IR Final

9) World Bank data show that the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day was reduced from __________ in 1990 to __________ in 2015. a. 1.9 billion . . . 836 million b. 5 billion . . . 3 billion c. 836 million . . . 500 million d. 3 billion . . . 1.37 billion

a. 1.9 billion . . . 836 million

29) the Group of Seven (comprising the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Canada), which first met in a. 1975. b. 1985. c. 1996. d. 2008.

a. 1975.

50) Two examples from the 1880s of globalized goods are a. Campbell's and Heinz b. IKEA and McDonald's c. Nescafé and Ford d. Dole and Heinz

a. Campbell's and Heinz

4) The population of India is expected to exceed that of __________ by 2050. a. China b. Europe c. United States and Canada d. Russia

a. China

51) __________ of borders is NOT one of the ways in which the globalization of trade and finance has been conceived? a. Closing b. Crossing c. Opening d. Transcendence

a. Closing

25) The global economic collapse that ensued following the Wall Street stock market crash in October 1929 was called the a. Great Depression b. World Economic Decline c. Financial Meltdown of 1929 d. Great Recession

a. Great Depression

22) The orthodox and alternative evaluations of the causes of poverty are based on __________ and they are __________. a. IMF planning documents . . . therefore based on sound statistical evidence b. Marxist thinking . . . outmoded with the end of the Cold War c. GATT data sets . . . in need of revision by UNCTAD and the G-77 d. different values . . . measuring different things

a. IMF planning documents . . . therefore based on sound statistical evidence

45) Which two economists helped to create the Bretton Woods system? a. Keynes and White b. Smithson and Morgenthau c. Galbraith and Bernstein d. Hunter and Garcia

a. Keynes and White

26) Which country is NOT considered a "new globalizer"? a. Mexico b. India c. Russia d. China

a. Mexico

32) The Marshall Plan was a. a program of financial and other economic aid for Europe after the Second World War. b. intended to resolve the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s. c. design to stop Communist influence in Southeast Asia. d. the follow-on aid to implement the Dawes Plan.

a. a program of financial and other economic aid for Europe after the Second World War.

34) The central demand of the Third World-led New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a. action to end the persistence of poverty. b. action to end the persistence of colonial memories and bias. c. free market trade liberalization. d. action to reduce non-tariff barriers.

a. action to end the persistence of poverty.

38) The success of OPEC inspired other commodity-producing countries to think about establishing __________ to increase the prices of coffee, tin, rubber, and other exports from developing state? a. cartels b. market-capture growth models c. Ricardo growth d. labor intensive-led growth

a. cartels

10) What term refers to an international economic order based on the pursuit of free trade, but allowing an appropriate role for state intervention in the market in support of national security and national and global stability? a. embedded liberalism b. neoliberalism c. mercantilism d. global capitalism

a. embedded liberalism

59) "Brexit" refers to the a. exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union. b. United Kingdom opting out of the Trans Pacific Partnership since it is no longer a global economic power. c. United Kingdom quitting GATT to join EFTA. d. United Kingdom the EU to join the new Atlantic Charter with the United States.

a. exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

21) The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development was initially tasked with which of the following? a. facilitating private investment and reconstruction after the Second World War b. aiding the Third World after Second World War c. assisting in the decolonization process d. encouraging consumer spending after Second World War

a. facilitating private investment and reconstruction after the Second World War

28) In 1994, the World Bank came up with its "Operational Policy 4.20," which concerns a. gender. b. drug policy. c. institutional restructuring. d. sustainable development.

a. gender.

58) What term refers to the international transfer of goods and services within transborder companies? a. intrafirm trade b. flexing labor forces c. global production d. triangulation

a. intrafirm trade

40) Regional frameworks like the European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement have removed (to varying degrees) __________ between participating countries. a. official restrictions on trade b. trade socialism c. labor activism d. industrial favoritism

a. official restrictions on trade

19) Economic growth, according to modernization theory, is required to reduce a. poverty. b. hunger. c. environmental damage. d. conflict.

a. poverty.

37) A food system based upon entitlements causes those who lack the __________ to procure food to go hungry. a. purchasing power b. ingenuity c. knowledge d. military power

a. purchasing power

47) Many governments have actively lured externally based business by lowering corporate tax rates, __________, and relaxing labor and environmental standards. a. reducing restrictions on the repatriation of profits b. increasing restrictions on the repatriation of profits c. providing preferred housing to outsourcers d. opting out of cartelized preference schemes

a. reducing restrictions on the repatriation of profits

6) Which term best describes economic decision making in China? a. state capitalism b. Iron Law of Wages c. 100 Flowers Blooming d. New Economic Plan (NEP)

a. state capitalism

9) The measures imposed on developing and indebted countries to reduce inflation, restrain government expenditure, and increase trade liberalization and privatization are called a. structural adjustment programs. b. deregulation. c. the Marshall Plan. d. the Washington Consensus.

a. structural adjustment programs.

3) A critical alternative view of poverty places more emphasis on lack of access to all of the following EXCEPT a. the Green Revolution. b. community-regulated common resources. c. community ties. d. spiritual values.

a. the Green Revolution.

1) In developing countries, poverty and hunger disproportionally affect a. women and children. b. infants. c. economic growth. d. spending at globalized chains such as McDonald's and Starbucks.

a. women and children.

46) The term __________ is used to describe a situation in which a single process is spread across several countries. a. "organized economics" b. "transborder production" c. "global sourcing" d. "transborder agency"

b. "transborder production"

2) In what year did the Bretton Woods system begin operations? a. 1929 b. 1947 c. 1966 d. 1995

b. 1947

17) __________ is often connected with the concept of "economic liberalism." a. Lassiter Smith b. Adam Smith c. Milton Friedman d. Lionel Hampton

b. Adam Smith

52) The WTO has a dispute-resolution panel called a. Bank of International Settlement. b. Dispute Settlement Body. c. Trade Dispute Review Board. d. Board to Investigate Trade Problems.

b. Dispute Settlement Body.

24) In 1947, which organization became the forum for negotiations on trade liberalization? a. World Bank b. GATT c. WTO d. IBRD

b. GATT

55) What organization brought major reductions in customs duties, quotas, and other measures that previously inhibited cross-border movement of merchandise? a. IBRD b. GATT/WTO c. IMF d. UNCTAD

b. GATT/WTO

7) What was the name of the US-led and funded plan for reconstructing post-war Europe? a. Truman Doctrine b. Marshall Plan c. Bretton Woods system d. Structural Adjustment Plan

b. Marshall Plan

31) Which writer first proposed a relationship between human population growth and the food supply? a. Guillermo O'Donnell b. Thomas Malthus c. John Watson d. Adam Smith

b. Thomas Malthus

11) What view of development argues for a process that is bottom up, participatory, and reliant on appropriate (often local) knowledge and technology, with small investments in small-scale projects and a protection of the commons? a. orthodox b. alternative c. world systems d. liberal

b. alternative

1) What was the Bretton Woods system designed to prevent? a. the expansion of the gold to dollar standard b. another Great Depression c. the sale of complex financial instruments called "derivatives" d. speculation in the markets for both gold and silver

b. another Great Depression

15) Proponents of which academic approach might "we cannot know what we want unless we know who we are"? a. realism b. constructivism c. institutionalism d. globalism

b. constructivism

18) The Trans-Pacific Partnership was intended to a. help defray the long-term combined costs of the Vietnam War and the Great Society programs. b. counter the attempt by China's government to create its now set of trade rules for the region. c. expand the economic clout of ASEAN. d. reduce the effects of the Smithsonian Agreement.

b. counter the attempt by China's government to create its now set of trade rules for the region.

14) "Diverse paths, locally driven" is a component of which approach of development? a. mercantilist b. critical alternative c. ethno-centrist d. liberal institutionalist

b. critical alternative

21) In the 1960s and 1970s, __________ stressed how the periphery, or Third World, was actively underdeveloped by policies and decisions that promoted the growth in wealth of the core Western countries and of elites in the periphery. a. structural realist theorists b. dependency theorists c. advocates of the Washington Consensus d. neoliberals

b. dependency theorists

2) The mainstream approach to hunger states that there is enough food, but that the problems are __________ and/or __________. a. fertilizer supplies . . . seeds for crops b. distribution networks . . . entitlement c. inadequate rainfall . . . distribution networks d. inadequate rainfall . . . seeds for crops

b. distribution networks . . . entitlement

36) The system whereby the United States became the world's "central bank" and backed the dollar with gold is/was called the a. greenback standard. b. dollar standard. c. metallic standard. d. Washington Consensus.

b. dollar standard.

35) According to the text, the factor that determines whether a person experiences chronic hunger is not the availability of food but the ability to a. grow food safely. b. establish an entitlement to food. c. produce food. d. none of the above

b. establish an entitlement to food.

5) Many __________ believe that governments and states are losing their capacity to control economic interactions. a. constructivists b. globalists c. autarchists d. developmentalists

b. globalists

7) Which approach to poverty, development, and hunger argues that development follows a linear path from "traditional" to "modern"? a. embedded liberal b. mainstream c. critical alternative d. positivist

b. mainstream

17) What is the academic model that asserts that countries go through a series of steps as they move from premodern to postmodern? a. dependency theory b. modernization theory c. Solow growth model d. export-led growth model

b. modernization theory

44) Critics have suggested that __________ large corporations and encourage companies to move jobs overseas. a. most free trade agreements harm b. most free trade agreements favor c. non-tariff barriers favor d. trade maladjustment encourages

b. most free trade agreements favor

16) Most firms involved in global trade "have a __________ board of directors." a. penurious b. non-national c. parsimonious d. structurally adjusted

b. non-national

48) Recent decades have witnessed the widespread __________ flows. a. closing of borders to investment b. opening of borders to investment c. increasing trade and therefore industrial sewage d. opening of internet-related travel

b. opening of borders to investment

33) Amartya Sen, in Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, concludes that hunger is not due to there not being enough to eat; rather, it is because of a. war. b. people not having enough to eat. c. climate change. d. the slow regeneration rate of resources.

b. people not having enough to eat.

23) What regime or institution promotes economic growth through trade liberalization coupled with pro-poor growth and poverty reduction policies? a. neoliberalism b. post-Washington Consensus c. Lomé Convention d. Washington Consensus

b. post-Washington Consensus

57) The government policy of discouraging imports through the imposition of tariffs and non-tariff barriers is called a. autarchy. b. protectionism. c. coaxial refinement. d. development assistance.

b. protectionism.

34) The global human population has __________ since the 1800s. a. doubled b. quintupled c. tripled d. stayed the same

b. quintupled

38) In developing countries there is/are generally no __________ to ensure people are able to obtain food. a. food distribution system b. social security arrangements c. adequate transportation d. economic growth

b. social security arrangements

24) What term describes the idea that development must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? a. efficient intertemporal resource allocation b. sustainable development c. generational development d. ecological development

b. sustainable development

25) The UN's Brundtland Report proposed which of the following? a. efficient intertemporal resource allocation b. sustainable development c. generational development d. ecological development

b. sustainable development

10) The broadly adopted neoliberal approach that advocates the rollback of the state, leaving decisions about allocation, production, and distribution to the market, came to be known as a. the Marshall Plan. b. the Washington Consensus. c. structural adjustment. d. deregulation.

b. the Washington Consensus. c. structural

31) What is the name given to removal of barriers, such as the removal or reduction of tariffs or quotas on the trading of specific goods, to stimulate free trade? a. structural adjustment policy b. trade liberalization c. neomercantilism d. mercantilism

b. trade liberalization

56) What era saw a nearly 40-year wave of protectionism? a. 1890-1913 b. 1950-1979 c. 1914-1950 d. 1929-1979

c. 1914-1950

49) In __________, the United States ended the system of __________ exchange rates based on the convertibility of the US dollar to $35 per ounce of gold. a. 1971 . . . floating b. 1969 . . . arbitrary c. 1971 . . . fixed d. 1962 . . . fixed

c. 1971 . . . fixed

29) It is estimated that __________ people die every day from hunger-related causes. a. 100,000 b. 25,000 c. 40,000 d. 250,000

c. 40,000

27) GATT, IBRD, and the IMF were the three institutions of what post-Second World War system? a. WTO b. Global Bank system c. Bretton Woods d. Basel Convention on Banking

c. Bretton Woods

22) The WTO replaced which organization? a. IMF b. IBRD c. GATT d. the entire Bretton Woods system

c. GATT

35) The Marshall Plan and the Dodge Line challenged the strict loan requirements which organization? a. Group of 7 b. Group of 20 c. IMF and World Bank Group d. Containment Marketing Group

c. IMF and World Bank Group

16) What is the UN program called that encourages improvements in living conditions in developing countries? a. Development for a Better World b. Global Development Now c. Millennium Development Goals d. Building Tomorrow Today

c. Millennium Development Goals

8) What organization has made the distinction between income poverty (a material condition) and human poverty (encompassing human dignity, agency, opportunity, and choices)? a. UNICEF b. Oxfam c. United Nations Development Program d. World Bank

c. United Nations Development Program

20) What organization promotes development in medium- and low-income countries with project loans, structural adjustment programs, and various advisory services? a. Grameen Bank b. Green Bank c. World Bank Group d. Global Bank Group

c. World Bank Group

37) What international monetary system did the dollar standard replace? a. pound standard b. currency basket standard c. gold standard d. ruble standard

c. gold standard

5) According to the text, paradoxically globalization can simultaneously contribute to increased food production and increased a. reliance on Green Revolution methods. b. albedo from plants, thereby decreasing already threatened water supplies. c. hunger. d. dependence on groups like Oxfam to build distribution networks.

c. hunger.

14) Which of the following is not one of the four aspects of globalization as outlined in the text? a. liberalization b. internationalization c. internalization d. deterritorialization

c. internalization

36) According to Sen, those least able to procure food entitlements are a. rural farmers. b. urban factory workers. c. landless laborers and pastoralists. d. the elderly.

c. landless laborers and pastoralists.

20) According to modernization theory, countries with lower per capita income are a. pastoral. b. impoverished. c. less developed. d. uncivilized.

c. less developed.

30) Pax Americana refers to the a. period from 1981 to 1992 when Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush advocated higher tariffs as a means of bringing peace to global trade relations. b. imaginary US hegemonic control over the Western hemispheric landmass. c. liberal economic model the permitted various forms of capitalism and a range of trade policies. d. 42 years of US-lead dominance over OECD and EFTA policies.

c. liberal economic model the permitted various forms of capitalism and a range of trade policies.

4) The __________ tradition focuses on the ability of states to be economically independent, a condition often called "economic nationalism." a. Marxist b. constructivist c. mercantilist d. liberal

c. mercantilist

15) What development strategy/policy favored by the IMF, World Bank, and the United States compels developing nations to reform their economies along neoliberal lines to compete in the global market? a. limited protectionism b. pro-poor growth c. structural adjustment d. agricultural subsidy with free trade

c. structural adjustment

8) In 1995, the GATT became a. the G8. b. the New International Economic Order (NIEO). c. the World Trade Organization (WTO). d. the International Trade Court.

c. the World Trade Organization (WTO).

11) Which traditional approach to international economics shares the central presumptions of realism? a. the liberal tradition b. the Marxist tradition c. the mercantilist tradition d. the neorealist tradition

c. the mercantilist tradition

39) Who has a major role in the global food regime? a. local communities b. indigenous peoples c. transnational corporations d. IGOs

c. transnational corporations

41) Protectionism includes all of the following EXCEPT a. tariffs. b. non-tariff barriers. c. unmitigated trade. d. domestic subsidies.

c. unmitigated trade.

13) A UN Development Program report on the 1990s stated that no fewer than __________ developing or "in transition" countries had experienced serious economic decline over the previous three decades. a. 67 b. 33 c. 21 d. 100

d. 100

60) In what year was the World Trade Organization (WTO) inaugurated? a. 1948 b. 1983 c. 1987 d. 1995

d. 1995

30) Despite the increase in food production since the Second World War, there are around __________ malnourished people in approximately 80 countries. a. 150 million b. 50 million c. 1 billion d. 852 million

d. 852 million

26) __________ was the dominant state international economic program during the period 1929-1933. a. Austerity b. Free trade c. Economic liberalism d. A form of mercantilism

d. A form of mercantilism

13) Since 1971 the transborder cyberspatial network __________ has had no central meeting place at all. a. Daiwa Securities b. Gramsci-Kleinwart c. IBEX/IBIS d. NASDAQ

d. NASDAQ

40) What state/organization has been the most active in the creation of the global food regime? a. United Nations b. China c. European Union d. United States

d. United States

53) Local peculiarities have often affected the way a global product is sold and used in different places. For example, __________ has often been adjusted to local tastes to be more effective. a. a specific tariff b. retrenchment c. packaging d. advertising

d. advertising

12) The process of development in the orthodox model has elements such as a. a top-down model, with large capital investments in large projects. b. reliance on "expert knowledge," usually Western and definitely external. c. reliance on advanced technology. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

33) When the World Trade Organization began its work in 1995, it faced many new kinds of issues. These included a. food safety. b. trade-related property rights. c. intellectual property rights. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

43) The NIEO included which of the following goals? a. better representation in international economic institutions b. a fairer trading system c. protection of economic sovereignty d. all of the above

d. all of the above

32) According to the text, when the human population goes beyond the Earth's __________, disaster is inevitable. a. efficient intertemporal resource location b. regeneration rate c. sustainable threshold d. carrying capacity

d. carrying capacity

18) Modernization theory views development as synonymous with a. increased per capita caloric intake. b. higher per capita GDP. c. poverty reduction. d. economic growth.

d. economic growth.

27) Central to the notion of sustainable development is the idea that __________ should not suffer so that the present generation can see economic development. a. the poor b. the Third World c. the environment d. future generations

d. future generations

54) What term refers to the degree to which articles, communications, financial instruments, fixed assets, and people can circulate throughout the world economy, free from state-imposed controls? a. autarchy b. semiperiphery market shares c. internationalization d. globalization

d. globalization

28) The Bretton Woods system established a(n) a. international system without colonies. b. Global North-South international system. c. bipolar international system. d. international political economic system.

d. international political economic system.

3) The __________ tradition of IPE focuses on the ability of institutions to foster trade on the open global market. a. Marxist b. constructivist c. mercantilist d. liberal

d. liberal

23) The WTO covers services, intellectual property, and investment issues as well as a. shipping lanes. b. trade in endangered species. c. trade of illegal substances. d. merchandise trade.

d. merchandise trade.

6) At base, the mainstream concept of poverty translates to a. sufficient hard currency but insufficient purchasing power. b. an almost Calvinist self-betterment. c. an abundance of liquidity. d. not enough money in your pocket.

d. not enough money in your pocket.

19) "Global sourcing" refers to a. the core and periphery in the international system. b. the transfer of funds to the Third World. c. system-wide exploitation of workers' wages, benefits, and conditions. d. obtaining goods and services across geopolitical boundaries.

d. obtaining goods and services across geopolitical boundaries.

12) The counterpart the Marshall Plan was called __________ and provided capital to __________. a. the Dodge Line . . . British firms seeking to expand into Asian markets b. Regime-dominant functionality . . . G-7 states c. the IMF SAP programs . . . Japan d. the Dodge Line . . . Japan

d. the Dodge Line . . . Japan

42) Developing states began criticizing __________ at the Summit of Non-Aligned Nations in Algiers in 1973. a. intergovernmental forum exclusivity b. state partnership assemblies c. Wallerstein's concept of world-system d. the liberal economic order

d. the liberal economic order

39) Economic globalization often causes __________ within and between states. a. high GDP growth b. social development c. high inflation d. wage stagnation and growth in inequality

d. wage stagnation and growth in inequality