IT C10
Learning Systems
A combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives
Shadowing:
A novice observing an expert executing her job to learn how she performs / medical intern
Predictive coding
A recent development in the area of e-discovery Involves the use of computer algorithms rather than a full manual review to determine the relevance of electronic documents in a lawsuit
Expert system shell
A suite of software that allows construction of a knowledge base and interaction with this knowledge base through use of an inference engine Available for both personal computers and mainframe systems
Organizational network analysis (ONA)
A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, Web sites, and other information sources
Explanation Facility
Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results Indicates all the facts and rules that were used in reaching the conclusion
Genetic algorithm
An approach to solving complex problems in which a number of related operations or models change and evolve until the best one emerges
Technologies That Support KM
Communities of practice Organizational network analysis Web 2.0 technologies Business rules management systems Enterprise search tools
Knowledge management (KM)
Comprises a range of practices concerned with increasing awareness, fostering learning, speeding collaboration and innovation, and exchanging insights Used by organizations to enable individuals, teams, and entire organizations to collectively and systematically create, share, and apply knowledge in order to achieve objectives
Neural networks
Computer systems that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data
Artificial intelligence (AI)
Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
Voice recognition
Converting sound waves into words After the conversion, natural language-processing systems react to words by performing a variety of tasks
The GSA's Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies supports eight different communities of practice that focus on:
Crowdsourcing Citizen science Mobile government
Biomedical informatics (or bioinformatics)
Develops, studies, and applies theories, methods, and processes for the generation, storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge
metadata
Experts agree that the most significant data Which is data that describes other data
d. over 95 percent
Facebook's AI vision system called DeepFace can correctly tell if two photos show the same person with ___ accuracy.
Learning systems software
Feedback on results of actions or decisions is required Feedback must indicate whether results are desirable or undesirable
Tacit knowledge
Hard to measure and document Typically not objective or formalized
Vision Systems
Hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
Expert system
Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert Used in many business applications Computerized expert systems use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions Components Knowledge base Inference engine Explanation facility Knowledge base acquisition facility User interface
Application of Vision System
Increased accuracy and speed in industrial inspections of parts Identifying people based on facial features
Natural Language Processing
Involves the computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating, and/or generating "natural" languages such as English
Inference Engine
Main purpose is to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base To provide answers, predictions, and suggestions like a human expert
User Interface
Makes an expert system easier for users and decision makers to develop and use
Enterprise search software
Matches a user's query to many sources of information in an attempt to identify the most important content Also used to identify the most reliable and relevant source of information can also be used to support Web site visitor searches
Ranging from mapping knowledge flows and identifying knowledge gaps To helping establish collaborative networks Like a DNA
ONA has many knowledge management applications
Explicit knowledge
Objective Can be measured and documented in reports, papers, and rules
Knowledge user
Person or group who uses and benefits from the expert system Needs no previous training or experience
Intelligent agent
Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program
Knowledge Acquisition Facility
Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of the knowledge base Knowledge acquisition software: Stores information and relationships in the knowledge base
True
Robots are increasingly being used in surgical procedures including open-heart surgery. True or False?
Two processes used to capture tacit knowledge:
Shadowing Joint problem solving
Business rules management system (BRMS)
Software used to define, execute, monitor, and maintain the decision logic that is used by the operational systems and processes that run the organization enables business users to define, deploy, monitor, and maintain organizational policies and the decisions flowing from those policies components A business rule engine that determines which rules need to be executed and in what order An enterprise rules repository for storing all rules Software to manage the various versions of rules as they are modified Additional software for reporting and multiplatform deployment
Knowledge Base
Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships that the expert system uses Rule: a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes Rules may be stored as IF-THEN statements
False
Tacit knowledge is extremely useful and can be easily shared with others. True or False?
c. inference engine
The ___ component of an expert system seeks information and relationships to provide answers, predictions, and suggestions similar to the way a human expert would.
Enterprise search
The application of search technology to find information within an organization
Informatics
The combination of information technology with traditional disciplines, e.g., medicine or science, while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society
Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
The idea is to directly connect the human brain to a computer and have human thought control computer activities will allow people to control computers and artificial arms and legs through thought alone
d. connect knowledge management to goals and objectives
The initial step in selling and implementing a knowledge management project is
Joint problem solving:
The novice and the expert work side by side to solve a problem so that the expert's approach is slowly revealed to the observant novice. Plumber trainee and master plumber
Artificial intelligence systems include:
The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes including: Learning Reasoning Self-correction
Healthcare informatics
The science of how to use data, information, and technology to improve human health and the delivery of healthcare services
b. heuristics
The use of ___ enables humans and computers to find a good solution, although not optimal, to a complex problem.
Head-mounted display (HMD)
To see in a virtual world, a user wears a HMD with screens directed at each eye and a position tracker
Many organizations attempt to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge
To share with others
streaming
When video files are played while they are being downloaded from the Internet, it is called ___ video.
c. It helps contain the specialized knowledge of experts to a few people on a need-to-know basis.
Which of the following is not a benefit associated with knowledge management?
To see in a virtual world, a user wears a HMD with screens directed at each eye and a position tracker
Wide range of assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices to help people with disabilities perform tasks
Genetic
___ algorithms solve problems using the concept of survival of the fittest as a problem solving strategy.
Game theory
___ involves the use of information systems to develop competitive strategies for people, organizations, or even countries.
a. Neural network
___ is a computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data.
c. Learning system
___ is a type of artificial system that enables a computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.
d. Pixar's RenderMan
___ software is used widely to create outstanding graphics for feature films and has been used on every Visual Effects Academy Award for over 15 years.
Assistive technology
___ systems include a wide range of devices that help people with disabilities to perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish or had great difficulty accomplishing.
d. EPS, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and Raw
____ are some of the file formats that can be used to store graphic images.
Each link represents
a flow of information between two nodes
Knowledge engineer:
a person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system
c. Facebook___
acquired the virtual reality company Oculus VR.
Communities of practice (COP)
are groups of people with common interests Members come together to create, store, and share knowledge on a specific topic Typically develops resources such as models, tools, documents, processes, and terminology that represent the accumulated knowledge of the community
The Turing Test
attempts to determine whether a computer can successfully impersonate a human Designed by Alan Turing, a British mathematician No computer has yet passed the Turing Test
A virtual reality system
enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Robotics
is a branch of engineering that involves developing and manufacturing mechanical devices that can: Paint cars, make precision welds, and perform other tasks that require a high degree of precision
AI Trilogy
is a neural network software program that can run on a standard PC
Watson
is a supercomputer developed by IBM with AI capabilities Applications Playing Jeopardy! being used by doctors to develop treatment options for a wide range of diseases
"Web 2.0"
is a term describing changes in technology and Web site design to enhance: Information sharing Collaboration Functionality on the Web Blogs Forums Podcasts RSS newsfeeds Wikis
Electronic discovery
is another important application of enterprise search software refers to any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case
Explicit
knowledge is knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified.
Each node in the diagram
represents a knowledge source
Domain expert:
the person or group with the expertise or knowledge the expert system is trying to capture
The General Services Administration (GSA)
was established in 1949 to streamline the administrative work of the federal government