ISEE

Questions 1- 6

To most people, camouflage means that 2 form of protective coloration that enables an 3 animal to blend unseen into its surroundings 4 and "hide" without actually being out of sight. 5 But by definition the word "camouflage" also 6 means to disguise for the purpose of deception. 7 That is why many animals that have no 8 protective coloration are still said by naturalists 9 to be camouflaged. For although there are 10 animals that make no attempt to hide from us, 11 these are animals so artfully disguised and so 12 skilled in deceit and deception that we rarely 13 see them for what they truly are. 14 There are creatures on land and in the sea 15 that are disguised as twigs or leaves or sponges 16 or any number of objects of no appeal to a 17 meal-seeking predator. A "dewdrop" on a leaf 18 that a passing bird ignores, for example, may 19 be a tasty, edible beetle. Or a swaying "reed" in 20 the bulrushes may on close inspection prove to 21 be a long-necked bird imitating the breeze22 blown reeds surrounding it. 23 Some animals manage to survive with 24 partial disguises. Instead of being completely 25 camouflaged, they have conspicuous markings 26 or growths on strategic portions of their bodies. 27 A caterpillar, for instance, may have two huge 28 false eyes on its belly, so placed that when it 29 rears up to display them, it suddenly takes on 30 the aspect of a terrifying snake. Or a butterfly 31 may have a false head opposite its true head to 32 decoy birds into striking at its least vulnerable 33 part. 34 There is also a group of animals called 35 mimics. They have no weapons of their own 36 with which to ward off attacks. Instead, they 37 find safety in similarity. That is, they 38 impersonate dangerous animals, or distasteful 39 ones that their enemies have found inedible. 40 There are perfectly harmless snakes, for 41 example, that live carefree lives because they 42 are disguised to look like poisonous coral 43 snakes. There is a common fly that mimics a 44 bumblebee so exactly, both in appearance and 45 in behavior, that humans and birds alike 46 instinctively shy away from it for fear of being 47 stung. But it has no stinger and is completely 48 harmless. 49 While these forms of camouflage are highly 50 effective, they do not always offer complete 51 immunity from attack. Yet without camouflage, 52 these creatures would have become as extinct 53 as the giant dinosaurs.

1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of the passage? (A) Not all forms of camouflage are equally effective. (B) Mimicry and disguise are the best forms of camouflage. (C) Camouflage is usually ineffective as a means of disguise. (D) Camouflage is a means of defense against more powerful enemies. I3EMC3007I01IPMA010-2885CW 2. The passage implies birds ignore beetles that look like dewdrops because (A) the beetles are too small for the birds to see. (B) the beetles look similar to poisonous insects. (C) the birds do not realize the beetles are edible. (D) the birds think that the beetles are predators. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA010-AR02CW 3. The author describes mimics as those animals that (A) are dangerous but do not attack unless provoked. (B) imitate the behavior of animals that may attack them. (C) are harmless but have the appearance of dangerous animals. (D) seek safety by having the appearance of animals that are friendly. I2EMCXXXXV03BPMA010-AR03BW 4. In line 32, "vulnerable" most nearly means (A) unable to fight. (B) exposed to harm. (C) unaware of danger. (D) favorable for survival. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA010-AR04CW 5. Which sentence best expresses the main point of the last paragraph (lines 49-53)? (A) Methods of camouflage improve as animals evolve. (B) Some methods of camouflage are more effective than others. (C) An animal's survival depends on effective camouflage techniques. (D) Camouflage techniques allow the animal to blend in with its surroundings. I2EMCXXXXO01EPMA010-AR05CW 6. Which sentence best describes the organization of the passage? (A) An argument is put forward and then refuted. (B) A theory is proposed, considered, and modified. (C) A term is defined and its meaning explained through examples. (D) A process is presented and clarified by presenting the steps involved.

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13. With which statement about people in conversation would the author be most likely to agree? (A) People are usually aware when they are using similar postures. (B) If people do not display postural echo, it probably means they have not learned how to do it. (C) The degree to which people move in unison is related to the closeness of their friendship. (D) Postural echo is more likely to be displayed by adults than by children. I2EMCXXXXV03BPMA080-AR37CW 14. In line 17, "reinforced" most nearly means (A) criticized. (B) restored. (C) strengthened. (D) tested. I3EMC3007S01BPMA080-2880BW 15. According to the passage, matching postures helps to show that two people (A) are disagreeing. (B) have equal status. (C) are learning from each other. (D) have practiced their movements. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA080-AR38BW 16. Which best states the main point of the fourth paragraph (lines 31- 41)? (A) Postural echo occurs only among people who are good friends. (B) People feel uneasy until all group members use the same postures. (C) A group of friends will tend to sit down when talking to each other. (D) Postural echo occurs only when all members are willing to have it occur. I2EMCXXXXF02CPMA080-AR39DW 17. In lines 40- 41, "adopting an alien posture" can best be interpreted as using a posture that is (A) boastful. (B) physically uncomfortable. (C) insulting to the others in the group. (D) different from that of the others in the group. I2EMCXXXXO01EPMA080-AR40BW 18. Which best describes the organization of the passage? (A) An opinion is presented, followed by an opposite opinion. (B) Concepts are defined and supporting examples are given. (C) Several separate facts are followed by a general conclusion. (D) Facts and opinions are presented alternately.

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19. Which sentence best expresses the main point of the passage? (A) Dorothea Lange always wanted to be a photographer. (B) Dorothea Lange suffered greatly during the Depression. (C) Dorothea Lange used her skills in photography to help others. (D) Dorothea Lange helped Genthe photograph images of the Depression. I2EMCXXXXI01IPMA050-AR22DW 20. The passage implies that Lange's mother influenced Lange primarily by (A) forcing her to support herself. (B) supporting her move to San Francisco. (C) encouraging her to become a photographer. (D) demonstrating self-reliance and responsibility. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA050-AR23AW 21. According to the passage, Lange left her studio to (A) photograph people facing difficulties. (B) work with other famous photographers. (C) photograph people from around the world. (D) become a teacher as she had originally planned. I2EMCXXXXI01IPMA050-AR24BW 22. The passage supports which statement about Lange? (A) She was a quiet and very reserved person. (B) She made several life-changing decisions. (C) She always regretted not becoming a teacher. (D) She was easily swayed by the opinion of others. I3EMC3007F02CPMA050-2883AW 23. Which word best describes the author's tone when describing Lange? (A) admiring (B) critical (C) humorous (D) worried I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA050-AR21AW 24. The passage provides information to support which statement? (A) The Depression caused many problems for migrant workers. (B) The Depression affected Californians more than people from other parts of the country. (C) The stock market crash caused Lange's family to lose all of their money and property. (D) Lange asked the United States government to provide financial aid to photographers.

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25. One of the main purposes of the passage is to explain (A) the advancements in theories of astronomy. (B) Newton's law of gravity and its exceptions. (C) why the planets follow elliptical paths around the Sun. (D) why Newton thought natural laws differed in different places. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMC080-CR35AW 26. The "assumption" referred to in line 6 is that (A) there are different laws regulating events on Earth and in space. (B) the gravitational attraction observed on Earth applies to the Moon as well. (C) there is a connection between an apple falling from a tree and the planets revolving around the Sun. (D) the laws that describe the motion of the planets do not apply to atoms and elementary particles. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMC080-CR36AW 27. According to the passage, what did Newton use to demonstrate that his theory of gravity explained the orbit of our Moon? (A) mathematical equations (B) the example of an apple falling from a tree (C) measurements of Earth's gravity at several different places (D) a comparison of our Moon with the moons circling other planets I3EMC3000F03APMC080-2882AW 28. In lines 42- 43, "in the neighborhood of" most nearly means (A) close to. (B) similar to. (C) familiar with. (D) working with. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMC080-CR39DW 29. In line 49, the phrase "the other extreme" refers to (A) the distant regions of the universe. (B) the rules that were assumed to regulate events in the heavens. (C) the rules that apply to large bodies, such as rocks and planets. (D) the microcosmic world of the atom and elementary particles. I2EMCXXXXO01EPMC080-CR40CW 30. Which best describes the organization of the passage? (A) A hypothesis is presented and supporting examples provided. (B) An argument is advanced and then defended against all criticism. (C) A general principle is stated, supporting and refuting examples are discussed, and the assumption is modified. (D) Three competing theories are proposed, relevant evidence is discussed, and one of the theories is accepted as correct.

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AR11CW 7. According to the passage, the Great Freeze of 1895 is famous among Florida citrus growers because it (A) was the most severe freeze recorded to that point. (B) cut Florida's average annual production of oranges and orange juice in half. (C) affected a greater number of growers than any previous freeze in the history of Florida. (D) forced growers to plant cold-resistant varieties of oranges similar to those grown in Frostproof. I2EMCXXXXI01IPMA030-AR12AW 8. The passage implies that Keystone City escaped damage in the freeze of 1895 because of the city's (A) geographical features. (B) preparedness for disaster. (C) modern juice-concentrate plants. (D) extensive experience with citrus growing. I2EMCXXXXO01EPMA030-AR15AW 9. According to the passage, which factor contributed to the citrus growers' ability to salvage at least part of their crop affected by the freeze of 1962? (A) the slow thaw that followed the freeze (B) the widespread use of artificial lakes around the groves (C) the use of smoky fires to help heat the air around the groves (D) the early harvesting once the forecast of freezing weather was received I2EMCXXXXV03BPMA030-AR14BW 10. In line 28, the word "gelid" most nearly means (A) humid. (B) icy. (C) liquid. (D) windy. I2EMCXXXXS01BPMA030-AR13AW 11. The primary purpose of the second paragraph (lines 23- 45) is to describe (A) the nature of the first truly disastrous Florida citrus freeze of the twentieth century. (B) the differences between the Florida freeze of 1962 and other great citrus freezes in the previous century. (C) the way in which natural phenomena, such as freezes, can affect the prices consumers pay for agricultural products. (D) how modern processing of orange juice into frozen concentrate has lessened the impact that weather patterns have on the productivity of Florida citrus growers. I3EMC3007O01EPMA030-2881BW 12. Which best describes the organization of the passage? (A) from facts to opinions (B) in chronological order (C) from general to specific (D) by different types of weather

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Reading Comprehension Answer Key — Middle Level (30 items) Item Key Your Answer + If Correct *Type 1 D MI 2 C I 3 C SI 4 B V 5 C SI 6 C O/L 7 C SI 8 A I 9 A O/L 10 B V 11 A SI 12 B O/L 13 C MI 14 C V 15 B SI 16 B SI 17 D T/S/F 18 B O 19 C MI 20 D I 21 A SI 22 B I 23 A T/S/F 24 A SI 25 B MI 26 A SI 27 A SI 28 A T/S/F 29 D SI 30 C O TOTAL CORRECT *Key to Type of Item MI = Main Idea SI = Supporting Ideas I = Inference V = Vocabulary O/L = Organization/Logic T/S/F = Tone/Style/Figurative Language

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Questions 19-24

1 An influential photographer during the 2 1930s and 1940s, Dorothea Lange used her 3 camera to document the suffering of people 4 during the Great Depression, a time of severe 5 economic crisis in the United States. The view 6 through the lens of her camera alerted 7 Americans to the plight of the migrant workers 8 of this period and ultimately persuaded the 9 United States government to help those most 10 affected. 11 Dorothea's mother, Joan, was a role model 12 of independence. A hardworking, capable 13 woman, she raised Dorothea alone, working at 14 two jobs. Joan helped her daughter overcome 15 physical limitations that were the result of a 16 childhood bout with polio and that left 17 Dorothea with a permanently disabled leg. 18 When Dorothea Lange had completed high 19 school and was studying to be a teacher, she 20 made the sudden decision to become a 21 photographer. Despite the fact that she had 22 never taken a photograph and did not own a 23 camera, she went to New York City to look for 24 work at the best portrait studios. She quickly 25 found a job with Arnold Genthe, a famous 26 portrait photographer, from whom she learned 27 about taking pictures, developing film, and 28 running a studio. She was soon ready to begin 29 her own work. She eventually moved to 30 San Francisco, where she made the 31 acquaintance of many artists and photographers. 32 When the stock market crashed in 1929, 33 Lange's life was transformed. Although her 34 business survived, her family was stressed by 35 financial worries. Because of the social and 36 economic troubles caused by the Depression, 37 her work dramatically changed. Later, she 38 described one particular event that occurred as 39 she was looking out her studio window one 40 morning: "I watched an unemployed young 41 worker coming up the street. He came to the 42 corner, stopped and stood there a little 43 while . . . What was he to do? Which way was 44 he to go?" The man's situation and indecision 45 captured Lange's attention. She took her large 46 camera out into the street and began 47 photographing the people she saw. 48 The images she captured during the 49 troubled decade of the 1930s have become 50 some of the most insightful pictures of the 51 United States during that period. The 52 photographs are often haunting. One of Lange's 53 most famous photographs from this period, 54 Migrant Mother, captures the despair and 55 hardships of the migrants. Soon after this 56 picture was published in the San Francisco 57 News, aid was sent to the migrant camp. 58 Because of her efforts, the government 59 approved funding for food and camps to help 60 victims of the Depression.

Questions 25-30

1 Before the time of Sir Isaac Newton 2 (1642-1727), it was taken for granted that one 3 set of rules applied to things happening on 4 Earth, and that an entirely different set of rules 5 regulated events in the heavens. 6 Newton destroyed this assumption by 7 finding a connection between the apple falling 8 from a tree and the planets revolving around 9 the Sun. He began by wondering whether the 10 gravitational attraction observed on the surface 11 of Earth reached out as far as the Moon. 12 Eventually, Newton was able to show by 13 mathematical proof that the Moon's travel 14 around Earth must indeed be ruled by the force 15 of gravity. Furthermore, the same law also 16 explained the captive movement of all the 17 planets in elliptical orbits around the Sun. 18 It was just one more step to say that every 19 two bodies in the entire universe attracted each 20 other, no matter how far apart they were— 21 although, the farther apart they were, the 22 weaker was the force of attraction. In this way, 23 the motions of all the planets, stars, and 24 galaxies could be explained in terms of a 25 universal force of gravity. 26 Another step in logic, together with many 27 years of observing thousands of stars in the sky, 28 leads to the all-encompassing conclusion: All 29 the laws of nature are the same in all regions of 30 the universe. 31 This is a grand conception. We can now see 32 the universe as one unified whole, and it is 33 immensely helpful to science to be able to feel 34 confident that gravity, electricity, light, 35 chemical reactions, atomic reactions—every 36 sort of physical behavior—follow exactly the 37 same rules everywhere in the universe as they 38 do here on Earth. 39 But it turns out that there are exceptions to 40 our elegantly simple assumption. Gravitation is 41 not precisely the same everywhere. The 42 astronomers have discovered that in the 43 neighborhood of a very heavy star, the strength 44 of the gravitational force differs slightly from 45 Newton's law of gravity. So we find that, while 46 his law holds true in our region of space, it has 47 to be modified to cover the situation in a very 48 different region. 49 At the other extreme, physicists also 50 encountered surprises when they investigated 51 the microcosmic world of the atom and 52 elementary particles. The more the atom was 53 studied, the more obvious it became that the 54 particles in this realm did not obey the rules 55 that applied to large bodies, such as rocks and 56 planets. 57 Is any physical law always true? We do not 58 know for sure, but it is possible that all laws 59 will have exceptions for extreme 60 circumstances. Luckily, the primary laws, such 61 as those for gravity, are dependable and 62 unchanging in most of the situations in which 63 humans find themselves.

Answer key

1 D S 2 A S 3 D S 4 C S 5 D S 6 A S 7 D S 8 D S 9 B S 10 A S 11 D S 12 D S 13 A S 14 B S 15 D S 16 B S 17 C S 18 B S 19 B SWR 20 A SWR 21 C SWR 22 C SWR 23 A SWR 24 B SWR 25 A SWR 26 D SWR 27 C SWR 28 D SWR 29 B SWR 30 A SWR 31 C SWR 32 D SWR 33 B SWR 34 D SWR 35 A S = Synonyms SWR = Single Word Response

Questions 7-12

1 The history of Florida is, by some, 2 measured in freezes. Severe ones, for example, 3 occurred in 1747, 1766, and 1774. The freeze 4 of February 1835 was probably the worst in the 5 state's history. But because more citrus growers 6 were affected, the Great Freeze of 1895 seems 7 to enjoy the same sort of status that the 8 Blizzard of '88 once held in the North. 9 Temperatures in the major orange-producing 10 locales of Florida on February 8, 1895, went 11 into the teens for much of the night. The next 12 morning, it was apparent that the Florida citrus 13 industry had been virtually wiped out. The 14 groves around Keystone City, in Polk County, 15 however, went through the freeze of 1895 16 without damage. Slightly more elevated than 17 the countryside around it and studded with 18 sizable lakes, Keystone City became famous. 19 People came to marvel at this Garden of Eden 20 in the middle of a newly created wasteland, and 21 the citizens of the town changed its name to 22 Frostproof. 23 The twentieth century has had numerous 24 severe freezes as well, but no great one until 25 1962, when, on the night of December 11, 26 northwesterly winds traveling at almost a 27 thousand miles a day brought a deadly mass of 28 gelid air to Florida. The freeze lasted for four 29 nights and, at its coldest, split the bark of trees, 30 causing a sound like repeated rifle shots. The 31 worst night was December 13, when the 32 temperature generally stayed below twenty 33 degrees for as long as four and a half hours, and 34 even Frostproof recorded a low temperature of 35 twenty-four degrees during the night. Nearly 36 eight billion oranges were lost. So many trees 37 were either damaged or killed that the ultimate 38 effect was to cut the state's average annual 39 production of oranges in half. Immediate losses 40 of ripe fruit on the trees would have been even 41 greater after the 1962 freeze if there had not 42 been a slow thaw, which allowed citrus 43 workers to harvest millions of frozen oranges 44 and rush them to juice-concentrate plants for 45 processing.

Questions 13-18

1 When two friends meet and talk informally, 2 they usually adopt similar body postures. If 3 they are particularly friendly and share 4 identical attitudes toward the subjects being 5 discussed, the positions in which they hold 6 their bodies will probably become even more 7 alike, to the point where they virtually become 8 carbon copies of each other. The friends are 9 automatically indulging in what has been called 10 "postural echo," and they do this unconsciously 11 as part of a natural body display of 12 companionship. 13 There is a good reason for this. A true bond 14 of friendship is usually possible only between 15 people of roughly equal status. This equality is 16 demonstrated in many indirect ways, but it is 17 reinforced in face-to-face encounters by a 18 matching of the postures of relaxation or 19 alertness. In this way, the body transmits a 20 silent message, saying: "See, I am just like 21 you." 22 The precision of the postural echo can be 23 quite remarkable. Two friends talking in a 24 restaurant both lean on the table with the same 25 elbow, tilt their bodies forward to the same 26 angle, and nod in agreement with the same 27 rhythm. Two other friends reclining in 28 armchairs both have their legs crossed in 29 exactly the same way and both have one arm 30 across their lap. 31 "Come and sit down. You look so 32 uncomfortable standing there" is a common 33 invitation that helps to increase the chances for 34 postural echo, and groups of friends usually try 35 to arrange themselves in such a way that they 36 can synchronize with one another's body 37 postures and movement rhythms. The sensation 38 gained in such cases is one of being "at ease." 39 It is simple enough for one person to destroy 40 such ease, merely by adopting an alien 41 posture—stiff and formal, or jerky and anxious. 42 Sometimes it is possible to observe two 43 distinct sets of postural echoes in the same 44 group. Usually this is related to "taking sides" 45 in a group argument. If three of the group are 46 disputing with the other four, for example, the 47 members of each subgroup will tend to match 48 up their body postures and movements but keep 49 distinct from the other subgroup. On occasion, 50 it is even possible to predict that one of them is 51 changing sides before he or she has declared 52 this change of heart verbally, because his or her 53 body posture will start to blend with the 54 postures of the opposing "team." Mediators, 55 trying to control such groups, may take up an 56 intermediate body posture as if to say "I am 57 neutral," folding their arms like one side and 58 crossing their legs like the other side. 59 Postural echo is one of the unspoken ways 60 humans tell each other how they feel about 61 each other. This unconscious synchrony of 62 body movements is an important part of our 63 everyday social life.