IR Exam 4
programs designed to strengthen healthy relationships (5)
-Compassionate and Accepting Relationships through Empathy (CARE) -Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) -Marriage Checkup (MC) -Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) -Relationship Enhancement (RE)
Most common relationship problems seen by couples therapists (5)
-communication -power struggles -unrealistic expectations -lack of loving feelings -serious individual problems
"hard" outcomes of marital quality (2):
-coronary events (disease) -death
different views on love in cultures (4):
-cultural value -sexuality -sexual orientation -marital status
previous research with North American samples has clearly indicated that women, as compared with men (4) :
-disclose more to their friends -share more intimate information -are more likely to attend to relational information -present more realistic portrayals of their lives and are less likely to censor relationship-relevant information when disclosing
Three questions that guide the research investigating the link between children's friendships and the capacity for future intimate relationships:
-does the child have friends, and if so, how many? -who are the child's friends? -what kind of relationship does the child have with his or her friends?
Rules of Friendship (across cultures) (9)
-don't nag -keep confidences -show emotional support -volunteer help in time of need -trust and confide in friend share news of success -don't be jealous -stand up for friend -seek to repay debts, favors, and compliments
Goals of behavioral couples therapy (2)
-give partners communication training (advice on how to listen to each other and talk productively) --avoid blame, criticism, and defensiveness -give partners problem-solving training (help to apply skills from communication training to the discussion of specific problems)
overall, parenthood is related to
-greater declines in marital satisfaction (especially if unplanned) -lower likelihood of divorce
Evolutionary mismatch theory (3)
-humans have an evolved need for intimacy and, therefore an evolved need for self-disclosure and responsiveness -smartphones and their affordances (access to social networks, texting, etc.) exert a strong pull for self-disclosure -smartphones and their affordances are mismatched with our evolved needs for intimacy
evidence for route 2 of external stress (worse problem-solving) is linked to (2):
-less effective social support behavior -greater defensiveness and hostility in the relationship (ex: among air traffic controllers, greater stress, such as low visibility or high traffic volume, predicts elevated marital anger that night)
why do older adults spend more time in their intimate relationships today?
-lifespans have increased -adults are more active in later years than ever before
predictors of marital health (3)
-marital strains -marital strengths -outside stressors
measures of social integration (5)
-married or not -how much do you talk with friends, family or neighbors on phone -how often you get together with friends or relatives -how often you attend church -involved in any clubs or organizations
Why are married people healthier? (5)
-more social support -reduced stress -improved health behaviors (smoking, exercise) -greater financial resources -lower levels of depression
In shared imaginative play, children (3):
-negotiate rules and expectations -share a mental world -establish shared assumptions about how things will work
Why do older adults engage in fewer negative behaviors with their partners?
-partially due to adeptness, learned over time, in relationship behavior -partially due to seeking out positive rather than negative experiences (socioemotional selective theory)
emotionally focused couples therapy divides emotions into two categories:
-primary emotions: feelings related to basic attachment needs ex: hurt, fear of rejection, sadness, helplessness -secondary emotions: feelings that may mask primary emotions for reasons of self-protection ex: anger, contempt
mechanisms of marital health (3)
-psychological mechanisms (cognitions, affect, health behaviors) -biological mechanisms (cortisol stress hormone)
friendships are intimate relationships, involving (5):
-respect -trust -responsiveness -capitalization -social support
theoretical approaches to couples therapy (3)
-systems models -behavioral models -emotion models
the case for an evolutionary mismatch (5)
-the evolution of social bonding -expressions of self-disclosure and responsiveness in small groups -new mediums for self-disclosure and responsiveness -the emergence of technoference -the consequences of technoference
what do children understand about adult interactions? (3)
-they can detect overt conflict -they can also detect hidden conflict (in which adults say negative things in positive tones of voice) -they can detect whether conflict is resolved
The study on self-disclosure buffers and the effects they have on wives' work worries on cortisol (stress hormone) shows
-wives with low satisfaction and low disclosure with their partner have highly increasing cortisol levels -wives with high satisfaction and low disclosure with their partner and wives with low satisfaction and high disclosure with their partner have highly decreasing cortisol levels -wives with high satisfaction and high disclosure have steady levels of cortisol
signs of negative effects of smartphones to be aware of (4)
-you feel disconnected from your friends, especially if you feel depressed (people who are depressed seek out social media more and use their phone (slightly) more rather than vice versa) -when the phone supplants rather than fosters in-person relationships (not all screen time is the same) -when the phone gets in the way of sleep -when the phone gets in the way of schoolwork/grades
There is no clear evidence that relationship education relationship programs are broadly effective. However,
couples participating in skill training experience small improvements -the effects of interventions weaken over time
how do health researchers measure marital quality?
couples satisfaction index, 4-item measure of marital satisfaction
cognitive-behavioral couples therapy (CBCT) emphasizes (5)
couples' cognitive interpretations of each other's behavior, such as -selective attention for certain types of partner behavior -attributions for why partners behave the way they do -expectations about partner's likely reaction -assumptions about how relationships operates (beliefs) -standards about how relationships should operate (values) --these processes can either enhance or weaken the relationship
emotionally focused couples therapy helps partners see through their secondary emotions to get to their primary emotions through (3):
de-escalation of negative cycles (both partners acknowledge that they each contribute to relationship problems -shaping new cycles of responsiveness and accessibility (partners learn more positive ways of behaving toward each other) -consolidation and integration (partners think about the changes they have made and understand how their relationship has changed over time)
As cohabitation has become more common, the differences in divorce rates between couples who have cohabited and those who have not have
decreased
according to classic theory, young adults are in a stage in which they
develop either "intimacy" or "isolation"
part of establishing an independent identity involves
developing sources of intimacy outside of the family unit
lonely people over the age of 50 are more likely to
die in the next 6 years than those with richer connections to others
cultural value
differences in cultures on if love is desirable or undesirable
sexuality
differences in cultures on if love should be sexual or nonsexual
sexual orientation
differences in cultures on if same-sex love is acceptable
marital status
differences in cultures on iff we should love our spouses
In today's world, SES-linked differences aren't due to (2)
differences in respect for the institution of marriage or views about what's important in a marriage (values)
the relative lack of interdependence in adolescent relationships makes them
difficult to define
when children leave the house, couples who have been very unhappy may
divorce
men are more likely to remarry after
divorce or the death of their spouse
most cohabitating relationships:
do not end in marriage
unfortunately, many couples
do not experience benefits from therapy (most don't seek help until it is too late)
hopefulness is more likely to cure loneliness than
dour pessimism is
socioemotional selectivity theory
elderly people seek quality, not quantity, in their close relationships because they are focused on the present instead of the future
Women's friendships are characterized by (2)
emotional sharing and self-disclosure
90% of cohabitating relationships
end within 5 years
Experience sampling studies show that couples report their highest levels of positive emotions when they
engage in activities with their spouses and friends together, compared to activities alone, or with spouse or with friends only
technoference
everyday intrusions and interruptions due to technology devices
rapid technological advances create an
evolutionary mismatch for close relationships
children who were exposed to adult conflict were more likely to
exhibit signs of distress
A more promising approach to understanding today's SES-linked differences in marital outcomes focuses on
external stress
intimate networks depended on
face to face contact and frequent reaffirmation -it is from their intensity that individuals derived security
Sally-Anne test
false belief test
After college, people tend to interact with _______________, but have ________________________ relationships with the friends they do have.
fewer friends; deeper, more interdependent
Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET)
focuses on the effects of stress on couples and builds coping and support skills -helps partners improve their ability to manage stress, as individuals and as a couple
human beings have a fundamental and evolved need to
form close attachments with others
the emotion models approach encourages
free expression of core emotions in healthy ways that bring partners closer
effective networks
friends and relatives (around 20 people) -provide emotional and material assistance in daily life -not as emotionally deep as intimate networks but still regular face to face time
companionship
friends are sources of recreation and fun
affection
friends like, trust, and care for each other
communion
friends provide reliable help and support
fMRI studies have shown that the areas of the brain that are activated when people see photos of their romantic partners are
generally the same in all cultures
characteristics associated with loneliness (3)
genetic influences, personality, insecure attachment
healthier people are more likely to (2):
get married and stay married
daily self-disclosure with your partner helps with
getting better sleep
evidence for route 1 of external stress (more relationship problems) is linked to (4):
greater focus during shared time on dealing with stressors (ex: budgeting) instead of relationship enhancement (ex: watching a movie together) -shorter and less connected end-of-day reunions -more distraction when interacting with partner -less sexual intimacy (especially when female partner is stressed)
With marriage, those in collectivist cultures, such as China, India, and Japan are more likely to be
guided by their parents wishes regarding who they should marry
Among newlyweds in China and Turkey, those in partner-selected (vs. arranged) marriages are
happier
chronic conditions tend to be more
harmful to relationships than acute events
loneliness has physiological effects that
have direct impact on health
the lack of social relationships constitute a major risk factor for
health rivaling the effects of well-established health risk factors (cigarettes, blood pressure and lipids, obesity, and physical activity)
the goal of relationship education programs is to
help couples prioritize and maintain their relationships
tolerance building in IBCT
help partners accept that not all problems can be solved
empathetic joining in IBCT
help partners adopt each other's perspective
unified detachment in IBCT
help partners view their problems with less emotion
IBCT focuses on
helping partners accommodate each other's behavior, rather than changing each other's behavior
in terms of health, lonely people have
higher blood pressure and weaker immune systems
personality in loneliness
higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness reduce the chances that we'll be lonely higher levels of neuroticism increase that chance
in ancestral environments, the capacity to form intimate, trusting relationships was
highly beneficial to one's survival
the age at which adolescents seek romantic relationships varies with
hormonal changes and the time of onset of puberty
parents who are hostile in their negotiation of conflict are more likely to have adolescents who are
hostile when negotiating their own intimate relationships
it is clear from archaeological records and cross-species comparison is that
human brains not only evolved to deal with the immense complexities of social relationships, but that they were especially well designed for navigating close and intimate relationships with non-kin
systems models
identify and change the unspoken rules that are guiding undesirable patterns of interaction -help partners see that the problem is in the rules themselves, not in each other
Shy people interact with others in an
impoverished manner due to their unease in social situations
when children leave the house, some couples' marital satisfaction
improves
psychopathy
impulsivity and callous disregard for other's feelings and well-being
context
includes all outside factors that affect a relationship
as more people have begun to cohabit, the age at which couples marry has been
increasing
cohabitation is becoming
increasingly prevalent
"soft" outcomes of marital quality
indicating disease progression
Would individuals in East Asian cultures most likely communicate indirectly or directly? Why?
indirectly to facilitate adjustment to social environments
With marriage, people in western cultures, such as US, are more likely than those in collectivist cultures to
insist on love as a reason to marry
In terms of communication, East Asian cultures emphasize
interdependence and connectedness of the self with others
A key task in intervention for the systems models is
interrupting the repetitive pattern of harmful interactions
types of ancestral social networks (3)
intimate networks, effective networks, and extended networks
children can generally characterize the core features of
intimate relationships (as they age, these ideas become more detailed and complex)
racial discrimination is a stressor that
is large in scale, external to the relationship, and difficult to control
men are almost twice as likely to be _________ as women in their later years and women are nearly three times as likely as men to be ___________________, indicating that the sex differences in marital status increase as we age
married; living as a widow
a full 90% of young adults plan to
marry
Which gender seems to benefit more from marriage? why might that be? (2)
men because women often get on their husbands when they are engaging in unhealthy habits (you need to exercise more) and women often have closer relationships outside of their relationship than men do.
men are ____ sexually active in old age than women
more
older adults spend _____ time today in their intimate relationships than they did historically.
more
women's friendships tend to be _____ intimate than men's
more
love songs in china (compared to US) refer to love as
more enduring, but also more likely to include suffering and sadness, and more likely to result in disappointment
behavioral models
Change the behaviors and thoughts behind them. -Promote basic skills in communication and relationship problem solving, while also helping partners tolerate and even accept problems that cannot be changed
a close look at social media use shows that
most texters and instagrammers are fine. -many early studies have overstated dangers
how we feel when we are in love tends to be
mostly the same across countries and cultures
older adults tend to engage in fewer
negative behaviors with their partners
flatter diurnal (daily) cortisol slopes have been linked to
negative health consequences in adulthoo
to overcome loneliness, seek
new friendships, not romances -watch out for sour attitudes and stay positive -recognize that friendships take time
systems models help partners develop
new more adaptive rules and expectations for the relationships
worldwide, most cultures are still governed by
norms of patriarchy that make it seem ordinary and natural for men to be in charge most of the time
double dates are ___________________ for couples
novel and exciting
sex ratio equals
number of men divided by number of women
loneliness depends on
our perceptions and our desires and on a mismatch between the amount of intimacy we want and the amount we have
acute events
Circumstances with a relatively clear onset and a plausible endpoint (ex: a car accident)
types of behavioral couples therapy (2):
Cognitive-behavioral couples therapy Integrative behavioral couples therapy
emotion models
Encourage the expression of core emotions and healthy responses to those emotions. -Help couples see that their relationship is a safe place to explore deep feelings, and to overcome one's individual relationship history.
how is social integration thought to affect health?
by promoting positive psychological states that induce health-promoting behaviors and physiological responses
many transitions mark adult relationships, and one of the most crucial is
cohabitation
increasingly, older adults are
cohabiting as well
What is a key focus across all relationship education programs?
communication
what are the differences between friendship and romantic love (4)?
compared to romances, friendships are: -less passionate -less exclusive -less confining, entailing fewer obligations to one's partner -less likely to involve overt expressions of positive emotion
theory of mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe
In East Asian cultures, individuals are strongly motivated to
adjust their behaviors to fit with others' needs and expectations, including close others
elements of the context get more distal as they
affect the couple less directly
elements of the context get more proximal as they
affect the couple more directly
attributes of friendship (3)
affection, communion, companionship
stressor
an aspect of the environment that makes demands on the partners, leaving them with a reduced capacity to maintain their relationship -chronic conditions -acute events
social networks
an individual's constellation of relationships
80% of social media activity invloves
announcing one's immediate experiences
couples who have a larger percentage of shared friends (vs individual friends)
are happier and more stable
extended networks
around 150 people -includes acquaintances and friends of friends -require little face to face contact -would have entire tribes of people, including those one barely knew and distant kin
the size of extended networks in ancestral times compared to today is
around the same as one's online social network (around 150 people)
narcissism
arrogant self-importance, entitlement, and selfishness
systems models enable partners to
articulate the unspoken rules and expectations of their relationship
a pattern of dyadic withdrawal occurs when people settle into romantic relationships:
as they see more and more of a lover, they see less and less of their friends (especially opposite sex friends)
chronic conditons
aspects of the environment that are relatively stable and enduring (ex: poverty)
In african american couples, rather than attempting to manage racial discrimination victims may
attempt to cope with these stressful experiences by turning to their partners
the self-confidence and cleverness of people that have traits of the dark triad can be
attractive at first, but over time they make lousy friends
Compassionate and Accepting Relationships through Empathy (CARE)
based on IBCT -aims to strengthen relationships by teaching couples supportive and empathetic skills, including skills in acceptance
Relationship Enhancement (RE)
based on a wide range of theoretical perspectives -focuses on teaching couples skills for expressing their needs and desires, and empathizing with each other
Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP)
based on social learning theory -partner communications are understood as being rewarding or punishing -educates couples on effective conflict management
smartphone notifications
beckon us to respond to them
by age 18, almost 80% of adolescents in the US have
been in a romantic relationship
machiavellianism
being cynical, duplicitous, and manipulative and readily lying for one's self-interest
perceived partner responsiveness predicts
better sleep quality through lower anxiety
On average, how many people does a person have with whom they interact at high levels of intimacy with
between 3 and 7 people, about half of whom are usually non-kin
Do partners perceive higher responsiveness from their partner when their partner is reading a book or technoference?
book reading (slightly)
Childcare hours (amount of time doing parenting activities) for mothers and fathers (both college-educated and less-educated)
both mothers' and fathers' childcare hours have increased -mothers' childcare hours have increased much more than fathers' -for both mothers and fathers, college-educated individuals have more childcare hours
contextual elements range along a
continuum
children have to ____________ their siblings to ______________________. As a result, children with a sibling have a more advanced _______________. This is apparent from their performance on _______________________.
convince; do what they want them to do; theory of mind; false belief tests (FBTs)
describing older adult relationships exclusively in terms of marital status
overlooks several important sources of variation
The rise of the "concerted cultivation" norm
parents seek to cultivate their children's talents through highly attentive parenting and enrollment in organized activities
The study on marital quality and congestive heart failure suggests
participants with congestive heart failure that have a high marital quality have a better chance of survival
social integration
participation in a broad range of social relationships
there is a boost in ____________________ in a relationship when a couple does the fast friends exercise with another couple
passionate love
benefits of hared friendships
people in our social networks (friends, siblings, parents, other couples) can be sources of support for our intimate relationships
insecure attachment in loneliness
people with secure styles of attachment tend to be less lonely than those who are insecure
context of relationships (4)
physical surroundings, social involvements, culture, historical period
longitudinal studies find that children who have positive relationships with their parents tend to have
positive relationships with their romantic partners as well.
children with negative relationships with their parents can have _____________________. children with positive relationships with their parents can have _____________________.
positive romantic relationships; negative romantic relationships
in straight couples, friends of the woman in a couple were particularly successful at
predicting relationship dissolution better than the couple could
relationship education programs exist to
prevent distress in relationships before problems arise
systems models _________ problems
reframe ex: vegetarian guests for Thanskgiving. to make them feel more comfortable and have something to eat, someone brought a tofurkey. so a separate vegetarian meal didn't have to be made.
wealth and health are affected by older adults'
relationship histories
What relationships have been studied the most?
relationships between children and their parents
when shy people have an excuse for an interaction to go badly, they
remain relatively relaxed and do not act shy -values reflect arousal in the form of increases in heart rate as the interaction begins
the likelihood of health problems in women
remains increased even when they remarry
do children exhibit desensitization (get used to it) or sensitization (become more reactive) to adult conflict?
research shows they become sensitized (more reactive) to conflict
The 20 year longitudinal studies measuring perceived partner responsiveness (begginning), daily negative affect reactivity (10 years later), and all-cause mortality (20 years later) shows that
responsiveness does predict mortality 20 years later
No effects of objective daily phone use on
responsiveness, loneliness, wellbeing, etc.
friendships gradually become
richer and more complex as they age
anxiety about the negative effects of social media has
risen to such an extreme that using a smartphone is sometimes equated to ingesting a gram of cocaine -the reality is much less alarming
friendships are based on the same building blocks of intimacy as
romances are, but the mix of components is usually differents
what kind of a stressor is taking quality of time away from you and your partner in order to make time for something else, such as spending more time with your children?
route 1 external stressor
how does external stress affect relationships?
route 1- creates additional relationship problems which leads to diminished relationship satisfaction and/or stability route 2- hinders constructive responding to relationship problems which leads to diminished relationship satisfaction and/or stability
people in relationships are frequently unhappy for a long while before they
seek couples therapy
social networks are called
self-disclosure vehicles
the main function of social media is to
share facts and one's thoughts and feelings (or photos/links to articles) to a large number of people and, in turn, for those in one's online social network to respond
men's friendships revolve around (3)
shared activities, companionship, and competition
rules for friendships are
shared cultural beliefs about what behaviors friends should and should not perform
studies show that with married people with heart plaques, those satisfied in their marriage
showed little to no (low) worsening of their plaques compared to those who were unmarried (middle) or low in satisfaction in their marriage (high)
when falling in love, Americans emphasize
similarity and good looks of their partners
elderly people have _______ social networks than younger people do
smaller
two facets of loneliness
social and emotional
when people are shy, they fret about
social disapproval and feel ill at ease in social situations
effect size comparisons of mortality effects show that
social relationships and social integration can impact your health more than other risk factors like physical activity
genetic influences in loneliness
some people are born being more likely than others to experience bouts of loneliness in life
circadian (diurnal) rhythm of cortisol includes a
spike in cortisol when you wake up and it decreases a lot throughout the day, steadying at around 14 hours after wakeup
Because maintaining harmonious relationships are integral to the sense of self in East Asian cultures, individuals are expected to
subordinate their own needs and desires to those of others
Cultures with high sex ratios, in which there are only a few women, tend to
support traditional roles and to be conservative with regard to women's sexuality
in african american couples, those who experienced frequent racial discrimination behaved more
supportively over a 2 year period
in the US, even though the fertility rate has remained stable since 1990, time spent in intensive parenting has
surged
integrative behavioral couples therapy (IBCT) emphasizes
teaching couples that some behaviors and aspects of their relationships need to be tolerated
when they are in love, Chinese often believe
that one's partner is baffling and incomprehensible and that love itself is a mixed blessing
a key predictor of early death is
the amount of time people spend separated or divorced
behavioral models of couples therapy emphasize
the behavioral exchanges of spouses: how partners' behaviors are followed by rewards or punishments -rewards increase likelihood of that behavior in the future -punishments decrease likelihood of that behavior in the future
research has revealed that other childhood interactions have a significant impact on
the development of intimacy across the lifespan
stress spillover
the experience of stress outside the relationship affects one's experiences in the relationship -ex: A's work stress --> A's relationship thoughts and behaviors
stress crossover
the experience of stress outside the. relationship affects one's partner's experience in the relationship -ex: A's work stress --> B's relationship thoughts and behaviors
what often causes stress spillover and stress crossover to happen?
the failure to notice stress
before adolescence, a child's primary attachments lie within
the family
behavior exchange
the first step of behavioral couples therapy -provides diagnostic information about behavioral interaction within the relationship
Even the best sibling relationship cannot compensate for
the lack of a good friend
later-life relationships did not exist a century ago, and thus
the least amount of attention has been paid to them as the field of relationship science has developed
romantic relationships are embedded within
the partners' broader social networks
shyness
the personality characteristic that combines social reticence and inhibited interactive behavior with nervous discomfort in social settings
behavioral couples therapies views the exchanged behaviors as
the problems themselves
children are astute observers of
the quality of adult relationships
Supportiveness in relationships may be differently shaped by
the specific stresses and strains that partners face
adolescents' desire for a relationship is more variable than
their ideas about what a relationship might be like
In social loneliness, people are dissatisfied because
they lack a social network of friends and acquaintances
in emotional loneliness, people are lonely because
they lack affection and emotional support from at least one intimate relationship
elderly people have just as many close friends as they did when they were younger, but
they spend less time with casual friends
the Dark Triad
three traits that promote behavior that is arrogant, manipulative, exploitative, hostile, and cold -narcissism -Machiavellianism -psychopathy
online time is negatively correlated with
time spent going to parties, attending cultural events, and socializing with people in a variety of offline contexts
the amount of shared time spouses spent in parenting activities almost __________ from 1975 to 2012
tripled
in old age, most couples are still having sex ____________ times a month
two to three times
The choice of a spouse is often a family decision in Eastern cultures, whereas young adults in America
typically expect that their choice will be entirely up to them
intimate networks functioned as a security network that provided the individual with
unspoken and unquestioning support
Marriage Checkup (MC)
uses strategic interviewing to help married couples, especially those reluctant to seek professional help, evaluate strengths and areas of concern in their relationship
In western cultures, directly expressing personal preferences is
valued and linked to relational benefits
the number of marital problems for couples who don't share friends is
very high
The number of marital problems for couples who share all their friends is
very low
there is much more agreement than disagreement from culture to culture and group to group about
what faces and features are physically attractive
when are people more likely to notice the cause of stress and correct their behavior?
when stress levels are high
Systems models focus on unspoken rules and expectations. When does this cause problems in relationships?
when these unspoken rules and expectations are too rigid
there are cross-cultural differences in
whether and how much people say I love you
Perceived partner responsiveness
whether it is technoference or reading a book, partner may still feel loneliness and depressive symptoms
some adolescents and their possible romantic partners do not agree about
whether they are in a romantic relationship
sex ratios are lower in countries in which
women have more power
people perceive that partners' phone use makes them feel
worse, but only slightly more so (if at all) than reading a book
the sophisticated ways in which adults conduct their friendships are
years in the making
Do partners feel less rejected and less lonely by reading a book than by technoference while trying to communicate?
yes but only slighlty
can couple friendships enhance intimate relationships?
yes. research says it is exciting, novel, and increases intimacy and passion within couples
how responsive your partner is now affects
your cortisol circadian (diurnal) rhythm later in life (very slightly but still proves that responsiveness matters)
cohabitation before marriage was related to (2):
-a higher likelihood of divorce according to research from the 1970s through the 1990s. -lower levels of marital satisfaction (partially due to selection effects involving who cohabits and societal views of cohabitation)
people who cohabitate see cohabitation as (4):
-a precursor to marriage (46%) -coresidential daters (29%) -a trial marriage (15%) -a substitute for marriage (10%)
those with fewer divorces and remarriages tend to:
-accumulate more wealth -have fewer health problems later in life
unlike family relationships, childhood friendships (3):
-are voluntary -require reciprocity -involve both people having an equal status
relationship education programs fall into 3 main categories:
-basic information -personalized feedback -skills training
Being married is associated with (5):
-better self-reported health -lower risk of disease (cardiovascular, diabetes) -better recovery from surgery -better physiology (cortisol) -lower mortality rates
the average length of adolescent relationships is between
12 and 24 months
negative affect reactivity
a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. -can use to measure how much a stressor did or did not negatively affect you
a strong friendship can make up for
a weak sibling relationship
goals of cognitive-behavioral couples therapy (2)
Help couples to interpret their partner's behavior in a positive light by, for instance: -Helping people make adaptive attributions regarding their partner's actions -Helping people attend to their partner's positive behaviors
false belief test
a type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses ( ex. crayon box filled with candles video) ex: sally-anne test
are low, medium, or high stressors most detrimental to relationships? why?
Medium because you, as well as the people close to you, notice the stressor. as for low stressors, they do not stress you out enough to cause detrimental effects on your relationship.
Is greater smartphone use linked to lower levels of perceived partner responsiveness in everyday life?
No significant effects of smartphone use or technoference on responsiveness
Today, the belief that romantic love is a reason to marry is commonplace in
North America
slender women are less desirable than heavy women when
a culture's food supply is unreliable
intimate relationships are characterized by
a deep sense of emotional closeness toward another person and usually are characterized by frequent, strong and diverse contact
when falling in love, Chinese emphasize
a desirable personality, others' opinions, and their own physical arousal more
when they are in love, Americans often think of love as
a fairytale with the expectations of living happily ever after
loneliness
a feeling of deprivation and dissatisfaction that emerges from a discrepancy between the kind of social relations we want and the kind we have
SES
a measure of social class consisting of economic and social indicators like income and education
evolutionary mismatch
a state of disequilibrium whereby a trait that evolved in one environment becomes maladaptive in another environment -we crave sweet things today due because in ancestral times, sweet things were more caloric, which made you more likely to survive.
standards of attractiveness are affected by
changing economic and cultural conditions
current marital status is not a good indicator for
characterizing older adults seeking intimacy
Social Norms support and maintain
male dominance
In Finland, saying I love you to your partner
is thought of as very strange and something you would rarely say (maybe once in a lifetime) ex: if they are dying
Because simply using the phone or being on social media does not seem to be the problem,
it's how the phone use impacts other aspects of life that could( potentially) be problematic
when siblings perceive differential parental treatment, there is likely to be
jealousy and conflict
In India, those in partner-selected (vs. arranged) marriages are
less happy over time than those in arranged marriages
relative to higher-SES people, lower-SES people are
less likely to marry and more likely to divorce -differences have grown much larger in the US
In african american couples, those with high chronic financial strain behaved
less supportively toward their partners
married parents with children at home spend much
less time alone together than parents without children at home
cultures with low sex ratio ratios, in which there are only a few men, tend to be
less traditional and more permissive
Older couples spend more time with each other and with close family members and less time with friends and acquaintances, which
limits their energy to the relationships that they find rewarding.
women tend to
live longer
over 50% of married couples
lived together first
if we lack the kind of relationship we desire, we can be
lonely despite having other quite rewarding social interactions
older adults continue to form new relationships:
long after divorcing or being widowed
only recently have some cultures come to believe that
love and marriage go together (ex of when love and marriage didn't always go together: kings and queens, agricultural revolution: marrying to have a partner to help work the farm, arranged marriages)
daily life tends to be more stressful for
lower SES individuals (ex: unemployment, accumulating debts, nonstandard work hours, unsafe neighborhoods, inadequate transportation, etc.)
correlational and experimental data on phone-responsiveness show that perceptions of greater partner phone use are associated with
lower levels of perceived partner responsiveness, satisfaction, etc.
when it comes to your partner, your parents probably have different
priorities than you do -physical attractiveness doesn't matter as much to them as it does to you -they will care more about your partner's race, social class, family background, and religion
All social media platforms are designed to
produce easy and frequent responsiveness via likes
When it comes to your partner, in general, your parents probably want the same
qualities that you do -good economic prospects who are attractive, smart, stable, and kind
men who remarry tend to
recover from the increased risk of health problems when they remarry