IPHY 3430 Homework Questions
The concentration of free hormones in the blood can depend on which of the following? 1. rate of hormone 2. the rate at which the hormone is metabolized 3. the rate of anaerobic ATP synthesis within the cells 4. the number of cells in the body with active sodium-potassium pumps 5. the amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins all five 1, 3, 5 1, 2, 5 3, 4, 5 2, 4, 5
1, 2, 5 1. rate of hormone 2. the rate at which the hormone is metabolized 5. the amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins
Cells can regulate their responsiveness to chemical messengers. For example, a cell that 'wanted' to decrease its physiological response evoked by a chemical messenger could theoretically do so by which mechanisms? Assuming all these are possible, which one could produce the desired effect? Choose all that apply a. Degrade a lipophilic first messenger more slowly b. Downregulate the number of receptors for the chemical messenger c. Phosphorylates a molecule in the intracellular signaling pathway in order to decrease its activity d. Phosphorylate the receptor so that it has a decreased affinity for the chemical messenger. e. Remove a second messenger more quickly
Everything but answer A b. Downregulate the number of receptors for the chemical messenger c. Phosphorylate a molecule in the intracellular signaling pathway in order to decrease its activity d. Phosphorylates the receptor so that it has a decreased affinity for the chemical messenger e. Remove a second messenger more quickly
Orchidectomy (removal of testes) of an adult male will soon result in A. A decrease in LH secretion B. A decrease in FSH secretion C. A decrease in both LH & FSH secretion D. An increase in LH secretion E. An increase in FSH secretion F. An increase in both LH & FSH secretion G. No effect on LH secretion but increased FSH secretion H. No effect on FSH secretion but increased LH secretion
F. An increase in both LH & FSH secretion
What will influence the magnitude of a target cell's response to a hormone? a. concentration of free hormone in the blood b. number of receptors on the target cell c. whether or not the hormone is a second messenger a and b a and c b and c
a and b a. concentration of free hormone in the blood b. number of receptors on the target cell
What type(s) of cell signaling mechanism requires a receptor in the cell for the info to be transmitted to another cell? Choose all that apply a. autocrine b. gap junctions c. paracrine d. hormonal
a, c, d, Recall: that gap junctions have a DIRECT cytoplasmic connection and don't need receptors
Place the events of O2 exchange between the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary in the correct order 1. PO2 of plasma matches PO2 of alveolus 2. Movement of fresh air from the atmosphere into the alveolus 3. O2 diffuses from the alveolus to blood plasma 4. O2 binds to hemoglobin a. 2, 3, 4, 1 b. 2, 1, 3, 4 c. 2, 4, 3, 1 d. 2, 3, 1, 4
a. 2, 3, 4, 1
Below is a scrambled list of steps relating to cell signaling involving the release of a hormone from a cell in an endocrine gland. Unscramble and assign a number for the correct order to each option. __1___ Receptor interaction on hormone's target cell __2___ Release from endocrine cell __3___ Physiological response to hormone __4___ Synthesis in endocrine cell __5___Transport in plasma a. 4,2,5,1,3 b. 4,5,1,3,2 c. 4,3,1,5,2 d. 4,1,3,52
a. 4,2,5,1,3 -Synthesis in endocrine cell -Release from endocrine cell -Transport Plasma - Receptor interaction on hormones target cell - Physiological response to hormone
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released onto both cardiac and skeletal muscle. When ACh binds to cholinergic receptors on cardiomyocytes, slowing of the heart rate occurs; when it binds to cholinergic receptors in skeletal muscle you get increased muscle contraction. How is it possible that the same neurotransmitter can produce two different responses? a. Because it is not the ligand (neurotransmitter) that determines the outcome, it is the receptor that the ligand binds to that determines the effect on the cell b. Because the neurotransmitter molecules flow through the receptors into the cells and bind to different proteins that elicit different responses based on the type the cell. c. Because the enzymes responsible for degrading the neurotransmitter molecules are different and change the activity of the neurotransmitter. d. Because the receptors are different and change the activity of the neurotransmitter and its effect on the presynaptic cell. e. Because there are different types of ACh which have different effects.
a. Because it is not the ligand (neurotransmitter) that determines the outcome, it is the receptor that the ligand binds to that determines the effect on the cell
In the absence of FSH, which of the following processes can still occur? a. Testosterone production. b. Estrogen production. c. Proliferation of spermatogonia. d. Concentration of androgen in epididymis.
a. Testosterone production.
Damage leading to a thickening of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelium could result in which of the following? a. a significant drop in blood volume resulting in a decrease in blood pressure b. Inability to hormonally regulate Na+ reabsorption c. no glucose in the urine d. none of the above e. all of the above
a. a significant drop in blood volume resulting in a decrease in blood pressure
Some neurons release a neurotransmitter which affects neighboring cells, as well as themselves. This is an example of what kind of signaling? Choose all that apply a. autocrine b. juxtacrine c. paracrine
a. autocrine b. paracrine recall: Autocrine: -Acts on the same cell. that secreted them (or on itself) - cytokines Paracrine: -Secreted by one cell and diffuses to adjacent cells - neurotransmitters
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. a. breaks down complex structures into simpler ones b. elevates glucagon levels c. builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state e. causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
a. breaks down complex structures into simpler ones
In what 3 forms is energy stored in the body? Choose all that apply a. chemical bonds b. concentration gradients c. electrical gradients d. entropy e. kinetic energy
a. chemical, b. concentration and c. electrical
if blood glucose levels increased, what would you expect to happen to glucagon levels? a. decrease b. increase c. no change
a. decrease
If the receptive field increased in an area of skin, how would the sensitivity of that region be affected, if at all? a. decrease b. increase c. no change
a. decrease the bigger the area the least sensitive it is. it's harder to pinpoint exactly where the sensation is coming from
which of the following DOES NOT activate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system? a. decreased intracellular fluid (ICF) Na+ concentration b. decreased ECF Na+ concentration c. decreased ECF volume d. dehydration
a. decreased intracellular fluid (ICF) Na+ concentration
Repeated exposure to hot environments when combined with exercise improves exercise capacity, with less discomfort upon subsequent heat exposure. One thing that changes is that the person begins sweating sooneer and they sweat more (nearly double) Sweating sooner represents what type of change? a. decreased threshold b. increased threshold c. decreased set point d. increased set point
a. decreased threshold bc if you decrease the threshold you are lowering it , so it will be easier to reach
In a typical neuron, where would you expect to observe a graded potential? Choose any that apply. Base your answer on what we discussed in the lecture a. dendrite b. presynaptic terminal c. trigger zone
a. dendrite c. trigger zone
If a neurotransmitter caused ion channels to open and Na+ flowed into the cell, the cell would...? (depolarize or hyperpolarize); if Cl- flowed out of the cell, the cell would...? (depolarize or hyperpolarize) a. depolarize, depolarize b. depolarize, hyperpolarize c. hyperpolarize, depolarize d. hyperpolarize, hyperpolarize
a. depolarize, depolarize Recall: -Depolarization: Making cell more positive -Repolarization: Making cell more negative (back to resting state) -Hyperpolarize: Even MORE negative than the resting condition
Recently it has been shown that as much as 50% of insulin secretion is stimulated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 and GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) are incretins produced by cells of the ileum and jejunum in response to nutrient ingestion. The incretins travel through the circulation to pancreatic beta cells and may reach them even before the first glucose is absorbed. The anticipatory release of insulin in response to these hormones prevents a sudden surge in plasma glucose concentrations when the meal is absorbed. What type of control does 'this' represent? a. feedforward b. negative feedback c. positive feedback
a. feedforward
The site where blood is filtered, forming filtrate a. glomerulus and bowman's capsule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct
a. glomerulus and bowman's capsule
Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction causes the glomerular capillary blood pressure to _________ leading to a(an)______________in the net filtration pressure and a resultant ______________ in the glomerular filtration rate a. increase, increase, increase b. decrease, decrease, decrease c. increase, decrease, decrease d. decrease, increase, increase
a. increase, increase, increase Vasoconstriction = more resistance= smaller diameter = faster flow rate
A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer The Ion channel opens within 1 millisecond a. ligand-gated b. enzyme receptor c. G-protein coupled receptor d. enzyme receptor OR G-protein coupled receptor e. all three
a. ligand-gated
Organophosphate insecticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A person with organophosphate poisoning would experience what changes to the parasympathetic activity? In other words, if organophosphate inactivates acetylcholine what will happen to the parasympathetic nervous system? a. parasympathetic hyperactivity b. Parasympathetic hypoactivity c. no change
a. parasympathetic hyperactivity Reasoning: Parasympathetic is the "rest and digest" function. And acetylcholine is the "chief" neurotransmitter for the PSNS. acetylcholine is the ONLY neurotransmitter released by the PRE and POSTganglionic neurons of the PSNS) MEANING: if acetylcholinesterase is being INHIBITED... than that will block the normal breakdown of acetylcholine and there will be EXCESS Ach in the body INCREASING the activity of the PSNS
use the following answer choices: peptide steroid both neither Which type of hormone is exocytosed from the cell via secretary vesicles? a. peptide b. steroid c. both e. neither
a. peptide
For the next four questions, use the following answer choices: peptide steroid both neither Which type of hormone is produced in the rough ER? a. peptide b. steroid c. both e. neither
a. peptide - most abundant - lots of size variability (3-amino acids, polypeptides- glycoproteins) - Lipophobic (cannot pass through plasma membrane) -released thru exocytosis - short acting - short half-life
Standing next to Boulder Creek on a cold winter day is an example of a. Radiation b. convection c. conduction
a. radiation
Predict how each of the following scenarios will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Increased Plasma concentration of H+ a. right b. left c. no change
a. right High [H+] = low pH = more acidic = right shift = low %sat and low affinity to O2
What are some examples of molecules that would NOT need a receptor in/on the extracellular surface of cells? Choose any that apply In other words, what can pass the plasma membrane without any help? a. small, gaseous molecules b. nonpolar molecules c. polar molecules d. lipophilic molecules e. lipophobic molecules
a. small, gaseous molecules b. nonpolar molecules d. lipophilic molecules
innervates skeletal muscle a. somatic nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. efferent division e. afferent division
a. somatic nervous system (controls voluntary movements of the body) motor function
If GFR is 1.72 L/day, and the renal clearance of urea is 20 mL/min predict how the kidneys handled urea a. there has been a net secretion of urea b. there has been a net absorption of urea c. urea has neither been reabsorbed or secreted d. not enough info
a. there has been a net secretion of urea bc the clearance of X exceeded GFR
Match the neurotransmitters to their receptors acetylcholine epinephrine Norepinephrine a. Alpha-adrenergic receptors b. beta-adrenergic receptors c. cholinergic receptors d. muscarinic receptors e. nicotinic receptors
acetylcholine -c, d, e epinephrine -a, b Norepinephrine- a, b
Which of the following would be an example of mechanical work? choose all that apply a. ATP donating a phosphate group to an enzyme b. the beating of cilia c. cell changing shape d. movement of organelles in the cell e. movement of glucose across the cell membrane f. muscle contraction
b,c,d,f
PO2 = 187 mmHg PCO2 = 20 mmHg PH20 = 0 mmHg PN2 = 15 mmHg Pressure total = 222mmHg What is the percentage of O2 on this NEW planet? a. 20.93% b. 84.% c. 118% d. not enough info
b. 84.2% PO2/pressure tot. 187/222= .842 x 100= 84.2%
Curare was once used as the sole anesthetic for surgery until it was realized that the patients' sense of feeling was unaffected. Patients experienced the pain of sugary, but could not react until the curare "wore off". Predict how curare could prevent patients from reacting to the pain but not feeling the pain. a. Curare affects the transmission of information between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells b. Curare affects the transmission of information between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells c. Curare affects the transmission of information between both sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells, and motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells
b. Curare affects transmission of information between motor neurons and their postsynaptic cells, but not between sensory neurons and their postsynaptic cells recall -motor (out of) (efferent): physical active potentials, carries FROM the CNS to act on muscles and organs -sensory (into) (afferent): carry impulses from sensory organs like skin, nose, eye, ear, and tongue TO the CNS
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXEPT: ________. a. The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation which secretes progesterone to support the secretory phase b. FSH and LH directly promote the development of the uterine endometrium c. A decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation d. Estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle to promote the proliferative phase of the endometrium
b. FSH and LH directly promote the development of the uterine endometrium
Which of the following is NOT a function of LH? a. Stimulates ovulation. b. Stimulates spermatogenesis. c. Stimulates formation of corpus luteum. d. Stimulates androgen production.
b. Stimulates spermatogenesis.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of increased cellular levels of cAMP a. activation of kinase cascade b. activation of a G-protein c. activation of protein kinase A d. increased phosphorylation of a protein e. stimulation of phosphorylation-mediated activity
b. activation of a G-protein GPCR will activate the G-protein by exchanging the. GDP bound G protein for a GTP
Which of the following manipulations will NOT alter the resting membrane potential (at least not for a few hours)? a. altering the [Na+] inside the cell b. applying ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na/K ATPase c. increasing the number of leakages K+ channels
b. applying ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na/K ATPase
innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands a. somatic nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. efferent division e. afferent division
b. autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary movements of the body)
Walking outside on a hot, dry, windy summer day is an example of a. Radiation b. convection c. conduction
b. convection
What region of a neuron typically serves as the input region? a. Axon b. dendrite c. node of ranvier d. presynaptic terminal e. soma
b. dendrite
Which compound will produce the most ATP when oxidized? a. acetyl CoA b. fatty acid c. glycerol d. lactate e. pyruvate
b. fatty acid
Your roommate Sara recently came down with the stomach flu, and she is having a hard time keeping food down. A nurse recommended she not eat solid food for 24 hours but she should drink fluids, such as water and Gatorade. During this 24 hour period, most of the energy will come from her cellular energy stores. What are two examples of catabolic reactions that most likely be occurring in her body at this time? choose all that apply a. protein stores (muscle tissue breakdown) b. glycogen stores (glycogen to glucose c. fat stores (fats to fatty acids to glycerol d. ketoacidosis
b. glycogen stores (glycogen to glucose c. fat stores (fats to fatty acids to glycerol
Predict how each of the following scenarios will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Decreased PCO2 in the plama a. right b. left c. no change
b. left Low Co2 levels = high pH = Left shift = basic = high % sat = high affinity to O2
Determine whether the following statements are mechanistic or teleological "Glucose is transported from the blood into the cells by transporters in response to insulin" "Glucose is transported from the blood into the cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs" a. mechanistic, mechanistic b. mechanistic, teleological c. teleological d. teleological, teleological
b. mechanistic (how), teleological (why)
Water is polar; organic solvents are nonpolar. A substance is found to dissolve in organic solvents but not in water. Is this substance most likely polar, nonpolar, or both a. both b. nonpolar c. polar
b. nonpolar
Where would you expect to find voltage-gated Na+ channels in a typical neuron? Choose all that apply based on the lecture a. dendrite b. presynaptic terminal c. trigger zone
b. presynaptic terminal c. trigger zone
Where does the majority of reabsorption take place? a. glomerulus and bowman's capsule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct
b. proximal convoluted tubule
use the following answer choices: peptide steroid both neither Which type of hormone is exocytosed from the cell via simple diffusion across the bilayer? a. peptide b. steroid c. both e. neither
b. steroid
For the next four questions, use the following answer choices: peptide steroid both neither Which type of hormone is produced in the smooth ER? a. peptide b. steroid c. both e. neither
b. steroid - cholesterol derived (hydrophobic, liophilic) -Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) - activate DNA for protein synthesis - Slow acting - longer half-life Examples: Cortisol, estrogen and testosterone
When present, the SRY gene directly produces which of the following hormones/chemicals/enzymes that leads to the differentiation of the testis? a. anti-Mullerian hormone. b. testis-determining factor. c. 5-α reductase. d. dihydrotestosterone. e. testosterone.
b. testis-determining factor.
A patient walks into the ER with very mild dehydration the nurse grabs the wrong saline solution and accidentally administers an IV of fluid that is very hypotonic (very low in solutes) How would hormone release change in order to compensate? a. Increase vasopressin; increase aldosterone; increase natriuretic peptide b. Increase renin; increase aldosterone; decrease natriuretic peptide c. Decrease vasopressin; increase aldosterone; decrease natriuretic peptide d. Decrease aldosterone; increase vasopressin; increase natriuretic peptide
c. Decrease vasopressin; increase aldosterone; decrease natriuretic peptide
A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer cAMP levels rise a. ligand-gated b. enzyme receptor c. G-protein coupled receptor d. enzyme receptor OR G-protein coupled receptor e. all three
c. G-protein coupled receptor
Which ion species is a cell membrane (such as a neuron) most permeable to at rest (i.e., resting membrane potential)? a. Ca++ b. Cl- c. K+ d. Mg++ e. Na+
c. K+
Consider two ligand-gated channels, similar in structure and function. Channel A is in the presence of a higher [ligand] than channel B Would this influence the probability that channel A will open compared to channel B? If so, how would it influence the probability? a. No, more ligands would not increase the probability b. Yes, more ligands would increase the probability c. Yes, more ligands would increase the probability up to a point
c. Yes, more ligands would increase the probability up to a point this is bc there is a limited amount of receptors that the ligands can bind to
What effect can release of a neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons have on the membrane potential of postsynaptic neurons? a. depolarize b. hyperpolarize c. both d. neither
c. both
Which of the following is true regarding digestion and metabolism? a. both are responsible for the immediate production of usable energy b. digestion involves catabolic pathways and metabolism does not c. both metabolism and digestion utilize enzymes as catalysts d. b and c e. a, b and c
c. both metabolism and digestion utilize enzymes as catalysts
The temperature control center within the posterior region of the hypothalamus is activated by ________________ and initiates reflexes that mediate _______________. a. cold, decrease non-shivering thermogenesis b. warmth, decrease in skeletal muscle contractions c. cold, increase in skeletal muscle contractions d. warmth, vasodilation of cutaneous vessels
c. cold, increase in skeletal muscle contractions
Sitting on a cold seat in Folsom field watching the Buffs beat the Rams in football is an example of a. radiation b. convection c. conduction
c. conduction (direct contact)
Eliana suffers from Celiac Disease, a condition that greatly affects absorption of nutrients. Assume that her condition is severe enough to negatively affect the proper absorption of calcium. How would you expect contractility (force of contraction) to change? a. no change b. increase c. decrease
c. decrease less Ca++ = less cross bridges = less tension = less contractility if Ca++ decreases then that will reduce the amount of Ca++ that can enter the muscle cells in the heart and in the blood vessels. This would result in lower pressure of the heart and blood which in the end will reduce the mean arterial pressure Less pressure = increase in systolic vol. and decrease in stroke volume More pressure= decrease in systolic and increase stroke volume Low Blood flow = high resistance high blood flow = low resistance
How are enzymes typically inactivated in the human body? Choose all that apply a. changing pH in the cytoplasm to 7.4 b. changing the team to 37 degrees Celsius c. denaturation d. interaction with inhibitor e. interaction with zymogen
c. denaturation d. interaction with inhibitor
Predict what would happen if an egg lacking a sex chromosome is fertilized by a sperm. (Choose all that apply) a. have Kleinfelter's syndrome. b. develop into a male. c. die. d. develop into a female. e. have Turner's syndrome.
c. die. d. develop into a female. e. have Turner's syndrome.
With consideration to the development of the bipotential gonad, when allowed to develop, the Mullerian ducts become the a. distal vagina, clitoris, and labia. b. epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. c. fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. d. penis and scrotum. e. A and B
c. fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina.
The production of dilute urine a. glomerulus and bowman's capsule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct
c. loop of Henle
Predict how each of the following scenarios will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve increased production of red blood cells (RBC) a. right b. left c. no change
c. no change
Consists of nerves carrying information between the periphery and the central nervous system a. somatic nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. efferent division e. afferent division
c. peripheral nervous system Recall: CNS is the brain and spinal cord PNS is basically everything else
A compressed spring represents what type of energy? When a spring is allowed to "spring", or decompresses, what type of. energy does this represent? a. Kinetic, Kinetic b. kinetic, potential c. potential, kinetic d. potential, potential
c. potential, kinetic
If the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary were severed, damaging the neurons the secretion of which type of chemical messenger would it most likely be affected directly? a. chemokines b. neurotransmitters c. releasing hormone d. tropic hormone
c. releasing hormone
How would the Hb-saturation curve shift if a person from Earth were to breathe air from a planet whose total pressure is 450 mmHg and the percent O2 on the planet is 84% a. shift to the left, increasing O2 unloading b. shift to the right, decreasing O2 unloading c. shift to the left, decreasing O2 unloading d. shift to the right, increasing O2 unloading
c. shift to the left, decreasing O2 unloading Earth Ptot= 760 mmHg PO2 Earth= 160 mmHg 160/760= 21% New planet = 84% The higher % sat the more basic it is which will shift to the left if something is more basic then there is low [H+] and higher affinity to O2
There is an amino acid transporter that only transports acidic amino acids, another that transports basic amino acids, and a third that transports neutral amino acids. This is an example of which protein characteristic? a. affinity a. saturation c. specificity
c. specificity
Use the information below to answer questions (NOTE* you will need the equation found in the blood pressure and blood flow lecture). Hydrostatic pressureIF Arterial end: 0 mmHg Venous end: 1 mmHg Hydrostatic pressureCAP Arterial end: 35 mmHg Venous end: 12 mmHg Plasma colloid osmotic pressure Arterial end: 38 mmHg Venous end: 38 mmHg Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure Arterial end: 7 mmHg Venous end: 7 mmHg **IF = interstitial fluid **CAP = capillary Which of the following statements is correct regarding filtration and absorption at the arterial end? a. There is a net filtration at both the venous and the arteriolar end b. There is a net absorption at the venous and the arteriolar end c. there is a net filtration at the arterial end and a net absorption at the venous end d. There is a net absorption at the arteriolar end and a net filtration at the venous end
c. there is a net filtration at the arterial end and a net absorption at the venous end EQ: (Pcap + pi IF) - ( pi cap + P iF) do math and you should get arterial= postive= filtration venous= negative= absorption
Both curare and a-bungarotoxin bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and block its action. Curare binds temporarily to the protein, while a-bungarotoxin binds to it irreversibly. Which shows the most affinity? a. acetylcholine b. curare c. α-bungarotoxin d. both acetylcholine and curare e. No difference in affinity
c. α-bungarotoxin
You have just landed on a strange, NEW planet. Your intrigue has led you to collect and analyze a gas sample. Below are the results of your analysis, use this data to answer the question PO2 = 187 mmHg PCO2 = 20 mmHg PH20 = 0 mmHg PN2 = 15 mmHg What is the total pressure in the surrounding environment and what gas law did you use to arrive at your answer? a. 222 mmHg, Boyle's Law b. 760 mmHg, Dalton's Law c. 760 mmHg, Boyle's Law d. 222mmHg, Dalton's Law
d. 222mmHg, Dalton's Law All you have to do is add up all of the partial pressures 187+20+15= 222
Put the following steps of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in order: 1. Monosaccharide transport into cells 2. Breakdown of carbohydrates by disaccharidases 3. GLUT2 transport of glucose into the blood 4. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates by amylase a. 2, 4,1, 3 b. 4, 1, 2, 3 c. 2, 1, 4, 3 d. 4, 2, 1, 3
d. 4, 2, 1, 3
A patient has an autoimmune disease causing inactivation of ACTH receptors. How would the levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol compare to those in a normal individual? a. CRH = low ACTH = low cortisol = low b. CRH = low ACTH = low cortisol = high c. CRH = low ACTH = high cortisol = high d. CRH = high ACTH = high cortisol = low e. CRH = high ACTH = low cortisol = low f. CRH = high ACTH = high cortisol = high
d. CRH = high ACTH = high cortisol = low
Which type of the following molecules do you think has the greatest amount of stored energy? a. Carbon Monoxide b. Cholesterol c. Fructose d. Glycogen e. All would have the same amount of free energy
d. Glycogen (stores glucose)
A drug that blocks the reabsorption of HCO3- in the proximal convoluted tubule would result in which of the following effects? a. increase the activity of the Type A intercalated cells of the collecting duct b. increased respiratory rate c. increase the reaction rate of plasma enzymes d. a and b e. a, b and c
d. a and b
If you were to introduce a chemical that destroys the glycoprotein layer of the ascending limb of the loop of henle, which would you expect a. decreased urinary output b. increased osmolarity of the renal medulla c. increased blood pressure d. a and c e. a, b and c
d. a and c bc without the excretion of urine and waste, it will cause a build up in your system and raise your blood pressure
What is the correct sequence of signal transduction? (there can be missing steps, but the sequence must be correct) a. sensory stimulus -> receptor potential in afferent -> action potential(s) in afferent -> neurotransmitter release by afferent b. neurotransmitter release by afferent -> action potential(s) in efferent -> neurotransmitter release by efferent -> end plate potential -> muscle contraction c. synaptic potential in efferent -> action potential(s) in efferent -> neurotransmitter release by efferent -> muscle contraction d. All of the above are correct. e. None of the above are correct.
d. all of the above are correct.
Which types of cellular transport allow molecules to flow from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration? a. facilitated diffusion b. primary active transport c. secondary active transport d. b & c e. a, b, & c
d. b & c
Recently it has been shown that as much as 50% of insulin secretion is stimulated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 and GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) are incretins produced by cells of the ileum and jejunum in response to nutrient ingestion. The incretins travel through the circulation to pancreatic beta cells and may reach them even before the first glucose is absorbed. The anticipatory release of insulin in response to these hormones prevents a sudden surge in plasma glucose concentrations when the meal is absorbed. What type of signaling molecules are the incretins? a. autocrine signals b. paracrine signals c. juxtacrine signals d. classic hormones
d. classic hormones
Hormonal regulation of Na+ reabsorption a. glomerulus and bowman's capsule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct
d. collecting duct
Many people die each year from ingesting antifreeze solutions. Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, which the human body converts to oxalic acid in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Oxalic acid exists in crystalline form and these crystals can severely damage kidneys. Ethanol is administered to victims with ethylene glycol poisoning bc ethanol binds to the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibiting the formation of oxalate crystals How would you classify ethanol in this scenario? a. allometric inhibitor of ethylene glycol b. allosteric inhibitor of ethylene glycol c. cofactor of ethylene glycol d. competitive inhibitor of ethylene glycol e. covalent inhibitor of ethylene glycol
d. competitive inhibitor of ethylene glycol
the division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals FROM the CNS a. somatic nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. efferent division e. afferent division
d. efferent division
A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer The Ion channel opens after a few seconds a. ligand-gated b. enzyme receptor c. G-protein coupled receptor d. enzyme receptor OR G-protein coupled receptor e. all three
d. enzyme receptor OR G-protein coupled
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. a. absorption b. secretion c. chemical digestion d. mechanical digestion
d. mechanical digestion
The Brain is an example of what level of organization (highest level of organization)? a. atom b. cell c. molecule d. organ e. organ system f. tissue
d. organ
Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume A competitive inhibitor of the receptor vasopressin increase decrease
decrease
Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume Release of atrial natriuretic peptide increase decrease
decrease
If you had an alveolus with an initial vol. of 3 mL of air with a total of 810 mmHg and you decrease the vol. of this alveolus to 1.7 mL, what would the new pressure be and how will this affect airflow? Assume you are at sea level a. 459 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment b. 760 mmHg; no net movement of air c. 1429 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment d. 459 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment e. 1429 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment
e. 1429 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment use boyle's Law relating vol to pressure = P1V1 = P2V2 P2= 1429 mmHg
Which statements about control strategy is/are incorrect? Choose all that apply a. An advantage of a feedforward system is that it allows the body to anticipate a change, or prepare for something to happen b. A disadvantage of a feedforward system is that it doesn't allow you to respond to an unexpected change c. An advantage of a positive feedback system is it allows for rapid changes to a regulated variable d. A disadvantage of a positive feedback system is that it is not homeostatic e. A disadvantage of a negative feedback system is it requires some outside event to. stop the response f. All of the above are correct
e. A disadvantage of a negative feedback system is it requires some outside event to. stop the response
A ligand binds to a receptor and a cellular response is observed, as noted below. In each case, decide which type of receptor was most likely activated. Choose the BEST answer intracellular Ca++ levels rise a. ligand-gated b. enzyme receptor c. G-protein coupled receptor d. enzyme receptor OR G-protein coupled receptor e. all of the above
e. All of the above
What are the targets (effectors) of the efferent nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle b. Endocrine glands c. Skeletal muscle d. Smooth muscles e. All of them f. None of them
e. All of them: efferect act upon muscles and glands afferent act on sensory organs such as skin, eyes, nose, ears, tongue (think about the 5 senses a human has)
A woman taking combined Progesterone/Estrogen pills which maintains estrogen low while progesterone is high will have ovaries in a stage most similar to _____ phase and a uterus similar to _____ phase. (NOTE: the stages for each do not need to necessarily coincide). a. Luteal, secretory b. Luteal, proliferative c. Late follicular, secretory d. Early follicular, proliferative e. Early follicular, secretory
e. Early follicular, secretory
What is a characteristic that distinguishes between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion? a. in simple diffusion, active transport is used; in facilitated diffusion, it is not b. in simple diffusion, energy is not required; in facilitated diffusion, energy is required c. in simple diffusion, hydrophilic molecules cross the membrane; in facilitated diffusion, hydrophobic molecules cross the membrane e. In simple diffusion, molecules pass through the lipid bilayer; in facilitated diffusion, they pass through a protein.
e. In simple diffusion, molecules pass through the lipid bilayer; in facilitated diffusion, they pass through a protein and is water soluble
Which of the following might occur as a direct result if the basement membrane between the glomerular endothelial cells and the Bowman's capsule was removed? a. increased filtrate production b. decreased amount of waste products filtered c. Abnormally high protein concentration in the urine d. b and c e. a and c
e. a and c usually proteins are too big to go through the membrane soo if it is removed then anything can get through
A male athlete on anabolic steroid (synthetic androgen) will likely experience which of the following problems? a. His testes will be unable to produce testosterone. b. His testes will be unable to produce sperm. c. His hypothalamus will release very low levels of GnRH. d. A and B e. A, B and C
e. a, b and c
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing, through these receptors, in response to changes in which of the following? a. Plasma partial pressure of O2 b. Plasma partial pressure of CO2 c. Plasma concentration of H= d. b and c e. a, b and c
e. a, b and c
Estrogen production cannot occur when which of the following hormones are missing? a. LH (luteinizing hormone) b. FSH ( follicle-stimulating hormone) c. GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) d. a and b e. a, b and c
e. a, b and c
the division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals TO the CNS a. somatic nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system d. efferent division e. afferent division
e. afferent division
Which type of amino acid would you expect to find crossing the plasma membrane? a. hydrophobic b. hydrophilic c. lipophilic d. hydrophobic and hydrophilic e. hydrophobic and lipophilic
e. hydrophobic and lipophilic
A person is taking a drug that causes, among other things, dryness of the. mouth and speeding of the heart rate but no impairment of the skeletal muscles. What type of receptor does this drug probably block? a. adrenergic b. GABaergic c. glycinergic d. nicotinic Ach e. muscarinic Ach
e. muscarinic Ach Nicotinic receptors are excitatory Muscarinic receptors can be both excitatory and inhibitory
What occurs when a second EPSP from activating the same synapse arrives at the trigger zone before the effects of a first have disappeared? a. decrease in speed of impulse transmission b. extinction of the impulse c. hyperpolarization d. spatial summation e. temporal summation
e. temporal summation: this is ONE presynaptic neuron that delivers multiple excitatory signals at a high frequency -Spatial summation: when TWO signals arrive simultaneously from TWO separate presynaptic neurons Presynaptic: responsible for the release of neurotransmitters Postsynaptic: has receptors that the neurotransmitters will bind to
Which of the following would NOT influence the time necessary for an action potential to be propagated the length of a particular neuron? a. absence of nodes of ranvier b. diameter. of the axon c. length of the axon d. presence of myelin sheath e. type of neuron (sensory or motor)
e. type of neuron (sensory or motor) Recall that: - with conduction velocity: The speed of an action potential in a neuron is influenced by -larger axons = faster -Resistance of the axon membrane due to leakage out of the cell - myelinated axons are faster bc there are no channels in the myelination - AP only occurs in the nodes of ranvier (gaps between myelination)
Which of the following is the most direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? a. an EPSP or IPSP is generated in the presynaptic cell b. ligand-gated channels open allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft c. synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane d. the postsynaptic cell produces an action potential e. voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the membrane open
e. voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the membrane open in other words what will make the presynaptic membrane more positive?
Predict how each of the following scenarios would affect blood volume Activation of the RAAS system increase decrease
increase
