ISS 210 Exam 2
Domestication Animal Contract
* "Ancient contract" * Human protection in exchange for animal bodies * Requirement to treat animals fairly and with respect
According to Ishmael, when did the agricultural revolution end?
* 10,000 years ago
For Ishmael, what does the story of Cain and Abel represent
* Cain represents taker culture. Abel also represents leaver culture.
How do we learn what/who counts as food and what/who doesn't
* Cultural Materialism * Materialism contends that the physical world impacts and sets constraints on human behavior * We make decisions on what to eat based on our material constraints and needs * Price, taste, aesthetics, brand loyalty, etc.
Domestication
* Current theory- Mutuality. Deemphasized notions of ownership, property, and control. In favor of a more flexible cooperation, exchange and serendipity. - They have as the agency to choose what they do within their relationship; the dog will choose to snuggle with the human but if they get food in return. * Old theory- Common story that humans decided to domesticate and thus, stole wolf cubs (or other animals) and raised them and bred them. (no agency for the animals, no mutuality between human and animals) - Do non-human animals have agency? Is it mutualistic? They have agency with a lot of structure placed around them to limit their agency as much as possible without them feeling like they have absolutely none
Symbiosis
* Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. Self-domestication, co-evolution, mutual process-both benefits. * Please describe the current domestication theory: The current theory is saying that there is more mutuality of domestication, saying how we give the animals shelter protection and food in exchange for them to give us companionship Ex. ) Dogs as self-domesticating wolves ; Saami and Reindeer herds; cats and rodents in early farms
What happens to Mother Culture if we cease listening to her?
* It would disappear
Is the story of Adam eating from the Tree of Knowledge a story from the Takers or Leavers' point of view, according to Ishmael
* Leaver story, because if it was a takers story, they would view it as an ascent and not a fall. Leavers didn't see themselves as gods
Cultural Materialism
* Materialism contends that the physical world impacts and sets constraints on human behavior. We make decisions on what to eat based on our material constraints and needs.
Okja
* Personhood- being able to rescue "Best pig" gives him person * Post-Domesticity- okja is a product of a post domestic society * Agency- okja has agency on the farm * how okja is a product of post domesticity - man made, made for food, selective breeding
Cognitive Dissonance
* State of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude changes * What kind of cognitive dissonance occurs in post-domestic societies? Animals being killed far from the general populace
The Takers accumulate knowledge for what works well for things and
* The leavers accumulate knowledge for what works well for people
Why do the Takers discard past knowledge
* They discard past knowledge as they believe its useless * Leavers pass down what is used to live well for a certain culture and Takers pass down how better produce things
What is the knowledge Takers have that Leavers do not?
* They have knowledge that has been passed down for years upon years, and they value that a lot. Like how to see if there is going to be a drought or something. But the leavers didn't pas their knowledge down. They only have knowledge of people.
Subsidies
* What are these and why do we have them? Began with the the new deal during the Great Depression. Cultural aspect, meat at every meal is a tradition in American culture
Post-domesticity *******
* Where attitudes towards animals are shaped by people removal from them in their everyday life. * What are the key traits of a post-domestic society? Removal, close anthropomorphic relationship with pets, suppressed guilt about industrialization, rise in alternate eating patterns...vegan. * Does Richard Bulliet think Industrial Animal Agriculture (e.g. Confined Animal Feeding Operations) is mutualistic? no
Blind Chickens
* Who are they? Why do they pose such an interesting question? Because it is saying how chickens when they are blind don't mind being close to each other, but we would be making the chicken blind because it is our fault for raising them that way
Why do some cultures not eat pigs?
* Why do some cultures not eat pigs? Some religions might ban you from eating them, or it isn't ethical to raise in the climate * MAry Douglas perspective - pigs are impure, they have hooves and don't shed chud, they go against the law of creation * Marvin Harris perspective - people don't eat pigs in the middle east because of the climate and it gets hard to raise them. For them to be raised it must have a lot of shade, and they need to have big wallows for them. (material bases... not economical) as well as religion which got picked up a little after
Wild, Tame, and Commensal
* Wild: non-domesticated ; full agency of itself * Feral: Domesticated species currently living wild * Tame: Not dangerous to people nor frightened of people
Externalities
* an externality is the cost of benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. The price you pay does not always reflect how much a product is worth * What are the key externalities of industrial animal production? waste pits, water use, land use, feed, all that good stuff
According to Ishmael, why does the human population keep growing?
* because of the expanding food supplies * What does Mother Culture say about population control? If that's so birth control will solve the population problem
Social Evolutionism
* divided human cultures into evolutionary stages ranging from primitive to civilized - with the wealthiest Europeans and Americans in top - 19th-20th century widespread belief. Survival of the fittest applied to social and cultural aspects of humanity. * What is this and how did it influence our initial theories of domestication? We saw this control-based, domination of domesticated animals due to the frame of social evolutionism and because of our current relationship with domesticated animals in our lives
What are the three things takers do that are never done in the rest of the community?
* exterminate their predators, exterminate their food for room for their own, deny their competitors access to their food
Making Animals Killable
* how we justify killing animals for personal use * What does it mean to make animals killable? Take away the life behind the animal, such as not making them pets * How does distance from the production of animal products help make the animals killable? We aren't constantly reminded how they are killed * How do we make animals killable? By separating ourselves from them, religious: animals where uptimes here for us, Culture: myths, animals offer themselves up for us * what world view makes animals killable in American Culture: Anthropocentrism
why is the diversity a surveil factor for the community as a whole?
* keeps everyone in check
The absent Referant
* referencing the living being, which was killed on order to create the product may make a consumer uncomfortable * we serve food in a way not representing the living being it once was * Vegan and vegetarians may do this
Sahlins 'model of edibility'
* the idea that animals that are close to us we probably wont eat them
What is the peace-keeping law
* the peace keeping law is a law that promotes order so that no one species can have rule indefinitely over any other species
Industrialization of Animal Production
* why and when it began: Late 19th century, boomed 1940s and 50s * chickens body grew (1954 = 905 g : 2005 = 4,202 g) * Adding Vitamin A and D allowed for chickens to be raised indoors entirely * What is the role of technology in industrial animal production? Big role especially with GM foods, we use technology to make it easier for us to produce our food