IT C10

Learning Systems

A combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives

Shadowing:

A novice observing an expert executing her job to learn how she performs / medical intern

Predictive coding

A recent development in the area of e-discovery Involves the use of computer algorithms rather than a full manual review to determine the relevance of electronic documents in a lawsuit

Expert system shell

A suite of software that allows construction of a knowledge base and interaction with this knowledge base through use of an inference engine Available for both personal computers and mainframe systems

Organizational network analysis (ONA)

A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, Web sites, and other information sources

Explanation Facility

Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results Indicates all the facts and rules that were used in reaching the conclusion

Genetic algorithm

An approach to solving complex problems in which a number of related operations or models change and evolve until the best one emerges

Technologies That Support KM

Communities of practice Organizational network analysis Web 2.0 technologies Business rules management systems Enterprise search tools

Knowledge management (KM)

Comprises a range of practices concerned with increasing awareness, fostering learning, speeding collaboration and innovation, and exchanging insights Used by organizations to enable individuals, teams, and entire organizations to collectively and systematically create, share, and apply knowledge in order to achieve objectives

Neural networks

Computer systems that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain

Voice recognition

Converting sound waves into words After the conversion, natural language-processing systems react to words by performing a variety of tasks

The GSA's Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies supports eight different communities of practice that focus on:

Crowdsourcing Citizen science Mobile government

Biomedical informatics (or bioinformatics)

Develops, studies, and applies theories, methods, and processes for the generation, storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge

metadata

Experts agree that the most significant data Which is data that describes other data

d. over 95 percent

Facebook's AI vision system called DeepFace can correctly tell if two photos show the same person with ___ accuracy.

Learning systems software

Feedback on results of actions or decisions is required Feedback must indicate whether results are desirable or undesirable

Tacit knowledge

Hard to measure and document Typically not objective or formalized

Vision Systems

Hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Expert system

Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert Used in many business applications Computerized expert systems use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions Components Knowledge base Inference engine Explanation facility Knowledge base acquisition facility User interface

Application of Vision System

Increased accuracy and speed in industrial inspections of parts Identifying people based on facial features

Natural Language Processing

Involves the computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating, and/or generating "natural" languages such as English

Inference Engine

Main purpose is to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base To provide answers, predictions, and suggestions like a human expert

User Interface

Makes an expert system easier for users and decision makers to develop and use

Enterprise search software

Matches a user's query to many sources of information in an attempt to identify the most important content Also used to identify the most reliable and relevant source of information can also be used to support Web site visitor searches

Ranging from mapping knowledge flows and identifying knowledge gaps To helping establish collaborative networks Like a DNA

ONA has many knowledge management applications

Explicit knowledge

Objective Can be measured and documented in reports, papers, and rules

Knowledge user

Person or group who uses and benefits from the expert system Needs no previous training or experience

Intelligent agent

Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program

Knowledge Acquisition Facility

Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of the knowledge base Knowledge acquisition software: Stores information and relationships in the knowledge base

True

Robots are increasingly being used in surgical procedures including open-heart surgery. True or False?

Two processes used to capture tacit knowledge:

Shadowing Joint problem solving

Business rules management system (BRMS)

Software used to define, execute, monitor, and maintain the decision logic that is used by the operational systems and processes that run the organization enables business users to define, deploy, monitor, and maintain organizational policies and the decisions flowing from those policies components A business rule engine that determines which rules need to be executed and in what order An enterprise rules repository for storing all rules Software to manage the various versions of rules as they are modified Additional software for reporting and multiplatform deployment

Knowledge Base

Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships that the expert system uses Rule: a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes Rules may be stored as IF-THEN statements

False

Tacit knowledge is extremely useful and can be easily shared with others. True or False?

c. inference engine

The ___ component of an expert system seeks information and relationships to provide answers, predictions, and suggestions similar to the way a human expert would.

Enterprise search

The application of search technology to find information within an organization

Informatics

The combination of information technology with traditional disciplines, e.g., medicine or science, while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society

Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

The idea is to directly connect the human brain to a computer and have human thought control computer activities will allow people to control computers and artificial arms and legs through thought alone

d. connect knowledge management to goals and objectives

The initial step in selling and implementing a knowledge management project is

Joint problem solving:

The novice and the expert work side by side to solve a problem so that the expert's approach is slowly revealed to the observant novice. Plumber trainee and master plumber

Artificial intelligence systems include:

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes including: Learning Reasoning Self-correction

Healthcare informatics

The science of how to use data, information, and technology to improve human health and the delivery of healthcare services

b. heuristics

The use of ___ enables humans and computers to find a good solution, although not optimal, to a complex problem.

Head-mounted display (HMD)

To see in a virtual world, a user wears a HMD with screens directed at each eye and a position tracker

Many organizations attempt to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge

To share with others

streaming

When video files are played while they are being downloaded from the Internet, it is called ___ video.

c. It helps contain the specialized knowledge of experts to a few people on a need-to-know basis.

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with knowledge management?

To see in a virtual world, a user wears a HMD with screens directed at each eye and a position tracker

Wide range of assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices to help people with disabilities perform tasks

Genetic

___ algorithms solve problems using the concept of survival of the fittest as a problem solving strategy.

Game theory

___ involves the use of information systems to develop competitive strategies for people, organizations, or even countries.

a. Neural network

___ is a computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data.

c. Learning system

___ is a type of artificial system that enables a computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.

d. Pixar's RenderMan

___ software is used widely to create outstanding graphics for feature films and has been used on every Visual Effects Academy Award for over 15 years.

Assistive technology

___ systems include a wide range of devices that help people with disabilities to perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish or had great difficulty accomplishing.

d. EPS, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and Raw

____ are some of the file formats that can be used to store graphic images.

Each link represents

a flow of information between two nodes

Knowledge engineer:

a person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system

c. Facebook___

acquired the virtual reality company Oculus VR.

Communities of practice (COP)

are groups of people with common interests Members come together to create, store, and share knowledge on a specific topic Typically develops resources such as models, tools, documents, processes, and terminology that represent the accumulated knowledge of the community

The Turing Test

attempts to determine whether a computer can successfully impersonate a human Designed by Alan Turing, a British mathematician No computer has yet passed the Turing Test

A virtual reality system

enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Robotics

is a branch of engineering that involves developing and manufacturing mechanical devices that can: Paint cars, make precision welds, and perform other tasks that require a high degree of precision

AI Trilogy

is a neural network software program that can run on a standard PC

Watson

is a supercomputer developed by IBM with AI capabilities Applications Playing Jeopardy! being used by doctors to develop treatment options for a wide range of diseases

"Web 2.0"

is a term describing changes in technology and Web site design to enhance: Information sharing Collaboration Functionality on the Web Blogs Forums Podcasts RSS newsfeeds Wikis

Electronic discovery

is another important application of enterprise search software refers to any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case

Explicit

knowledge is knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified.

Each node in the diagram

represents a knowledge source

Domain expert:

the person or group with the expertise or knowledge the expert system is trying to capture

The General Services Administration (GSA)

was established in 1949 to streamline the administrative work of the federal government