guilt

one basis for the appeal of flexible work hours and increased vacation time is they may reduce feelings of ___ among people incurring work-family conflict

hindrance stressors

one of the 2 broad types of job stressors: job demands or characteristics that are demotivating and hinder one's ability to achieve his or her goals; this would include things like concerns about job security and organizational politics; these negatively impact performance and are negatively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment and positively related to turnover

challenge stressors

one of the 2 broad types of job stressors: job demands or characteristics that create positive feelings of achievement or fulfillment; job overload, time pressures, and high levels of responsibility; these positively impact performance and are positively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment and negatively related to turnover

aspiration

one of the 5 major components of psychological health: a person who is always striving to achieve a more desirable outcome; a sense of striving, being focused, and having a strong goal orientation that invigorates people to channel their energies; low levels of this are associated with a sense of resignation and acceptance of one's current conditions, no matter how unsatisfying

competence

one of the 5 major components of psychological health: being successful in various sectors of one's life activities; adequate psychological resources to deal with life's problems; a successful response to adversity requires a mixture of adaptive skills and beliefs and opinions that are consistent with reality

integrated functioning

one of the 5 major components of psychological health: exhibiting several forms of balance, harmony, and inner relatedness; the hallmark of psychologically healthy people in that they have found a way to balance the two; the most difficult goal to achieve as our lives are being pushed and pulled in opposite directions

autonomy

one of the 5 major components of psychological health: the freedom to choose the path of one's own behavior; the capacity to express their values and preferences when choosing their actions; this has greater importance in western than in eastern countries

work schedule-related stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: aspects about one's work time arrangement that creates stress, such as shift work and overtime

task-related stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: aspects of one's task that creates stress, such as interruptions, monotony, or feeling like there is too much to do in too little time

social stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: interpersonal aspects that cause stress, such as conflicts with one's boss, bullying, and sexual harassment from a co-worker

traumatic events

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: major incidents that cause stress, such as exposure to danger, natural disasters, and workplace homicide

career-related stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: stress-inducing aspects related to one's livelihood, including layoffs, unemployment, and a lack of career opportunities

role stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: stressful aspects associated with one's role, including role conflict, ambiguity, and overload

physical stressors

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: stressful aspects of the environment, such as aversive working conditions

stressful change processes

one of the 8 categories of work stressors: stressors resulting from huge changes, such as mergers and acquisitions or the widespread implementation of new technology

enthusiasm

one the 2-dimensional model of psychological well-being, which of the quadrants is noted by high activation and high pleasure?

anxiety

one the 2-dimensional model of psychological well-being, which of the quadrants is noted by high activation and low pleasure?

comfort

one the 2-dimensional model of psychological well-being, which of the quadrants is noted by high pleasure and low activation?

depression

one the 2-dimensional model of psychological well-being, which of the quadrants is noted by low activation and low pleasure?

general adaptation syndrome

our body's 3 stage response to states of prolonged or intense stress

immune, ptsd

our body's ___ system is weakened when we encounter stress; stress can also lead to serious mental disorders like ___ as a result of things like terror events, wars, and domestic violence

eustress

positive stress; pleasurable even though it involves placing physical and mental stress on the body; enabled concentration, increased motivation, energy, and performance

absenteeism

prescription drug abuse has been tied to increased what?

confidence, positive, persevering, sustaining

psychological capital is characterized by having the ___ (self-efficacy)to take on and put in the necessary effort to achieve at challenging tasks, make a ___ attribution (optimism) about succeeding now and in the future, ___ towards goals and redirecting paths to goals (hope) to succeed, and ___ and bouncing back and even beyond (resilience) to attain success

strains

reactions or responses to stressors

teleworker

related to flexible work arrangements, a person who works outside of a traditional physical location using electronic technology, also known as a telecommuter

flexplace

related to flexible work arrangements, this is any place, at one's home, a coffee shop, or even a vacation resort where work can be performed

burnout

related to the job demands-resources model, this refers to the exhaustion and diminished interest in work that individuals feel after prolonged exposure to occupational stress

distress

remaining in a high level of stress for a prolonged period of time causes ___ and can have lasting effects on physical and psychological health and even behavior like heart disease, hypertension, headaches, and the formation of ulcers

wellness programs

similar to stress-management programs, these address employee health and well-being but also are more future focused; these aim to be preventative, focusing on proactively enhancing resources before problems emerge

circadian rhythm, social, health

some issues that shift workers may come across include problems with their ___ ___, ___ problems, and ___ issues (it can lead to a higher incidence of cancer as a result of less intake of melatonin)

compressed work week

some of the drawbacks of this type of schedule include worker fatigue, fewer productive hours, and more accidents

stressors, major

some weaknesses of the social readjustment rating scale is that not everyone reacts to ___ in the same way and it only accounts for ___ life events

resilience, ambiguity, control

stress reactions differ for individuals depending on their levels of ___, tolerance for ___, and perceptions of ___

men, decrease, more

substance use and abuse is more common among men/women, both workforce and workplace alcohol and drug use tends to increase/decrease with age, and employees within the arts, entertainment, sports, and media tend to engage in more/less alcohol and drug use

diurnal, daylight, circadian

the 3 enduring conditions of biochronology that shift workers must face: 1. human beings and society are ___ (awake in the day, asleep at night) 2. ___ has a cueing effect to initiate wakefulness 3. the ___ system is slow to adjust to night work

time, experiences, goals, purposes, identity, activity

the 5 important latent consequences of employment: 1. imposition of a ___ structure in the waking day 2. regular shared ___ and contacts with people outside the nuclear family 3. the linkage of individuals to ___ and ___ 4. the definition of aspects of personal status and ___ 5. the enforcement of ___

availability, use

the ___ of flextime policies is related to reduced work-family conflict whereas the actual ___ of such policies is unrelated to work-family conflict

rotation

the ___ of shift work produces many adjustment problems

intrinsic, instrumental

the ___ value of work is the value an individual finds in performing the work, in and of itself, and the ___ value of work is in providing the necessities of life and serving as a channel for the individual's talents, abilities, and knowledge

day, night, swing, day, swing, night

the backwards rotation (from ___ to ___ to ___ shifts) is more difficult to adjust to than the forwards rotation (from ___ to ___ to ___), but when the backwards rotation occurs ___ the effects are not as problematic and may even be better

enthusiasm, comfort, anxiety, depression

the combination of pleasure and activation in psychological well-being results in what 4 things?

work-family enrichment

the extent to which work and family roles enhance and facilitate one another's functioning, through the transfer of resources or positive affect from one role to the other; work and family are likely enriched by the other through an affective pathway

unpaid

the family and medical leave act offers ___ job-protected leaves of absence for up to 12 weeks in the united states during any 12 month period for child birth, adoption, foster care placement, or care for oneself or an immediate family member (child, spouse, parent) for a serious health condition

workplace telepressure

the feeling of urgency to respond to work-related messages immediately, even if they are received after the traditional work day is over

alarm reaction

the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome: fight or flight

job demands-resources model

the impact of stressors on individuals can be lessened by the presence of resources the individual has available to them; an explanatory model describing the ways in which resources can buffer the negative psychological and physical effects of job demands

substance abuse

the ingestion of a broad array of substances (alcohol, tobacco, drugs) that are deemed to have a harmful effect on the individual

positive spillover

the interactions between work and family can result in this, in which one domain benefits the other; this results in work-family enrichment

negative spillover

the interactions between work and family can result in this, in which one domain hinders the other; this results in work-family conflict

inverted

the relationship between stress (x axis) and performance (y axis) can be illustrated as an ___ U shape

work-family conflict

the result of conflicting demands between work and family making it difficult to effectively participate in both domains

resistance reaction

the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome: still releasing stress reducing hormones, but attempting to repair damage and renew energy

positive psychology

the study of the factors and conditions in life that lead to pleasurable and satisfying outcomes for individuals; this is the source of workplace psychological health

exhaustion stage

the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome: this is when we cannot resist forever

greater

there is greater/less work-family conflict in occupations that require substantial interactions between people to accomplish work, like firefighters and doctors, than jobs like taxi drivers and bank tellers

less

there may be less/more of a need for organizations to provide means for reducing work-family conflict in places like asian, eastern european, and latin american countries because of the presence of older generations closer by

resources

these include anything that helps individuals achieve their goals, reduce the costs associated with job demands, and helps individuals grow and develop; this can include supervisor support, rewards, and feedback

flextime

this can become an issue if individuals work together as a team in the workplace

work-family balance

this does not state how one role may impact the other role when it comes to work and family; reflects an overall assessment of compatibility between work and family roles

unemployment

this is psychologically devastating because it creates feelings of uncertainty and loss of control in one's life

stress-management interventions

to help employees combat stress, many companies offer these, which are aimed at helping employees restore resources that have been diminished by their work environment; the purpose of these is to help employees manage the stress and determine strategies to alleviate psychological and physical ailments

true

true or false: alcohol and drug testing alone without other policies in place was unrelated to reduced substance use or abuse

true

true or false: current drug users are not covered by the law under the americans with disabilities act, but former drug users are

true

true or false: the united states is the only industrialized nation without a formal paid leave program in response to the birth or adoption of a child

true

true or false: when it comes to psychological well-being, the word happiness is typically avoided

true

true or false: while substance abuse is considered rate in the united states in the workplace, it still remains a major problem in the industry today

true

true or false: while work-family conflict can lead to decreases in well-being in the short term, over time it may be related to increased well-being because individuals may adapt to the conflict and become more resilient over time as a result

pleasure and activation

what are the 2 dimensions of affective well-being, or psychological well-being?

physical, social, moral

what are the 3 types of taint associated with dirty work?

death of a spouse and divorce

what are the top 2 sources of stress on the social readjustment rating scale?

stress

what is the biggest challenge to achieving psychological health? this is characterized by low pleasure and high activation; a pervasive phenomenon

threat stressors

what type of stressors are separate from both challenge and hindrance stressors and are related to increased psychological distress, emotional exhaustion, and anxiety?

coretime, flexband

when it comes to flextime, the system is usually arranged so that everyone must be present during certain designated hours (___) but there is latitude in other hours (___)

12, 150, 150, 299, 300

when scoring the social readjustment rating scale, you total the events in your life over the past ___ months; less than ___ are known as life change units and have a slight risk, from ___ to ___ are a moderate risk, and over ___ is a risk of stress related disorders

shift work

which type of work is associated with digestive problems, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain?

scarcity hypothesis

work-family conflict has its theoretical basis in this hypothesis, which states that individuals have a finite amount of resources (time, energy, attention); when too much of one resource is allocated to a particular domain, the other suffers

work, family

work-to-family conflict is more strongly associated with ___ -related outcomes and family-to-work conflict is more strongly associated with ___-related outcomes