ISS 210 CH 20 Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

NIMBY

"Not In My Back Yard," the tendency of people to protest poor environmental practices when those practices will affect them directly

About what percentage of the workforce in the United States are legal immigrants?

16%

The population of the planet doubled in fifty years to reach _______ in 1999?

6 billion

What is the approximate world population?

7 billion people

__________ refers to long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity.

Climate change

__________ asserts that human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population.

Cornucopian theory

What are ways that human activity impacts the water supply?

Creating sewage Spreading chemicals Increasing radioactivity

What is a negative outcome of shoreline dredging?

Damaged coral reefs Death of marine life Ruined sea grass beds

According to Deal, burning natural gas is environmentally sustainable, but not economically viable.

False

Although burning natural gas instead of coal benefits the environment, it costs MSU much more money.

False

The fertility rate of a society measures the number of children who survive infancy.

False

White flight refers to the migration of white people from suburbs to urban areas.

False

The United States signed the Kyoto Protocol.

False, didn't sign

In the concentric zone model, Zone B is likely to house what?

Formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments

Which of the following is a concern people have about fracking?

Fracking requires large amounts of water.

Which of the following is a prerequisite for the development of a city?

Good environment Advanced technology Strong social organization

What are the prerequisites for the existence of a city?

Good environment with water and a favorable climate Advanced agricultural technology Strong social organization

Which is evidence that the United States workforce is largely a meritocracy?

Highly skilled jobs pay better than low-skill jobs.

__________ are the two primary means of waste disposal in the United States.

Incineration and landfill

What is the most important commodity in a postindustrial society?

Information

Which of the following is not an aspect of globalization?

Integrating child care through international trade

Who was the leading theorist on the development of socialism?

Karl Marx

What are the two primary methods of waste disposal?

Landfill and incineration

How does gentrification affect cities?

Less affluent residents are pushed into less desirable areas.

Which is an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges?

Mercantilism

__________ is a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates.

Population composition

In which sector of an economy would someone working as a software developer be?

Quaternary

Where does a large percentage of e-waste wind up?

Recycled in peripheral nations

Which country serves as an example of convergence?

Singapore

What does cornucopian theory believe?

That human ingenuity will solve any issues that overpopulation creates

What does carrying capacity refer to?

The amount of life that can be supported sustainably in a particular environment

The "tragedy of the commons" is a reference to what?

The common grazing lands in Oxford

Which is an example of environmental racism?

The fact that a disproportionate percentage of people of color live in environmentally hazardous areas

Which of the following is an example of environmental racism?

The fact that a disproportionate percentage of people of color live in environmentally hazardous areas

What does human ecology theory address?

The relationship between humans and their environments

A functionalist would address which issue?

The way immigration and emigration trends strengthen global relationships

Which of the following is not a characteristic of multinational corporations?

They are headquartered primarily in the United States

How are the suburbs of Paris different from those of most U.S. cities?

They are synonymous with housing projects and urban poor

In 2014, what was the largest city in the world?

Tokyo

What types of municipal projects often result in environmental racism?

Toxic dumps or other objectionable projects

According to Pickens, natural gas is a promising solution to the energy crisis.

True

Human ecology looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environments.

True

MSU's ultimate vision is to be completely powered by renewable energy.

True

The sex ratio measures the number of men for every hundred women.

True

The tragedy of the commons refers to the problems associated with private land ownership.

True

Urbanization includes the sociological study of what?

Urban economics, politics, environments

__________ is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities

Urban sociology

What led to the creation of the exurbs?

Urban sprawl and crowds moving into the city

What three factors did Malthus believe would limit human population?

War, famine, and disease

When did the first economies begin to develop?

When people began to grow crops and domesticate animals

human ecology

a functional perspective that looks at the relationship between people and their built and natural environment

population pyramid

a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex

megalopolis

a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs

fertility rate

a measure noting the actual number of children born

mortality rate

a measure of the number of people in a population who die

concentric zone model

a model of human ecology that views cities as a series of circular rings or zones

population composition

a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates

zero population growth

a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration

Malthusian theory

a theory asserting that population is controlled through positive checks (war, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility)

cornucopian theory

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

demographic transition theory

a theory that describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death rates with stages of industrial development

If someone does not earn enough money to pay for the essentials of life he or she is said to be _____ poor.

absolutely

refugee

an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

One reason critics oppose globalization is that it:

has negative impacts on the environment

All of the following are characteristics of global cities, except

host influential philosophers

fracking

hydraulic fracturing, a method used to recover gas and oil from shale by drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and proprietary chemicals into the rock

climate change

long-term shifts in temperature and climate due to human activity

The type of socialism now carried on by Russia is a form of ______ socialism

market

A __________ is a large urban corridor that encompasses several cities and their surrounding suburbs and exurbs.

megalopolis

Among the reasons socialism never developed into a political movement in the United States was that trade unions _________.

secured workers' rights

internally displaced person

someone who fled his or her home while remaining inside the country's borders

metropolis

the area that includes a city and its suburbs and exurbs

environmental racism

the burdening of economically and socially disadvantaged communities with a disproportionate share of environmental hazards

suburbs

the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute

e-waste

the disposal of broken, obsolete, and worn-out electronics

gentrification

the entry of upper- and middle-class residents to city areas or communities that have been historically less affluent

pollution

the introduction of contaminants into an environment at levels that are damaging

white flight

the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs

sex ratio

the ratio of men to women in a given population

environmental sociology

the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment

demography

the study of population

urbanization

the study of the social, political, and economic relationships of cities

urban sociology

the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization

Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. Now, Ben is very antiimmigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his job. Ben might be experiencing _____________.

xenophobia