IR Exam 4

programs designed to strengthen healthy relationships (5)

-Compassionate and Accepting Relationships through Empathy (CARE) -Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) -Marriage Checkup (MC) -Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) -Relationship Enhancement (RE)

Most common relationship problems seen by couples therapists (5)

-communication -power struggles -unrealistic expectations -lack of loving feelings -serious individual problems

"hard" outcomes of marital quality (2):

-coronary events (disease) -death

different views on love in cultures (4):

-cultural value -sexuality -sexual orientation -marital status

previous research with North American samples has clearly indicated that women, as compared with men (4) :

-disclose more to their friends -share more intimate information -are more likely to attend to relational information -present more realistic portrayals of their lives and are less likely to censor relationship-relevant information when disclosing

Three questions that guide the research investigating the link between children's friendships and the capacity for future intimate relationships:

-does the child have friends, and if so, how many? -who are the child's friends? -what kind of relationship does the child have with his or her friends?

Rules of Friendship (across cultures) (9)

-don't nag -keep confidences -show emotional support -volunteer help in time of need -trust and confide in friend share news of success -don't be jealous -stand up for friend -seek to repay debts, favors, and compliments

Goals of behavioral couples therapy (2)

-give partners communication training (advice on how to listen to each other and talk productively) --avoid blame, criticism, and defensiveness -give partners problem-solving training (help to apply skills from communication training to the discussion of specific problems)

overall, parenthood is related to

-greater declines in marital satisfaction (especially if unplanned) -lower likelihood of divorce

Evolutionary mismatch theory (3)

-humans have an evolved need for intimacy and, therefore an evolved need for self-disclosure and responsiveness -smartphones and their affordances (access to social networks, texting, etc.) exert a strong pull for self-disclosure -smartphones and their affordances are mismatched with our evolved needs for intimacy

evidence for route 2 of external stress (worse problem-solving) is linked to (2):

-less effective social support behavior -greater defensiveness and hostility in the relationship (ex: among air traffic controllers, greater stress, such as low visibility or high traffic volume, predicts elevated marital anger that night)

why do older adults spend more time in their intimate relationships today?

-lifespans have increased -adults are more active in later years than ever before

predictors of marital health (3)

-marital strains -marital strengths -outside stressors

measures of social integration (5)

-married or not -how much do you talk with friends, family or neighbors on phone -how often you get together with friends or relatives -how often you attend church -involved in any clubs or organizations

Why are married people healthier? (5)

-more social support -reduced stress -improved health behaviors (smoking, exercise) -greater financial resources -lower levels of depression

In shared imaginative play, children (3):

-negotiate rules and expectations -share a mental world -establish shared assumptions about how things will work

Why do older adults engage in fewer negative behaviors with their partners?

-partially due to adeptness, learned over time, in relationship behavior -partially due to seeking out positive rather than negative experiences (socioemotional selective theory)

emotionally focused couples therapy divides emotions into two categories:

-primary emotions: feelings related to basic attachment needs ex: hurt, fear of rejection, sadness, helplessness -secondary emotions: feelings that may mask primary emotions for reasons of self-protection ex: anger, contempt

mechanisms of marital health (3)

-psychological mechanisms (cognitions, affect, health behaviors) -biological mechanisms (cortisol stress hormone)

friendships are intimate relationships, involving (5):

-respect -trust -responsiveness -capitalization -social support

theoretical approaches to couples therapy (3)

-systems models -behavioral models -emotion models

the case for an evolutionary mismatch (5)

-the evolution of social bonding -expressions of self-disclosure and responsiveness in small groups -new mediums for self-disclosure and responsiveness -the emergence of technoference -the consequences of technoference

what do children understand about adult interactions? (3)

-they can detect overt conflict -they can also detect hidden conflict (in which adults say negative things in positive tones of voice) -they can detect whether conflict is resolved

The study on self-disclosure buffers and the effects they have on wives' work worries on cortisol (stress hormone) shows

-wives with low satisfaction and low disclosure with their partner have highly increasing cortisol levels -wives with high satisfaction and low disclosure with their partner and wives with low satisfaction and high disclosure with their partner have highly decreasing cortisol levels -wives with high satisfaction and high disclosure have steady levels of cortisol

signs of negative effects of smartphones to be aware of (4)

-you feel disconnected from your friends, especially if you feel depressed (people who are depressed seek out social media more and use their phone (slightly) more rather than vice versa) -when the phone supplants rather than fosters in-person relationships (not all screen time is the same) -when the phone gets in the way of sleep -when the phone gets in the way of schoolwork/grades

There is no clear evidence that relationship education relationship programs are broadly effective. However,

couples participating in skill training experience small improvements -the effects of interventions weaken over time

how do health researchers measure marital quality?

couples satisfaction index, 4-item measure of marital satisfaction

cognitive-behavioral couples therapy (CBCT) emphasizes (5)

couples' cognitive interpretations of each other's behavior, such as -selective attention for certain types of partner behavior -attributions for why partners behave the way they do -expectations about partner's likely reaction -assumptions about how relationships operates (beliefs) -standards about how relationships should operate (values) --these processes can either enhance or weaken the relationship

emotionally focused couples therapy helps partners see through their secondary emotions to get to their primary emotions through (3):

de-escalation of negative cycles (both partners acknowledge that they each contribute to relationship problems -shaping new cycles of responsiveness and accessibility (partners learn more positive ways of behaving toward each other) -consolidation and integration (partners think about the changes they have made and understand how their relationship has changed over time)

As cohabitation has become more common, the differences in divorce rates between couples who have cohabited and those who have not have

decreased

according to classic theory, young adults are in a stage in which they

develop either "intimacy" or "isolation"

part of establishing an independent identity involves

developing sources of intimacy outside of the family unit

lonely people over the age of 50 are more likely to

die in the next 6 years than those with richer connections to others

cultural value

differences in cultures on if love is desirable or undesirable

sexuality

differences in cultures on if love should be sexual or nonsexual

sexual orientation

differences in cultures on if same-sex love is acceptable

marital status

differences in cultures on iff we should love our spouses

In today's world, SES-linked differences aren't due to (2)

differences in respect for the institution of marriage or views about what's important in a marriage (values)

the relative lack of interdependence in adolescent relationships makes them

difficult to define

when children leave the house, couples who have been very unhappy may

divorce

men are more likely to remarry after

divorce or the death of their spouse

most cohabitating relationships:

do not end in marriage

unfortunately, many couples

do not experience benefits from therapy (most don't seek help until it is too late)

hopefulness is more likely to cure loneliness than

dour pessimism is

socioemotional selectivity theory

elderly people seek quality, not quantity, in their close relationships because they are focused on the present instead of the future

Women's friendships are characterized by (2)

emotional sharing and self-disclosure

90% of cohabitating relationships

end within 5 years

Experience sampling studies show that couples report their highest levels of positive emotions when they

engage in activities with their spouses and friends together, compared to activities alone, or with spouse or with friends only

technoference

everyday intrusions and interruptions due to technology devices

rapid technological advances create an

evolutionary mismatch for close relationships

children who were exposed to adult conflict were more likely to

exhibit signs of distress

A more promising approach to understanding today's SES-linked differences in marital outcomes focuses on

external stress

intimate networks depended on

face to face contact and frequent reaffirmation -it is from their intensity that individuals derived security

Sally-Anne test

false belief test

After college, people tend to interact with _______________, but have ________________________ relationships with the friends they do have.

fewer friends; deeper, more interdependent

Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET)

focuses on the effects of stress on couples and builds coping and support skills -helps partners improve their ability to manage stress, as individuals and as a couple

human beings have a fundamental and evolved need to

form close attachments with others

the emotion models approach encourages

free expression of core emotions in healthy ways that bring partners closer

effective networks

friends and relatives (around 20 people) -provide emotional and material assistance in daily life -not as emotionally deep as intimate networks but still regular face to face time

companionship

friends are sources of recreation and fun

affection

friends like, trust, and care for each other

communion

friends provide reliable help and support

fMRI studies have shown that the areas of the brain that are activated when people see photos of their romantic partners are

generally the same in all cultures

characteristics associated with loneliness (3)

genetic influences, personality, insecure attachment

healthier people are more likely to (2):

get married and stay married

daily self-disclosure with your partner helps with

getting better sleep

evidence for route 1 of external stress (more relationship problems) is linked to (4):

greater focus during shared time on dealing with stressors (ex: budgeting) instead of relationship enhancement (ex: watching a movie together) -shorter and less connected end-of-day reunions -more distraction when interacting with partner -less sexual intimacy (especially when female partner is stressed)

With marriage, those in collectivist cultures, such as China, India, and Japan are more likely to be

guided by their parents wishes regarding who they should marry

Among newlyweds in China and Turkey, those in partner-selected (vs. arranged) marriages are

happier

chronic conditions tend to be more

harmful to relationships than acute events

loneliness has physiological effects that

have direct impact on health

the lack of social relationships constitute a major risk factor for

health rivaling the effects of well-established health risk factors (cigarettes, blood pressure and lipids, obesity, and physical activity)

the goal of relationship education programs is to

help couples prioritize and maintain their relationships

tolerance building in IBCT

help partners accept that not all problems can be solved

empathetic joining in IBCT

help partners adopt each other's perspective

unified detachment in IBCT

help partners view their problems with less emotion

IBCT focuses on

helping partners accommodate each other's behavior, rather than changing each other's behavior

in terms of health, lonely people have

higher blood pressure and weaker immune systems

personality in loneliness

higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness reduce the chances that we'll be lonely higher levels of neuroticism increase that chance

in ancestral environments, the capacity to form intimate, trusting relationships was

highly beneficial to one's survival

the age at which adolescents seek romantic relationships varies with

hormonal changes and the time of onset of puberty

parents who are hostile in their negotiation of conflict are more likely to have adolescents who are

hostile when negotiating their own intimate relationships

it is clear from archaeological records and cross-species comparison is that

human brains not only evolved to deal with the immense complexities of social relationships, but that they were especially well designed for navigating close and intimate relationships with non-kin

systems models

identify and change the unspoken rules that are guiding undesirable patterns of interaction -help partners see that the problem is in the rules themselves, not in each other

Shy people interact with others in an

impoverished manner due to their unease in social situations

when children leave the house, some couples' marital satisfaction

improves

psychopathy

impulsivity and callous disregard for other's feelings and well-being

context

includes all outside factors that affect a relationship

as more people have begun to cohabit, the age at which couples marry has been

increasing

cohabitation is becoming

increasingly prevalent

"soft" outcomes of marital quality

indicating disease progression

Would individuals in East Asian cultures most likely communicate indirectly or directly? Why?

indirectly to facilitate adjustment to social environments

With marriage, people in western cultures, such as US, are more likely than those in collectivist cultures to

insist on love as a reason to marry

In terms of communication, East Asian cultures emphasize

interdependence and connectedness of the self with others

A key task in intervention for the systems models is

interrupting the repetitive pattern of harmful interactions

types of ancestral social networks (3)

intimate networks, effective networks, and extended networks

children can generally characterize the core features of

intimate relationships (as they age, these ideas become more detailed and complex)

racial discrimination is a stressor that

is large in scale, external to the relationship, and difficult to control

men are almost twice as likely to be _________ as women in their later years and women are nearly three times as likely as men to be ___________________, indicating that the sex differences in marital status increase as we age

married; living as a widow

a full 90% of young adults plan to

marry

Which gender seems to benefit more from marriage? why might that be? (2)

men because women often get on their husbands when they are engaging in unhealthy habits (you need to exercise more) and women often have closer relationships outside of their relationship than men do.

men are ____ sexually active in old age than women

more

older adults spend _____ time today in their intimate relationships than they did historically.

more

women's friendships tend to be _____ intimate than men's

more

love songs in china (compared to US) refer to love as

more enduring, but also more likely to include suffering and sadness, and more likely to result in disappointment

behavioral models

Change the behaviors and thoughts behind them. -Promote basic skills in communication and relationship problem solving, while also helping partners tolerate and even accept problems that cannot be changed

a close look at social media use shows that

most texters and instagrammers are fine. -many early studies have overstated dangers

how we feel when we are in love tends to be

mostly the same across countries and cultures

older adults tend to engage in fewer

negative behaviors with their partners

flatter diurnal (daily) cortisol slopes have been linked to

negative health consequences in adulthoo

to overcome loneliness, seek

new friendships, not romances -watch out for sour attitudes and stay positive -recognize that friendships take time

systems models help partners develop

new more adaptive rules and expectations for the relationships

worldwide, most cultures are still governed by

norms of patriarchy that make it seem ordinary and natural for men to be in charge most of the time

double dates are ___________________ for couples

novel and exciting

sex ratio equals

number of men divided by number of women

loneliness depends on

our perceptions and our desires and on a mismatch between the amount of intimacy we want and the amount we have

acute events

Circumstances with a relatively clear onset and a plausible endpoint (ex: a car accident)

types of behavioral couples therapy (2):

Cognitive-behavioral couples therapy Integrative behavioral couples therapy

emotion models

Encourage the expression of core emotions and healthy responses to those emotions. -Help couples see that their relationship is a safe place to explore deep feelings, and to overcome one's individual relationship history.

how is social integration thought to affect health?

by promoting positive psychological states that induce health-promoting behaviors and physiological responses

many transitions mark adult relationships, and one of the most crucial is

cohabitation

increasingly, older adults are

cohabiting as well

What is a key focus across all relationship education programs?

communication

what are the differences between friendship and romantic love (4)?

compared to romances, friendships are: -less passionate -less exclusive -less confining, entailing fewer obligations to one's partner -less likely to involve overt expressions of positive emotion

theory of mind

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

In East Asian cultures, individuals are strongly motivated to

adjust their behaviors to fit with others' needs and expectations, including close others

elements of the context get more distal as they

affect the couple less directly

elements of the context get more proximal as they

affect the couple more directly

attributes of friendship (3)

affection, communion, companionship

stressor

an aspect of the environment that makes demands on the partners, leaving them with a reduced capacity to maintain their relationship -chronic conditions -acute events

social networks

an individual's constellation of relationships

80% of social media activity invloves

announcing one's immediate experiences

couples who have a larger percentage of shared friends (vs individual friends)

are happier and more stable

extended networks

around 150 people -includes acquaintances and friends of friends -require little face to face contact -would have entire tribes of people, including those one barely knew and distant kin

the size of extended networks in ancestral times compared to today is

around the same as one's online social network (around 150 people)

narcissism

arrogant self-importance, entitlement, and selfishness

systems models enable partners to

articulate the unspoken rules and expectations of their relationship

a pattern of dyadic withdrawal occurs when people settle into romantic relationships:

as they see more and more of a lover, they see less and less of their friends (especially opposite sex friends)

chronic conditons

aspects of the environment that are relatively stable and enduring (ex: poverty)

In african american couples, rather than attempting to manage racial discrimination victims may

attempt to cope with these stressful experiences by turning to their partners

the self-confidence and cleverness of people that have traits of the dark triad can be

attractive at first, but over time they make lousy friends

Compassionate and Accepting Relationships through Empathy (CARE)

based on IBCT -aims to strengthen relationships by teaching couples supportive and empathetic skills, including skills in acceptance

Relationship Enhancement (RE)

based on a wide range of theoretical perspectives -focuses on teaching couples skills for expressing their needs and desires, and empathizing with each other

Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP)

based on social learning theory -partner communications are understood as being rewarding or punishing -educates couples on effective conflict management

smartphone notifications

beckon us to respond to them

by age 18, almost 80% of adolescents in the US have

been in a romantic relationship

machiavellianism

being cynical, duplicitous, and manipulative and readily lying for one's self-interest

perceived partner responsiveness predicts

better sleep quality through lower anxiety

On average, how many people does a person have with whom they interact at high levels of intimacy with

between 3 and 7 people, about half of whom are usually non-kin

Do partners perceive higher responsiveness from their partner when their partner is reading a book or technoference?

book reading (slightly)

Childcare hours (amount of time doing parenting activities) for mothers and fathers (both college-educated and less-educated)

both mothers' and fathers' childcare hours have increased -mothers' childcare hours have increased much more than fathers' -for both mothers and fathers, college-educated individuals have more childcare hours

contextual elements range along a

continuum

children have to ____________ their siblings to ______________________. As a result, children with a sibling have a more advanced _______________. This is apparent from their performance on _______________________.

convince; do what they want them to do; theory of mind; false belief tests (FBTs)

describing older adult relationships exclusively in terms of marital status

overlooks several important sources of variation

The rise of the "concerted cultivation" norm

parents seek to cultivate their children's talents through highly attentive parenting and enrollment in organized activities

The study on marital quality and congestive heart failure suggests

participants with congestive heart failure that have a high marital quality have a better chance of survival

social integration

participation in a broad range of social relationships

there is a boost in ____________________ in a relationship when a couple does the fast friends exercise with another couple

passionate love

benefits of hared friendships

people in our social networks (friends, siblings, parents, other couples) can be sources of support for our intimate relationships

insecure attachment in loneliness

people with secure styles of attachment tend to be less lonely than those who are insecure

context of relationships (4)

physical surroundings, social involvements, culture, historical period

longitudinal studies find that children who have positive relationships with their parents tend to have

positive relationships with their romantic partners as well.

children with negative relationships with their parents can have _____________________. children with positive relationships with their parents can have _____________________.

positive romantic relationships; negative romantic relationships

in straight couples, friends of the woman in a couple were particularly successful at

predicting relationship dissolution better than the couple could

relationship education programs exist to

prevent distress in relationships before problems arise

systems models _________ problems

reframe ex: vegetarian guests for Thanskgiving. to make them feel more comfortable and have something to eat, someone brought a tofurkey. so a separate vegetarian meal didn't have to be made.

wealth and health are affected by older adults'

relationship histories

What relationships have been studied the most?

relationships between children and their parents

when shy people have an excuse for an interaction to go badly, they

remain relatively relaxed and do not act shy -values reflect arousal in the form of increases in heart rate as the interaction begins

the likelihood of health problems in women

remains increased even when they remarry

do children exhibit desensitization (get used to it) or sensitization (become more reactive) to adult conflict?

research shows they become sensitized (more reactive) to conflict

The 20 year longitudinal studies measuring perceived partner responsiveness (begginning), daily negative affect reactivity (10 years later), and all-cause mortality (20 years later) shows that

responsiveness does predict mortality 20 years later

No effects of objective daily phone use on

responsiveness, loneliness, wellbeing, etc.

friendships gradually become

richer and more complex as they age

anxiety about the negative effects of social media has

risen to such an extreme that using a smartphone is sometimes equated to ingesting a gram of cocaine -the reality is much less alarming

friendships are based on the same building blocks of intimacy as

romances are, but the mix of components is usually differents

what kind of a stressor is taking quality of time away from you and your partner in order to make time for something else, such as spending more time with your children?

route 1 external stressor

how does external stress affect relationships?

route 1- creates additional relationship problems which leads to diminished relationship satisfaction and/or stability route 2- hinders constructive responding to relationship problems which leads to diminished relationship satisfaction and/or stability

people in relationships are frequently unhappy for a long while before they

seek couples therapy

social networks are called

self-disclosure vehicles

the main function of social media is to

share facts and one's thoughts and feelings (or photos/links to articles) to a large number of people and, in turn, for those in one's online social network to respond

men's friendships revolve around (3)

shared activities, companionship, and competition

rules for friendships are

shared cultural beliefs about what behaviors friends should and should not perform

studies show that with married people with heart plaques, those satisfied in their marriage

showed little to no (low) worsening of their plaques compared to those who were unmarried (middle) or low in satisfaction in their marriage (high)

when falling in love, Americans emphasize

similarity and good looks of their partners

elderly people have _______ social networks than younger people do

smaller

two facets of loneliness

social and emotional

when people are shy, they fret about

social disapproval and feel ill at ease in social situations

effect size comparisons of mortality effects show that

social relationships and social integration can impact your health more than other risk factors like physical activity

genetic influences in loneliness

some people are born being more likely than others to experience bouts of loneliness in life

circadian (diurnal) rhythm of cortisol includes a

spike in cortisol when you wake up and it decreases a lot throughout the day, steadying at around 14 hours after wakeup

Because maintaining harmonious relationships are integral to the sense of self in East Asian cultures, individuals are expected to

subordinate their own needs and desires to those of others

Cultures with high sex ratios, in which there are only a few women, tend to

support traditional roles and to be conservative with regard to women's sexuality

in african american couples, those who experienced frequent racial discrimination behaved more

supportively over a 2 year period

in the US, even though the fertility rate has remained stable since 1990, time spent in intensive parenting has

surged

integrative behavioral couples therapy (IBCT) emphasizes

teaching couples that some behaviors and aspects of their relationships need to be tolerated

when they are in love, Chinese often believe

that one's partner is baffling and incomprehensible and that love itself is a mixed blessing

a key predictor of early death is

the amount of time people spend separated or divorced

behavioral models of couples therapy emphasize

the behavioral exchanges of spouses: how partners' behaviors are followed by rewards or punishments -rewards increase likelihood of that behavior in the future -punishments decrease likelihood of that behavior in the future

research has revealed that other childhood interactions have a significant impact on

the development of intimacy across the lifespan

stress spillover

the experience of stress outside the relationship affects one's experiences in the relationship -ex: A's work stress --> A's relationship thoughts and behaviors

stress crossover

the experience of stress outside the. relationship affects one's partner's experience in the relationship -ex: A's work stress --> B's relationship thoughts and behaviors

what often causes stress spillover and stress crossover to happen?

the failure to notice stress

before adolescence, a child's primary attachments lie within

the family

behavior exchange

the first step of behavioral couples therapy -provides diagnostic information about behavioral interaction within the relationship

Even the best sibling relationship cannot compensate for

the lack of a good friend

later-life relationships did not exist a century ago, and thus

the least amount of attention has been paid to them as the field of relationship science has developed

romantic relationships are embedded within

the partners' broader social networks

shyness

the personality characteristic that combines social reticence and inhibited interactive behavior with nervous discomfort in social settings

behavioral couples therapies views the exchanged behaviors as

the problems themselves

children are astute observers of

the quality of adult relationships

Supportiveness in relationships may be differently shaped by

the specific stresses and strains that partners face

adolescents' desire for a relationship is more variable than

their ideas about what a relationship might be like

In social loneliness, people are dissatisfied because

they lack a social network of friends and acquaintances

in emotional loneliness, people are lonely because

they lack affection and emotional support from at least one intimate relationship

elderly people have just as many close friends as they did when they were younger, but

they spend less time with casual friends

the Dark Triad

three traits that promote behavior that is arrogant, manipulative, exploitative, hostile, and cold -narcissism -Machiavellianism -psychopathy

online time is negatively correlated with

time spent going to parties, attending cultural events, and socializing with people in a variety of offline contexts

the amount of shared time spouses spent in parenting activities almost __________ from 1975 to 2012

tripled

in old age, most couples are still having sex ____________ times a month

two to three times

The choice of a spouse is often a family decision in Eastern cultures, whereas young adults in America

typically expect that their choice will be entirely up to them

intimate networks functioned as a security network that provided the individual with

unspoken and unquestioning support

Marriage Checkup (MC)

uses strategic interviewing to help married couples, especially those reluctant to seek professional help, evaluate strengths and areas of concern in their relationship

In western cultures, directly expressing personal preferences is

valued and linked to relational benefits

the number of marital problems for couples who don't share friends is

very high

The number of marital problems for couples who share all their friends is

very low

there is much more agreement than disagreement from culture to culture and group to group about

what faces and features are physically attractive

when are people more likely to notice the cause of stress and correct their behavior?

when stress levels are high

Systems models focus on unspoken rules and expectations. When does this cause problems in relationships?

when these unspoken rules and expectations are too rigid

there are cross-cultural differences in

whether and how much people say I love you

Perceived partner responsiveness

whether it is technoference or reading a book, partner may still feel loneliness and depressive symptoms

some adolescents and their possible romantic partners do not agree about

whether they are in a romantic relationship

sex ratios are lower in countries in which

women have more power

people perceive that partners' phone use makes them feel

worse, but only slightly more so (if at all) than reading a book

the sophisticated ways in which adults conduct their friendships are

years in the making

Do partners feel less rejected and less lonely by reading a book than by technoference while trying to communicate?

yes but only slighlty

can couple friendships enhance intimate relationships?

yes. research says it is exciting, novel, and increases intimacy and passion within couples

how responsive your partner is now affects

your cortisol circadian (diurnal) rhythm later in life (very slightly but still proves that responsiveness matters)

cohabitation before marriage was related to (2):

-a higher likelihood of divorce according to research from the 1970s through the 1990s. -lower levels of marital satisfaction (partially due to selection effects involving who cohabits and societal views of cohabitation)

people who cohabitate see cohabitation as (4):

-a precursor to marriage (46%) -coresidential daters (29%) -a trial marriage (15%) -a substitute for marriage (10%)

those with fewer divorces and remarriages tend to:

-accumulate more wealth -have fewer health problems later in life

unlike family relationships, childhood friendships (3):

-are voluntary -require reciprocity -involve both people having an equal status

relationship education programs fall into 3 main categories:

-basic information -personalized feedback -skills training

Being married is associated with (5):

-better self-reported health -lower risk of disease (cardiovascular, diabetes) -better recovery from surgery -better physiology (cortisol) -lower mortality rates

the average length of adolescent relationships is between

12 and 24 months

negative affect reactivity

a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. -can use to measure how much a stressor did or did not negatively affect you

a strong friendship can make up for

a weak sibling relationship

goals of cognitive-behavioral couples therapy (2)

Help couples to interpret their partner's behavior in a positive light by, for instance: -Helping people make adaptive attributions regarding their partner's actions -Helping people attend to their partner's positive behaviors

false belief test

a type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses ( ex. crayon box filled with candles video) ex: sally-anne test

are low, medium, or high stressors most detrimental to relationships? why?

Medium because you, as well as the people close to you, notice the stressor. as for low stressors, they do not stress you out enough to cause detrimental effects on your relationship.

Is greater smartphone use linked to lower levels of perceived partner responsiveness in everyday life?

No significant effects of smartphone use or technoference on responsiveness

Today, the belief that romantic love is a reason to marry is commonplace in

North America

slender women are less desirable than heavy women when

a culture's food supply is unreliable

intimate relationships are characterized by

a deep sense of emotional closeness toward another person and usually are characterized by frequent, strong and diverse contact

when falling in love, Chinese emphasize

a desirable personality, others' opinions, and their own physical arousal more

when they are in love, Americans often think of love as

a fairytale with the expectations of living happily ever after

loneliness

a feeling of deprivation and dissatisfaction that emerges from a discrepancy between the kind of social relations we want and the kind we have

SES

a measure of social class consisting of economic and social indicators like income and education

evolutionary mismatch

a state of disequilibrium whereby a trait that evolved in one environment becomes maladaptive in another environment -we crave sweet things today due because in ancestral times, sweet things were more caloric, which made you more likely to survive.

standards of attractiveness are affected by

changing economic and cultural conditions

current marital status is not a good indicator for

characterizing older adults seeking intimacy

Social Norms support and maintain

male dominance

In Finland, saying I love you to your partner

is thought of as very strange and something you would rarely say (maybe once in a lifetime) ex: if they are dying

Because simply using the phone or being on social media does not seem to be the problem,

it's how the phone use impacts other aspects of life that could( potentially) be problematic

when siblings perceive differential parental treatment, there is likely to be

jealousy and conflict

In India, those in partner-selected (vs. arranged) marriages are

less happy over time than those in arranged marriages

relative to higher-SES people, lower-SES people are

less likely to marry and more likely to divorce -differences have grown much larger in the US

In african american couples, those with high chronic financial strain behaved

less supportively toward their partners

married parents with children at home spend much

less time alone together than parents without children at home

cultures with low sex ratio ratios, in which there are only a few men, tend to be

less traditional and more permissive

Older couples spend more time with each other and with close family members and less time with friends and acquaintances, which

limits their energy to the relationships that they find rewarding.

women tend to

live longer

over 50% of married couples

lived together first

if we lack the kind of relationship we desire, we can be

lonely despite having other quite rewarding social interactions

older adults continue to form new relationships:

long after divorcing or being widowed

only recently have some cultures come to believe that

love and marriage go together (ex of when love and marriage didn't always go together: kings and queens, agricultural revolution: marrying to have a partner to help work the farm, arranged marriages)

daily life tends to be more stressful for

lower SES individuals (ex: unemployment, accumulating debts, nonstandard work hours, unsafe neighborhoods, inadequate transportation, etc.)

correlational and experimental data on phone-responsiveness show that perceptions of greater partner phone use are associated with

lower levels of perceived partner responsiveness, satisfaction, etc.

when it comes to your partner, your parents probably have different

priorities than you do -physical attractiveness doesn't matter as much to them as it does to you -they will care more about your partner's race, social class, family background, and religion

All social media platforms are designed to

produce easy and frequent responsiveness via likes

When it comes to your partner, in general, your parents probably want the same

qualities that you do -good economic prospects who are attractive, smart, stable, and kind

men who remarry tend to

recover from the increased risk of health problems when they remarry