Islamic Civ Test #2
As to Islamic beliefs about what happens when we die, what is the significance of the Grave? A. It is a kind of holding tomb of the semi-conscious soul with the body, awaiting the Day of Judgment. B. It is a place of unconscious waiting until the Day of Resurrection. C. It is a place for the infidel, evil-doers to suffer in torment in perpetuum. D. It signifies the end of human consciousness with the end of the biological functioning of the human body.
A
As to anthropomorphism of God, interpreting the Qur'an's speaking of God's throne, hand, face, eyes, speaking, hearing, and seeing, Mu'tazilites asserted: A. So as to not reduce God from a transcendent to a human level, such Qur'anic speech about God should be taken metaphorically. B. God is spirit and nontangible; hence, such assertions about God in the Qur'an are obvious pagan corruptions of the Qur'an's presentation of a pure, single God. C. We should accept what the Qur'an says about God without debate or asking how so [bilā kayfa]. D. The Qur'an means what is says, and thus God should be also understood like the second person of the Christian trinity—Jesus—who ate, saw, touched, felt, and wept.
A
As to human free will, the Ash'arites argued: A. From God, humans have "acquired" (iktisāb) the ability to have faith or unbelief as one's own acts; all acts thus being one's own acquisition, even while they are ultimately caused by God's will, knowledge, and decree. B. Human beings are mostly dominated by the lot they are given: inherent/born disposition and temperament, upbringing and education, friendship groups, and other sociological forces. C. All human action is under the power of God and hence, not just predestined, but compelled by God. D. At the level of the universal or whole, God determines all material and social affairs, but God also determines what options that he has given human's free choice (ikhtiyār) to choose between. E. God's justice demands that humans are responsible for their own choices and will be rewarded and punished accordingly.
A
As to human free will, the Jabarites/of-the-Irresistible were a hypothetical camp, represented as arguing that: A. All human action is under the power of God and hence, not just predestined, but compelled by God. B. God's justice demands that humans are responsible for their own choices and will be rewarded and punished accordingly. C. At the level of the universal or whole, God determines all material and social affairs, but God also determines what options that he has given human's free choice (ikhtiyār) to choose between. D. From God, humans have "acquired" (iktisāb) the ability to have faith or unbelief as one's own acts; all acts thus being one's own acquisition, even while they are ultimately caused by God's will, knowledge, and decree. E. Human beings are mostly dominated by the lot they are given: inherent/born disposition and temperament, upbringing and education, friendship groups, and other sociological forces.
A
As to the issue of the grave/severe sinner, Murji'ites/ones-who-Postpone—whose view on this issue would eventually become dominant among Muslims—believed: A. It is up to God to decide his/her fate, we should await God's judgement on the Day of Reckoning. B. The Muslim who sins is to be regarded as neither an infidel nor a believer. C. Since human beings do not actually have free will, he/she cannot be culpable for such misdeeds. D. Humans are not saved by perfection but by God's mercy and grace; so long as someone has faith 'as large as a mustard seed,' he or she was given paradise. E. Such a person ceased being a Muslim and it may even be justified to kill such a person to avoid their contaminating influence.
A
As to the relationship between the Qur'an and God, Mu'tazilites asserted: A. God is one and transcendent above even the attributes of perfection that we ascribe to Him; all else is created by Him, even His words given as the Qur'an. B. We can only repeat what the Qur'an and Hadith say on the matter, and they do not say definitively either way. C. The Qur'an is the speech of God, an eternal tablet that has always been with God. D. There is the heavenly Qur'an that's always been and the earthly Qur'an that we write, bind together as a physical book, memorize, recite, and chant.
A
Different than the "Tale of the Three Brothers" in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the moral of the hypothetical case of three brothers that Abū al-Hasan 'Alī al-Ash'arī discussed with his Mu'tazilite teacher was: A. God's will and wisdom are inscrutable, above human comprehension of the workings of His justice and mercy. B. Children are not held accountable and so, even if they were "naughty," God grants them heaven for eternity. C. Each case is different, and the human mind can discern the reasons for God's decision in each case. D. God's grace and mercy encompasses each; even the bad are welcomed by God into heaven. E. One brother's good deeds can be so great and many that he can transfer their merits to other brothers, as an act of generosity, so that they too can enter paradise, even if they led a wretched life.
A
In Islam, theological pursuits have always been subordinate to _____________________. A. Jurisprudence B. Philosophy C. Mysticism/Sufism D. Tafsīr/Exegesis/Interpretation of the Qur'an
A
In the 8th century, Christians in Europe typically represented Muslim conquests into the continent as: A. A group of threatening, barbaric, and dangerous invaders B. Embodying advanced weaponry and brilliant strategies by military generals C. Not serious but mild irritants since European kingdoms kept strong militaries in southern Spain and southeast Europe D. A potential liberation from the Carolingian dynasty—that founded the so-called Holy Roman Empire—and the indirect rule of the Pope
A
The aḥkām al-khamsa or five legal principles of judgement represent: A. Five levels in which a moral issue can be judged, not just mandatory or forbidden but also recommended, neutral, or discouraged B. What should be considered the main sources of Islamic law for the legal judge: Qur'an, Ḥadīth, legal analogy, consensus of the community of scholars, and imitation of precedence of former eminent legal scholars C. The most fundamental teachings of Islam that a judge should consider in interpreting Islamic law D. The five rational sources of legal authority: God, virtues, natural duties, concern for collective well-being, and contractarianism
A
This famous Sufi was devoted to Islamic law, practiced theology, and lived a saintly life of worldly renunciation and reverent fear of God's judgment, and never spoke or acted but with a grave seriousness. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. al-Junayd from Persia (died 910) D. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) E. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) F. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
A
Who said that for the beatific vision "the heart sees [God] through the inner realities of faith"? A. First Shiite Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph 'Ali ibn Abu Ṭālib (601-661, Arabia) B. Muslim philosopher and polymath Avicenna / Ibn Sina (Persian, 980-1037) C. The Islamic school of theology known as the Mu'tazilites/scriptural-rationalists D. The Islamic school of theology called the Ash'arites E. Christian (Catholic) theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274, Italy) F. Jewish rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746, Italy, Holland)
A
In DeLong-Bas's narrative, what were her major points about the history of Christian missionary activity in societies with large numbers of Muslims? (Check 2) A. In the 16th and early 17th century, the Jesuits focused on converting the rulers, especially that of the Mughal empire of India, and although they were left with a favorable opinion of the missionaries, almost no one of their court or family embraced Christianity. B. Protestant missions more often focused on the common folk, and they were setting up orphanages, hospitals, and educational institutions by the end of the 18th century. However, many Muslims were suspicious of possible ulterior motives of trying to secure conversions. C. By the 19th century in which European political and economic imperialism was now secure in Asian and African colonies, and people who were once Muslim flooded to embrace Christian.
A, B
Among the precedents in Islam for those who want to engage in sincere dialogue and relationship-building instead of polemics, denouncing the other, or trying to convert the other, Muslim interfaith efforts have introduced: (Check all that apply) A. Remembering the example of the four schools of Islamic law and how each school while correct in its own reasoning also respected the sincere reasoning towards sound legal ethics of other schools of law. B. The Qur'an's call to confirm and guard what had come before (Q. 5:48) as parallel to Jesus' claim to complete and fulfill the law, not to refute or abolish it (Matthew 5:17) C. The Bible and Qur'ans common essential message to love God and love each other D. The Qur'an's message that diversity of peoples is a challenge and opportunity to truly try to get to know one another (Q. 5:48) E. The Qur'an's call to compete in good deeds (Q. 2:148) rather than striving to overpower the other politically or militarily.
A, B, C, D, E
As to divorce in Islam: (Check all that apply) A. Ḥadīth indicate that Muhammad detested it. B. A man can divorce his wife simply by uttering (usually in Arabic) "I divorce you" three times. C. Reconciliation, often with a mediator or counsellor, should be sought first. D. A couple should wait three menstrual cycles before completely moving on to be sure whether or not his wife is pregnant (and merits financial support). E. Traditionally, if a woman and her party did not write stipulations into her marriage contract, it was very difficult for her to initiate a divorce.
A, B, C, D, E
The hospitals established in the Islamicate, using charitable contributions, contained: (Big hint: Choose all of them) A. Pharmacies B. Quarantine wings for those with possibly infectious diseases, including leprosy C. Surgical centers D. Salaried physicians, staff, and nurses E. A philosophy to serve everyone, no matter the race, religion, gender, or nationality
A, B, C, D, E
What is the meaning of the word Sharī'a? (Check all that apply.) A. The way to the water hole B. Islamic law C. Divine legislation or judgements about good vs. evil, moral vs. sinful D. Divine authority and His teachings about the right way to live E. Human application and interpretation of Islamic authoritative sources to any given situation, also called 'jurisprudence' or fiqh
A, B, C, D, E
What is Samā' in Sufism? (Check all that apply) A. Literally it means "listening" B. "spiritual concert" C. Frequently playing of instruments, singing, and/or rhythmically reciting praises or attributes of God D. Sacred movements of dance, whirling, and leaping are frequently included. E. Sober minded Islamic scholars warn against the sensuality inherent in the practice. F. Islamic law has universally prohibited it, so it is only practiced underground, in secret. G. Aḥmad al-Ghazālī praised it as an aid to authentic dhikr and metaphorical of internal states of the soul H. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī poetically wrote of it as a reminder of our own premortal experience of the substance of heaven, the angels and holy souls singing and dancing their praises of God.
A, B, C, D, E, G, H
In the foundations of Islam is a quest for knowledge, understanding, and wisdom. This foundation includes: A. The very first passage of the Qur'an revealed was one that commanded to iqra ("read, recite, proclaim!"). B. The very first passage of the Qur'an that was revealed spoke of empowering humans to transmit and preserve wisdom with the "pen." C. Many Qur'anic passages encourage human beings to think, cogitate, investigate, reflect, or meditate upon natural, social, and historical world around us. D. The Qur'an speaks of the world having a rational, understandable order saying that the passage of night and day, the seasons, or celestial orbs (sun, moon) are all according to a fixed/decreed measure. (This one is also true) E. In a ḥadīth, Muhammad says: Assume not causes but isolate the variables. F. According to a ḥadīth, Muhammad is said to have encouraged people to seek knowledge everywhere even as far as China G. A ḥadīth say that "God did not send down a disease without also sending down its cure."
A, B, C, D, F, G
As to Islam and money: (Check all that apply) A. Extended family members, especially those who live in the same town, are typically very close, visiting each other often, and financially looking after each other in times of hardship. B. The Waqf, or charitable foundation, were designed for religious philanthropy, and so their proper object is the establishment of such institutions as mosques, schools, libraries, and hospitals. C. A woman's wealth is her own and anything she spends on her family is considered generous charity rather than her responsibility. D. Female and male children are to receive an equal share of their parents' wealth in inheritance. E. No Muslim, or Islamic bank, is allowed to charge interest on money loans.
A, B, C, E
DeLong-Bas gives evidence that interfaith relations were not always sweet and harmonious in Al-Andalus/Spain, including: (Check all that apply) A. Proposals in the 17th century that the patron saint of Spain should be the popular representation of Santiago St. James the apostle as a heroic killer of Muslims (matamoros) in a 9th century battle B. In the Reconquista, Spanish rulers who were Christian made an armed repossession of the Spanish peninsula. C. The so-called Spanish Martyrs Movement (850-860 CE), which heroized cursing Muhammad and that ultimately led to the execution of fifty Christians. D. Periodic pillaging and pogroms of rural villages of Christians by Muslim mobs from about 711 to 1000 CE. After this time, during the Reconquista, Muslims, Christians, and Jewish got along and lived together in relative harmony. E. Irritation about the jizya tax and restrictions in forms of Christian religious worship
A, B, C, E
While Richard the Lionheart's (1157-1199) legend of bravery and determination (contrasted to his brother John) lives on in the minds of Europe and America, especially through the Robin Hood story, Muslim Sultan Saladin (1137-1193) is the great hero of the Crusades in Muslim memory. Muslims and Christians remember him for: (Check all that apply) A. Per his first biographer: Saladin was a man of exemplary religious character who sacrificially left behind his family and possessions to win merit in God's eyes by fighting God's enemies. B. In contrast to Richard the Lionheart, Saladin typically treated his prisoners of war humanely, even giving the four thousand prisoners of Acre money so that they could return home. C. Reconquering Jerusalem in 1187 yet insisting on law and order among his soldiers and not permitting massacres or looting. D. Preventing Christians from making pilgrimages to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. E. Executing all members of the Frankish military orders, Templars, and Knight Hospitallers after they had broken a treaty. F. Saladin often tried to work with Richard the Lionheart through emissaries for terms of truce, amnesty, prisoner exchanges, compensation for losses, and potential alliances.
A, B, C, E, F
Dhikr is quintessential to Sufi practice and identity, referring to: (Check all that apply) A. Remembering or bringing God to mind B. Mentioning or praising God, whether silently or out loud C. Recitation of the Qur'an D. Confessions of sins to one's Sufi master/shaykh E. Not ritualized/pre-panned glorification of God but voluntary, spontaneous love shown for God F. Loving God through music, dance, choral mantras, and/or silent contemplation G. Repetition of God's name and attributes to draw closer to God
A, B, C, E, F, G
From Muslim-Christians Relations Lecture:: The titles, stations, and/or demarcations for Jesus in the Qur'an include: A. Messenger and Prophet of God B. Word from God C. The Spirit of God D. Co-equal with/as God E. God Incarnate F. Only Begotten Son of God G. Blessed H. Miracle Worker I. Mercy from [God] J. Sign to the worlds
A, B, C, G, H, I, J
As to sports and games among Muslims and in the Prophetic example: (Check all that apply) A. Muhammad is reported to have enjoyed footraces, horse or camel racing, archery target practice, and wrestling. B. Games of chance or gambling is considered a serious sin. C. Chess is typically considered a waste of time and destructive to moral character. D. Many Olympic sports, such as soccer, basketball, tennis, and swimming are popular but concerns remain about properly covering private parts.
A, B, D
In what ways were the medieval Crusades (1095-1291) not at all holy or religious? (Check all that apply) A. After the European soldiers conquered Jerusalem in 1099 there was a bloodbath in which about forty thousand men, women, and children were slaughtered, Muslims and Jews alike, in the space of two days. B. The Crusaders' sack of Constantinople—base of the Eastern-rite of Christians—during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 included, after the battle had ceased, slaughtering thousands, raping women (including nuns), destroying or looting classic art, altars, and church sanctuaries. (True) C. The Christian saint of peace and love for all God's creatures Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) was taken prisoner and killed by Egyptian Sultan Malik al-Kamil when Assisi crossed enemy lines and attempted to negotiate peace in 1219. D. Richard the Lionheart's slaughtering of prisoners of war—men, women, and children--in the Holy Land.
A, B, D
The character of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān was invented by Muslim philosopher ibn Sina and ibn Tufayl develops his biography in detail in an allegorical novel. What truth(s) does Hayy discover? (check three) A. The beauty and order of the world and universe is evidence of a supremely intelligent, beneficent, and powerful Supreme Being. B. While ultimate, pure spiritual truth is contained within prophetic revelation, the Prophet gives it according to the intellectual limitations, needs, and worldliness of the masses. C. Revelation, scripture, and ritual given by a Prophet from God empowers humans to surpass the limitations of his unaided investigations and contemplations of the world. D. Since the human soul transcends the mundane, material world, only contemplation of and intimate union with the luminous goodness and beauty of God instantiates true happiness.
A, B, D
Baraka has to do with "blessing" but also refers to the spiritual power of the Sufi master—alive and deceased—to work miracles and bestow/mediate blessings for believers. What is factual about the shrines and popular practices of Muslims of the deceased Sufi master or walī? (Check all that apply) A. Parades or processions are often a large part of the celebration of their yearly birthdays, often with colorful regalia, music, drumming, chanting, and the current leader of the silsila or just local lodge/khanqa. B. Throughout most Muslim-majority societies, and some where Muslims are a minority, a town or village is not considered complete without a shrine of a Sufi saint. C. Saudi Arabia, as the birthplace of Islam, contains the most saint shrines and most prevalent practices of prayers at tombs. D. Muslims frequently visit shrines of saints to pray for blessings, boons, meditate, and/or just soak in the baraka of the spiritual master. E. Officially, the saint is not prayed to as a deity but intercedes with God on the prayer's behalf.
A, B, D, E
Denny says that the Mu'tazilite movement should be characterized as: (Check the four that are correct) A. They believed the religious assertions of Islam come first, while reason can help us understand the logical relationship between different religious assertions. B. Very influential and even militantly asserted conformity before its decline C. A precursor of Wahhabism that attempted to enforce its militant version of anti-idolatry and Islamic prohibitions in 18th century Arabia. D. Their work with a Caliph to produce an inquisition against nonconforming views left a sour taste in many Muslims' mouth against this school of theology. E. Their name means "standing aloof" [from extreme, conflicting views], but they called themselves "the people of [divine] justice and unity."
A, B, D, E
How did Sufis come to view possessions, wealth, and worldly pleasures? (Check all that apply) A. Muhammad and the rightly guided caliphs were looked to as examples of living simply. B. We can have them and should be grateful for them. C. The sincere seeker should give away all his wealth completely abstain from sexual pleasures, even in marriage. D. We can have them and use them for generosity. E. Our focus should be God enriching us with spiritual attributes and virtues.
A, B, D, E
From this week's PDF reading (DeLong-Bas): Among the early precedents of Christian-Muslim collaboration during Muhammad's life were: (check all that apply) A. A Syrian monk named Bahira recognized in adolescent Muhammad signs of the seal of prophecy. B. Khadija's cousin Waraqa, a Christian monk in Mecca, reassured Muhammad that his prophetic mission was in line with that of Jesus and that the supernatural encounter was none other than that of the angel Gabriel. C. Almost 50% of the converts to Islam in Mecca in 610-622 CE were Christians and many who did not formally convert still were allies of the new Arabian prophet. D. Persecuted Meccan Muslims emigrated to Abyssinia (present—day Ethiopia) to seek asylum where the Christian king (called the Negus), welcomed them, and—finding the Islamic message similar to Christianity—protected them from attacks. E. In 628, the Coptic Christian ruler of Egypt, in response to a letter Muhammad had sent him, gifted Muhammad with a Coptic Christian slave named Marya—who, like his other wives, became known as the "Mother of the Believers"—with whom Muhammad had the only child with a wife after Khadija. F. In about 631 CE Muhammad and a delegation of Christians from Najran engaged in a lengthy, civil and mutually respectful, discussion about the nature of Jesus. G. The precedent of inviting Christians to embrace Islam yet allowing those that did not want to convert while under Muslim rule to pay the jizya tax instead and continue to practice their religion.
A, B, D, E, F, G
In the Qur'an, Christians are warned against: (check all that apply) A. Claiming that only people of their own religion are going to heaven B. Claiming that God loves their own religious community more than other religious communities C. Not keeping the kosher laws of the Torah D. Not accepting the Qur'an and Islam E. Say that God Almighty is three or that God the Father is just one Person among the Trinity F. Saying that God incarnated Himself as Jesus the Christ, son of Mary G. Taking Jesus and his mother Mary as deities or objects of worship (this one is also correct)
A, B, D, E, F, G
The Twelver Shiite Islamic legal schools tend to be similar to the Sunni schools in that they give a lot of weight to legal judgments of past leading Islamic legal scholars. However, Shiites differ from Sunnis in that: (Mark 4) A. Shī'as assert the continuation of ijtihad—independent legal reasoning by the conscience of the scholar who are the representatives of the Imam in his absence. B. Shī'a give weight to the inspiration and legal authority of 'Ali and the line of Imams of descended from him and Fāṭima. C. Shiites do not recognize the Sunna—traditional practices and traditions about Muhammad and his early community of followers—for legal principles or precedents. D. Shī'a law typically treats female relatives better than Sunni in matters of inheritance. E. Shiites do not recognize the Qur'an as a book of legal principles or precedents. F. Shī'a recognize mut'a—intentionally marrying someone for a temporary period for convenience, support, companionship, and legalized sex.
A, B, D, F
Traditionally and into the present day, Muslims' ideal approach to marriage has been: (check all that apply) A. Of considerations of status, wealth, religious righteousness, or attractiveness of the other, religious righteousness is most important. B. Family matchmaking, possible meeting while chaperoned, and verbal consent of all marrying parties C. It is mandatory that the prospective spouses spend much time getting to know each other before deciding to marry. D. Falling in love during courting and marital bliss E. A man must pay his wife (and/or her family) a mutually agreed upon amount of money or goods as part of a marriage contract. F. Commitment, honor, mutual respect, and friendliness are most important, and perhaps this will develop into love as well in time.
A, B, E, F
As to adornments in Islamic societies: (Check any that are completely true) A. Women may wear jewelry of gold or silver and clothing of silk, but for men only silver is acceptable. B. Perfume is encouraged for women but forbidden for men. C. Women should cover their hair, men can show their hair and are encouraged to grow a mustache and beard. D. Men and women should not have tattoos or wear wigs or hairpieces.
A, C
The disciple-master Sufi relationship is distinctive from a normal, university student-teacher relationship in that: (Choose the three that most apply) A. The student is as cooperative to the teacher as a corpse is to the one who washes it before it is set in its grave. B. The student comes to the master to receive specific knowledge, cooperating in mutual respect and courtesy until the learning objectives are complete. C. The student and master choose each other in a relationship of intense mutual engagement for personal transformation under the superior wisdom and spiritual power of the master. D. The two are intimately concerned with the psychological/spiritual state of the other, the master perceiving and giving training exactly needed for that individual to grow, the student trying to take on the enlightened soul of the master in a bond of love that will perpetually endure.
A, C, D
Islamic marital duties and expectations for husband and wife include: (Check all that apply) A. Besides her hands and face, a woman may only reveal her body uncovered to her husband, children, parents, and own siblings. B. A man can marry up to seven women so long as he can treat them all fairly. C. Women should manage the domestic household. D. Sexual relations are exclusively between husband and wife. E. Men are responsible for financially providing for his wife and family. F. If the wife works outside the home, the money should go into the husband's bank account.
A, C, D, E
The Second Vatican Council of the Roman Catholic Church (1962-1965) called on Roman Catholics to engage in inter-religious dialogue based on recognition of the "profound religious sense" animating other religions. The document Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions praised many commonalities of faith between Muslims and Christians including: A. Belief in the one Almighty and All-Merciful God, the Creator of heaven and earth B. Belief in one Godhead and three Persons—Father, Son, and Holy Ghost—each fully God C. Belief in many of the same prophets and messengers in a lineage from Abraham through whom God has spoken repeatedly to humanity D. Belief that God will judge all of humanity at the end of time E. Prayer, fasting, and almsgiving F. Veneration of the Virgin Mary and Jesus G. Prayer to the saints and to the "mother of God"--Mary H. Veneration of the saints and prophets through iconography (images and statues)
A, C, D, E, F
As to permissible/ḥalāl substances in Islam a Muslim may take in or consume: (Check all that are correct) A. Smoking of tobacco cigarettes, pipes, or hookah (vaporized flavored tobacco in pipes) B. Pork, shellfish, and various kinds of predator animals C. Meats not dedicated to another god but killed in the name of God, basmala. D. Wine and other alcohols, so long as one does not drink to the point of intoxication. E. Smoking marijuana F. Animals that have not died of illness or old age. G. Animals that have been drained of (most of) its blood before cooking.
A, C, F, G
As to anthropomorphism of God, interpreting the Qur'an's speaking of God's throne, hand, face, eyes, speaking, hearing, and seeing, the conservative Ahmad ibn Hanbal and then the Ash'arites asserted: A. God is obviously spirit and nontangible; hence, such assertions about God in the Qur'an are obvious pagan corruptions of the Qur'an's presentation of a pure, single God. B. We should accept what the Qur'an says about God without debate or asking how so [bilā kayfa] C. The Qur'an means what is says, and thus God should be also understood like the second person of the Christian trinity—Jesus—who ate, saw, touched, felt, and wept. D. So as to not reduce God from a transcendent to a human level, such Qur'anic speech about God should be taken metaphorically.
B
Caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd who invited the Greek Orthodox bishop of northern Syria, Theodore Abu Qurra in 799 to engage in a debate with Muslim Islamicists. Notable was that both sides could agree with the Qur'an 4:171 statement that Jesus is a _______________ of God and a ___________________ from Him. A. Son...Angel B. Word...Spirit C. Friend...Ambassador D. Prophet...Messenger
B
Center-points of global trade, __________________________were built as resting places for traders, their animals, and goods. A. hostels B. caravanserais C. mangers D. mosques
B
Companionship with these beautiful, black eyed maidens the Garden came to be considered the reward of the good, interpreted as either wonderful sexual partners or as metaphors for what are indescribable joys and the bliss of the heavenly realm. A. Jinn B. Houri C. Angels D. Ummah E. Iqra
B
How are public displays of affection usually viewed in Middle Eastern societies? A. They are rarely seen between parents with their children. B. They are rarely seen by dating couples or even married ones, but sometimes close friends of the same gender are seen arm in arm. C. They are seen only among married couples; it is improper for people of the same or opposite gender, whether homosexual or not, to display affection in public. D. It is common to see physical displays of affection among adults of the same and opposite sex.
B
In the allegory of the soul-birds (and of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān) who free themselves from the cage of the body to ascend the mountain of God, they find in the presence of their Great King the most radiant countenance—one typically so bright He typically veils Himself with light itself—with which they are immediately infatuated and which is the source of "supreme happiness" and their true home. Who wrote this allegory? A. First Shiite Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph 'Ali ibn Abu Ṭālib (601-661, Arabia) B. Muslim philosopher and polymath Avicenna / Ibn Sina (Persian, 980-1037) C. The Islamic school of theology known as the Mu'tazilites/scriptural-rationalists D. The Islamic school of theology called the Ash'arites E. Christian (Catholic) theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274, Italy) F. Jewish rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746, Italy, Holland)
B
Islamic teachings about marriage may best be summarized as: A. Like the Apostle Paul, although abstinence is preferred, marriage is seen as at-least better than fornicating and thus sinning. B. Muslims are encouraged to marry and have children early in life, celebrating some of God's blessings of life. C. The teachings greatly encourage abstinence and a life of prayer and fasting over a family one D. Not marrying in adulthood is considered a grave sin, making one liable to hellfire.
B
It was long believed that ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic understanding was unknown for over two millennia. However, recent research has shown that a thousand years ago, Islamicate scholars—in the pursuit of translating ancient texts, alchemy, and astrology—deciphered about ________ letters of ancient Egyptian (forerunner of Coptic). A. 5 B. 13 C. 19 D. 24
B
Someone will be called Abū or Ūmm usually because: A. These are famous names from the Tale of Aladdin and the Magic Lamp. B. These titles mean "father of ________" or "mother of _________" respectively. C. These titles mean "son of____________" or "daughter of____________" respectively. D. These are common professions, meaning merchant or carder of wool respectively. E. These are just popular names.
B
Sufi Muslims speak of ________________ when the I-Thou or I-This distinction remains: servant and Lord, knight and King, lover and Beloved, devotee and the Beauteous One, even while the feeling of closeness to God is very intense. Sufi Muslims also speak of the religious experience of __________________ when the I-God distinction is annihilated—only God exists. A. Fana'... Baqa' B. Baqa'... Fana' C. Riḍā ... Shawq D. Shawq ... Riḍā
B
The traditional Sunni legal schools of Islam have an ideal to be respectful of the legal authority of the legal schools, although they differ somewhat in the relative weight they give to Qur'anic principles, Ḥadīth, the traditional community of Medina, consensus of scholars, personal opinion, and analogical reasoning. While originally there were more, there are ______ such Sunni legal schools that survive. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 E. 7
B
This famous Sufi and female was a poet who lived austere yet practiced an ecstatic love for God and joyful communion with Him, hoping for a purely selfless praise and love of God. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. al-Junayd from Persia (died 910) D. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) E. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) F. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
B
_________________ believed the beatific vision is a reality confirmed by Islamic scriptures and Hadith but we should not ask "how" this is so, while ______________________ believed that since human sight can only see that which is finite (and corporeal) and since God is by definition far above such limitations, God cannot be seen. A. the Kharijites...the Jabarites B. the Ash'arites...the Mu'tazilites/scriptural-rationalists C. 'Ali ibn Abu Ṭālib...Ibn Sina D. Thomas Aquinas... Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
B
Medieval Islamic approaches to disease were largely based on Greek physicians Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) and Galen (130-210 CE) who believed: (choose 2) A. Demons, agents of Satan, enter our body, resulting in disease. B. An excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids—yellow bile, black bile, blood, or phlegm—in a person resulted in disease. C. Miasma—intake of noxious air, polluted by rotting matter, resulted in disease. D. Thinking, expecting, or doing evil—or just what is negative—opens one's chakra to negative energy, resulting in disease. E. Each person has multiple souls/spirits—7, 9, or 12, depending on the individual—and disease results when a soul wanders off in dreams, anger, or sorrow. F. Witches assault the person with evil spells, hexes, or through sympathetic magic on poppets/effigies, resulting in disease.
B, C
As to circumcision in Islam: (Check all that apply) A. For males, it is a rare although sometimes practiced as traditional as part of a larger culture/society. B. It can occur in infancy, around age seven, or as a puberty rite of passage. C. It is not part of the explicit teachings of the Qur'an. D. Cutting a female's clitoris partly or entirely (clitoridectomy) is a cultural practice of some Muslims, Christians, and traditional cultures that does not have explicit roots as encouraged or discouraged in the teachings of Islam.
B, C, D
Sufism, taṣawwuf, and/or ṣūfī refer to: (Check all that apply) A. An important sect/denomination of Islam, alongside the Sunnis and Shiites B. Someone who follows the mystical path of Islam, either alone or in a fellowship C. Literally "purity" or perhaps the coarse-wool garments worn by early Muslim ascetics D. A strain throughout Islam whose goal has been to cultivate intimate knowledge, love and feelings of the presence of God. E. A minor and heretical sect of Islam that swept through Arabia but today just has a small community in southern Jordan
B, C, D
These Christian scholars argued that understanding Islam on its own terms comes first before refuting it and taught that love and words of truth are the way to bring Muslims to Christianity instead of misinformation, hatred, and weapons. (Check all that apply) A. Lay preacher Peter the Hermit (1050—1115) B. Peter the Venerable (1092-1156) C. Roger Bacon (died 1292) D. Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464) E. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
B, C, D
Typical of Sufi orders, the Qādirīs came to regard the founder of the fraternity—'Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī—as: (Check all that apply) A. A regular, pious Muslim like themselves, just with a bit more wisdom and spiritual development B. A perfect man and pole/quṭb of the cosmos C. A worker of miracles and wonderful things D. Very near the station of the Prophet Muhammad himself E. Somewhere between a God and a great angel of God, such as Gabriel
B, C, D
From Muslim-Christians Relations Lecture: How does the Qur'an and Muslims present the question of Jesus' death/crucifixion and resurrection? (Check all that apply) A. All three times the Qur'an mentions the matter, it says unequivocally that Jesus did not or would not die but just be raised up to God B. In two verses the Qur'an speaks clearly of Jesus own (future) death, while one verse censures what is represented as a Jewish claim that they put an end to (what they saw as) the false Messiah by having Him killed. C. Sunni and Twelver Shiite Muslims hold that Jesus did not die—and was not crucified—but was raised body and soul up to God and will return before the Last Days D. Someone was killed on the cross instead of Jesus; Jesus lived on and was eventually raised up to God in honor, body, and soul. E. Ismaili Shiites believe that Jesus was indeed killed in body but His soul went directly to God as a martyr and Spirit—as the Word of God—lived on and continued to influence our world for God's glory.
B, C, D, E
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) in his Divine Comedy portrayed Muhammad as being tortured in one of the inmost circles of hell for causing (Christian) schism. What other negative representations did Christians have of Islam—some from as early as the 9th century, proceeding from the legacy of historians Theopanes the Confessor and Nicetas of Byzantium, who wrote in the context of the militant confrontation between Byzantines and the Abbasids in Asia Minor and Syria? (Check all that apply) A. Muslims are selfish and do not care about or for the oppressed, lowly, poor, or downtrodden. B. Muhammad was a false prophet, influenced by a heretical Christian monk. C. Muhammad had epilepsy and he and his followers misinterpreted his seizures as divine encounters of revelation D. Islam was mainly a call to military warfare, particularly against Christians, to kill or be killed for God and the afterlife E. Islam was a call to sensual, hedonistic pleasures in the afterlife F. The Qur'an came from a demon and Muslims worshipped Satan instead of God. G. In 11th and 12 century French epic poems, Muslims were presented as polytheists worshipping three gods—Mahound (Muhammad), Apollo, and Termagent (an unknown deity).
B, C, D, E, F, G
In what ways were the medieval Crusades (1095-1291) represented as a hallowed and religious mission? (Check all that apply) A. The Christian leaders and their soldiers consistently treated the religious others with true Christian leniency, kindness, and dignity. B. Pope Urban II called on dedicated Christians of Europe to take up the cross, recover lands that were formally of the Byzantine Empire for Christendom, and facilitate and even expedite the second coming of Christ. C. Pope Urban II promised all who responded not only release from penance but also eternal salvation. D. Many who responded to Pope Urban II's call did so with the desire to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in which Jesus walked, taught, died, and was resurrected. E. The European troops were able to respond to the cries of religious minorities (Jewish and non-Catholic Christians) in Jerusalem and successfully liberate them from the Muslims' religious persecution and prevention of freedom of worship. F. Charismatic and holy Catholic teachers, such as Peter the Hermit (1050—1115) and Bernard de Clairvaux (1090-1153), preached and encouraged fellow Christians to rise up and march east.
B, C, D, F
As to human free will, the Shi'ites argued: A. Human beings are mostly dominated by the lot they are given: inherent/born disposition and temperament, upbringing and education, friendship groups, and other sociological forces. B. From God, humans have "acquired" (iktisāb) the ability to have faith or unbelief as one's own acts; all acts thus being one's own acquisition, even while they are ultimately caused by God's will, knowledge, and decree. C. At the level of the universal or whole, God determines all material and social affairs, but God also determines what options that he has given human's free choice (ikhtiyār) to choose between. D. God's justice demands that humans are responsible for their own choices and will be rewarded and punished accordingly. E. All human action is under the power of God and hence, not just predestined, but compelled by God.
C
As to the issue of the grave/severe sinner, Mu'tazilites/scriptural-Rationalists believed: A. Since human beings do not actually have free will, he/she cannot be culpable for such misdeeds. B. Humans are not saved by perfection but by God's mercy and grace; so long as someone has faith 'as large as a mustard seed,' he or she was given paradise. C. The Muslim who sins is to be regarded as neither an infidel nor a believer. D. Such a person ceased being a Muslim and it may even be justified to kill such a person to avoid their contaminating influence. E. It is up to God to decide his/her fate, we should await God's judgement on the Day of Reckoning.
C
As to the issue of the grave/severe sinner, the perfectionist faction called Khārijites/Seceders believed: A. It is up to God to decide his/her fate, we should await God's judgement on the Day of Reckoning. B. Since human beings do not actually have free will, he/she cannot be culpable for such misdeeds. C. Such a person ceased being a Muslim and it may even be justified to kill such a person to end their contaminating influence. D. Humans are not saved by perfection but by God's mercy and grace; so long as someone has faith 'as large as a mustard seed,' he or she was given paradise.
C
The Malāmatīya—blame or reproach movement—gained its name and criticism among legal scholars, because: A. They were so committed to observing every ordinance of Islamic law as to make even many of the 'ulama seem like mediocre Muslims. B. Concerned that they would become too egotistically concerned with the opinions of others about how pious they were, they lived solitary lives away from the Muslim community. C. They believed in simple, non-pretentious devotion to God, but some—in their eagerness to act in a way to demonstrate that the opinion of others did not matter to them—performed obscene or indecent acts in public.
C
This famous Sufi was a scholar of Islam who taught in Baghdad. He would insightfully perceive the individual psychology of his disciples and thus provide them the exact guidance they needed. He preached selfless annihilation in God as preceding sober adoration of God as a lover to the Beloved, servant to one's Lord, friend to Best Friend, standing in awe of His majesty and unity, purified and transformed by God's perfection. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. al-Junayd from Persia (died 910) D. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) E. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) F. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
C
This famous Sufi was a student of al-Junayd is famous for his mystical writings and for having proclaimed publicly "Ana al-Ḥaqq" [I am the Truth/God], which—like the moth consumed in the flame—may have caused him to be martyred by crucifixion. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) D. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) E. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
C
When most of the world's known mathematics had been translated into Arabic, Abū Rayḥān Al-Bīrūnī (973-1050) used basic trigonometry and algebra to find the height of a mountain above sea level and the top of the mountain's angle to the sea's horizon to arrive at the circumference of the earth within _________________ miles of the known distance today of 24,901 miles. A. 4 B. 60 C. 200 D. 800
C
As to the relationship between the Qur'an and God, what emerged as orthodox in Sunni Islam is: (Choose two) A. God is one and transcendent above even the attributes of perfection that we ascribe to Him; all else is created by Him, even His words given as the Qur'an. B. We can only repeat what the Qur'an and Hadith say on the matter, and they do not say definitively either way. C. There is the heavenly Qur'an that's always been and the earthly Qur'an that we write, bind together as a physical book, memorize, recite, and chant. D. The Qur'an is the speech of God, an eternal tablet that has always been with God.
C, D
How did the very influential, medieval theologian and legal scholar lbn Taymiyya (d. 1328) frame Christianity? (Check two) A. Christianity is in many ways superior to Islam as God demonstrates His great love for humanity by coming into this world Himself to teach us and sacrifice His mortal life for us. B. While Islam limits God to literally being One, Christianity gives a God who in His infinitude can fully be three Persons—Father, Son, or Holy Ghost—while still being one God. C. Christians had departed from the original monotheistic message of Jesus by deifying Jesus as the Son of God. D. Jesus and Muhammad were both sent by God to call people to monotheism at times when many had departed from it.
C, D
Examples of 8th to 13th Century cooperation between Christians (and Jewish) with Muslims included: (check all that apply) A. Muslims paying for Christians to build new churches and Jewish to build new synagogues B. Creating shared, public schools that taught the Torah, Bible, and the Qur'an C. Byzantine craftsmen helping with decorations on the Great Mosque of Damascus, the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, and the Great Mosque in Mecca D. Working together to translate philosophical, scientific, and religious texts from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Coptic E. The opening of diplomatic relations and gift exchange between European, Christian kings and Muslim kings
C, D, E
As to human free will, the Mu'tazilites/scriptural-Rationalists argued: A. At the level of the universal or whole, God determines all material and social affairs, but God also determines what options that he has given human's free choice (ikhtiyār) to choose between. B. All human action is under the power of God and hence, not just predestined, but compelled by God. C. Human beings are mostly dominated by the lot they are given: inherent/born disposition and temperament, upbringing and education, friendship groups, and other sociological forces. D. God's justice ('adl) demands that humans are responsible for their own choices and will be rewarded and punished accordingly. E. From God, humans have "acquired" (iktisāb) the ability to have faith or unbelief as one's own acts; all acts thus being one's own acquisition, even while they are ultimately caused by God's will, knowledge, and decree.
D
Dhimmi and Jizya are important terms as they refer to: A. The forced conversion of Jewish, Zoroastrian, and Christian peoples to Islam B. The principle of ecumenical cooperation for research and production of new knowledge C. The monetary reward received not just by Muslim soldiers but by Muslim preachers and storytellers D. The Islamic ideal to protect religious minorities to worship freely in their houses of worship if they paid a special tax to their Muslim rulers
D
In modern day Cairo, you can still see much of the vigor and flavor of old open-air markets. You can also still find __________________ who would fly back to their point of origin and could be used to very quickly deliver messages. A. falcons B. owls C. parrots D. homing pigeons
D
Over a thousand years ago, among the most progressive successes of the Islamicate physicians were advances in _____________________ surgery. A. Achilles tendon B. Appendix removal C. Breast cancer D. Cataract E. Caesarian section
D
The idea of the silsila, or chain, in Sufism is best defined as: A. The ideal that one becomes as a slave to God, chained to fulfill His very will in an intimate bond of love to one's Beloved. B. A bond of unity between the various orders, or communal organizations, of Sufis C. The desire to be persecuted, put in chains, or tortured for one's devotion to God, so as to show one's sincerity and ardor of doing it for God alone. D. Lineages that trace one's Sufi order through a series of masters all the way back to Muhammad
D
_______________________ early 11th Century Canon of Medicine brought together much of the knowledge of the day about medicine, which—due to its comprehensiveness and accessibility in its excellent organization—generations after would study, apply, and revise until germ/bacteria/virus theory revolutionized medicine from the 17th century. A. Caliph Ma'mūn B. Al-Bīrūnī C. Ibn Rushd (Averroes) D. Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) E. Ibn Al-Haytham F. al-Khwārizmī
D
Dr. Ismail Al-Faruqi (a Palestinian-America who researched and taught at Temple University for many years) contemplated closely how Muslims should engage Christians. According to him, both Islam and Christianity started with a concern ____________________________________ but unfortunately Christianity came to focus too much ___________________________________. A. on sin and salvation...on interiorizing ethics and challenging racism and legalism B. to worship the one God with all one's heart and soul...on ritual and doctrinal hair-splitting C. to attract others to faith through the dynamic force of virtuous example...on spreading empire and coercing others into faith D. for social justice...on self-enrichment through expanding the empire E. to interiorize ethics and challenge racism and legalism...on sin and salvation
E
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī was able to lucidly combine the geometric insights of ancient ______________ mathematics with the brilliant ten-digit number system of the __________________ . He greatly advanced the sub-discipline of mathematics called ______________ (from the Arabic al-jabr, meaning ____________________) in which one suspends needing to think about actual numbers in focusing on the symbolic methods of solving mathematical puzzles. Thus, he inspired "_________________" from his own name and demonstrated how to solve quadratic equations by "completing the square." A. Indians...Greek...calculus...dissection...cotangents B. Greek...Indians...calculus...completion...cotangents C. Indians...Greek...algebra...dissection...algorithms D. Greek...Indians...algorithm...method...calculus E. Greek...Indians...algebra...completion... algorithms F. Indians...Greek...algorithm...method...cotangents
E
This famous Sufi was often acclaimed as the greatest Muslim teacher, second only to Muhammad himself, a master of Islamic philosophy, theology, and law, renounced his prestigious teaching post to become a Sufi and taught a blending of Islamic law, theology, and mysticism into a complimentary and harmonious whole. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. al-Junayd from Persia (died 910) D. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) E. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) F. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
E
Where did Arabic numerals originate? A. Arabia, duh! B. Egypt C. Ghana D. China E. India, but somewhat modified by Arabs
E
_________________ was the greatest and most famous Muslim philosopher of the Platonic/Neoplatonic tradition, _____________ was the greatest and most famous philosopher of the Aristotelian tradition, and ______________ believed that true wholeness and confidence cannot come from rational arguments and proofs but comes from the light of truths that God mercifully casts in the heart of true seekers after Him. A. al-Ghazālī... ibn Rushd... ibn Sīnā B. ibn Rushd... ibn Sīnā... al-Ghazālī C. ibn Sīnā... al-Ghazālī... ibn Rushd D. al-Ghazālī... ibn Sīnā... ibn Rushd E. ibn Sīnā... ibn Rushd... al-Ghazālī F. ibn Rushd... al-Ghazālī... ibn Sīnā
E
Convivencia refers to: (check all that apply) A. The long quest to reconquer Spain for Christian kingdoms from about 718 to 1491 B. The mutual slaughter of men, women, and children by Christians and Muslims in conflict in the Iberian Peninsula C. The fierce polemic debates about religious truth between Christian and Muslim theologians in Al-Andalus, one between Muslim philosopher Averroes (1126-1198) and young St. Dominic (1170-1221) being the most famous D. Huge advancements in weaponry and ship-building that occurred in an environment of fierece competition of control of Al-Andalus/Spain between 718 and 1491. E. The principle and real practices of tolerance, peaceful coexistence, and cooperation between Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the caliphate in Al-Andalus/Spain (756-1492) in which a brilliant and flourishing civilization was produced F. A period of relative religious freedom and cross-fertilization that produced many great thinkers, including the Jewish philosopher Maimonides (1135-1205) and the Muslim philosopher Averroes (1126-1198). G. A time and place in Islamic history that produced valued mathematical, scientific, and medical advances in trigonometry, architecture, astronomy, surgery, pharmacology, and more."
E, F, G
As to death rituals, it is common for Muslims to do each EXCEPT: A. Recite the Surah Yā Sīn for the person on his/her death bed. B. The body is washed and then scented an odd number of times. C. His/Her face should be set on its right side facing the Kaaba of Mecca. D. A service consisting of four rounds of Allah-u-Akbar"—"God is most great"—and prayer is offered, such as the al-Fātiḥa for the deceased, Muhammad, and all Muslims. E. Each mourner drops in three handfuls of soil once the body's laid in the ground F. The body should be buried between three and five days of death. G. Although widows mourn for about 130 days, mourning is usually just three days, while remembering the deceased with prayers, Qur'anic recitation, and meals occurs for forty days after burial.
F
Fill in the blank:Qur'an 2:62: Those who believe, and those who are Jews, and Christians...whoever believeth in Allah and the Last Day and doeth right—surely their __________ is with their Lord.Qur'an 5:82: ...you will find the nearest of them in _____________ to the believers those who say, "We are Christians." That is because among them are priests and monks and because they are not arrogant.Qur'an 28:54: [Jews and Christians] will be given a double reward for their ________________, responding to evil with good, and for donating from what We have provided for them. A. reward...joy...peacefulness B. destiny...joy...truthfulness C. repose...demeanor...peacefulness D. destiny...affection...peacefulness E. reward...demeanor...truthfulness F. reward...affection...perseverance G. repose...joy...perseverance
F
This most famous of Muslim poets wrote the Maznavi/Mathnawī epic work in Persian and founded the Mevlevi Sufi order, saw God as transcendent yet also in this world—even his close friends Shams then Husām were celebrated as embodiments of his Beloved. A. Hasan of Baṣra (died 728) B. Rābi'a al-'Adawīya of Baṣra (died 801) C. al-Junayd from Persia (died 910) D. Mansūr al-Ḥallāj (died 922) E. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (died 1111) F. Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (died 1273)
F
DeLong-Bas points out that dialogues between Muslims and Christians about similarities and differences in their religions only goes back to about the 16th century. True or false?
False
Denny argues that most of Sufism has come from pre-Islamic and extra-Islamic sources, such as Gnosticism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christian and Jewish forms, not the Qur'an or the Prophet Muhammad. True or false?
False
It is only a stereotype that Muslims, and Arabs in particular, only use their right hand to eat. One uses whatever hand comes naturally. * True or false?
False
Most Muslims who worked on philosophy were determined to logically demonstrate that revealed truth [such as that from the Prophet Muhammad] is superior to that discovered by philosophers through reason, logical argument, and contemplation. True or false?
False
Throughout Islamic history, to be a recognized legal expert also meant being an actual practitioner of the law as a court judge or lawyer. True or False?
False
2. What has NOT been an explicit source of Islamic law (according to the 'ulama)? A.The Qur'an B. Ḥadīth and/or Sunna of the Prophet Muhammad C. Customs of the local population that did not explicitly clash with Islamic teachings D. Legal reasoning of a scholar of law, relating Islamic principles and precedents found in the Qur'an and Ḥadīth to a new situation E. Analogical reasoning, finding the Islamic principle or precedent most similar to the new situation. F. Normative opinions, consensus, or process of legal reasoning by various scholars of Islamic law practicing in diverse regions G. A form of legal positivism that recognized the Muslim ruler's dictatorial right to decree laws and enforce punishment, whether or not it conflicted with Islamic moral principles H. Imitation of legal judgments and precedents by eminent Muslim legal scholars of the past
G
Although some Sufi leaders taught that when one has an intimate, authentic relationship with God, one is guided spontaneously in God's will and does not need to worry about following the letter of Islamic law, much more typically Sufi masters taught complimentary obedience and faithfulness to the sharī'a while following the ṭarīqa. True or false?
True
Although the European voyages of discovery were largely commissioned to find sea passages to bypass Muslim control of land in being able to trade with Asia and its islands, Europeans continued to trade closely with Muslims from the 15th through 17th centuries, and by the end of the seventeenth century, fully one-quarter of English overseas trade was with the Ottomans. True or false?
True
Early Christian responses to Islam typically characterized it not as an entirely different religion but as a Christian heresy due to the way Muslims assess the status of Jesus. True or false?
True
For most of the history of the Islamicate, the qāḍī or Islamic judge was entrusted with the execution of justice in all matters of religious law, such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and religious endowments, while criminal cases were handled by civil authorities who were often not Islamic scholars. True or false?
True
In the early days of Islamic conquests, some Christian communities were glad to have the new Muslim rulers, as Christians who were not line with Byzantine Christian doctrines had been persecuted under the Eastern Roman empire while the Muslim rulers offered a measure of relief and protection of freedom of religious conscience. True or false?
True
Sufis argue that there is not just a plain, obvious, or literal meaning of verses of the Qur'an but also an inner, hidden, and higher meaning. True or false?
True
Sufis usually did not take Qur'anic references to beholding the "Face of God" literally but as a vivid metaphor for an intimate relationship with and knowledge of God's personal nature. True or false?
True
The Qur'an was first translated into a European language—Latin—as early as 1143, then allowing serious scholarly study of Islam. True or false?
True
True or False: In their quest for medicines, Islamicate physicians and researchers traveled as far as India and China and also gathered remedies from folk healers who shared their traditional cures.
True
