IU INTL 100 midterm
Multilateralism
definition- "many sided". A preference for countries to co-operate internationally for mutual benefit significance- idealist point of view of how to provide security for your nation. supports the UN and international law
Nationalism
definition- A shared communal identification with one's nation. significane- has inspired people, created deep senses of belonging and identity, but also caused numerous wars and armed conflicts, and overhauled the political map of the world
empire
definition- A system of governance forged by military conquest as a part of colonialism with a metropole (capital) and its colonies. significance- legacies of empires have shaped nations and changed border. Rome's collapse led to the diversification of Europe as far as religion and the emergence of new national languages after latin fell into disuse.
International Regimes
definition- Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations significance- way for separate countries to coordinate to solve and issue
Global Governance
definition- Institutional attempts at global-problem solving. Significance- UN stepping in to maintain order. Decrease in anarchy that leads to wars.
League of Nations
definition- One of the very first intergovernmental organizations lasting between 1919 - 1939. significance- Significant because it was one of the first attempts at global governance, and it hoped to lead humanity to solutions for international issues.
imperialism
definition- The process or policy of trying to form and maintain an empire significance- European imperialism created the interstate system across the world. The Europeans took resources, fueling their growth at the expense of their colonies. Feuds between european empires led to the two world wars. World wars dismantled imperialism and left their colonies were left to fend for themselves, leaving a power struggle and civil wars that last today.
UNHCR
definition- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees significance- supports human rights by helping refugees find a new home in UN countries
general assembly
definition- heart of the UN that contains all 192 members . Significance- acts like the legislative branch of the UN where each member gets a vote in decisions
Levels of Analysis
definition- individual, state, international. significance-help us understand causes of war. Anarchy Waltz
Diplomacy
definition- one tool of foreign policy where one attempts to persuade another country to adopt one's point of view and act accordingly. significance- tool especially relevant to middle powers that can help represent their political agendas and national interests.
IGOs
definition- organizations formed by national governments significance- help coordinate behavior to solve problems face by governments
Amartya Sen
definition- was an author he wrote "Violence and Identity" and "Development as Freedom" and he was a Professor and Harvard significance-Reductionist theory: identity disregard and singular affiliation
World War 2
definition-A War fought from 1939-1945 between Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis) and United States, Russia, Great Britain and France. (allies) significance- Ended the League of Nations and influenced human rights movements. NATO formed shortly after in 1949. Also led to the forming of the United Nations in 1945, by the victors of WWII. sparked the conflict between the two world powers (US and USSR)
Treaty
definition-A contractual deal between countries significance- biggest role in international law
EU
definition-A political and economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. significance- Has brought peace and stability to Europe where they once went to war all the time
International Law
definition-All the agreements and undertakings that different nations make between themselves for mutual benefit significance-Creates a behavioral norm and most importantly can affect domestic law
ASEAN
definition-Association of Southeast Asian Nations-intergovernmental organization, coorperation between 10 member states in southeast asia. Meant to promote social and economic ties between nations. significacne- Holds SE asian countries together to make sure southeast Asian states aren't left in the dust by west.
Transnationalism
definition-Economic, political, and cultural processes that extend beyond the boundaries of nation-states. significance-Suggests a weakening of nation-states control of their borders, inhabitants, and territory.
Middle powers
definition-Have a level of influence and capability in between that of the great and small powers. Northern / Western developed, wealth, lack population size, military force, cultural impact, ambition to become great powers. significance-Part of cooperative intergovernmental bodies, where they get to contribute and persuade great powers to take care of their nations. Unique leverage in international powers. Often get to drive. Distribution of power.
NGOs
definition-Nonprofit, private organizations that work across borders and are separate from the government (example Amnesty International) significance- in cases like Amnesty international, the pressure of regular people around the world can have an impact on national governmental issues
NATO
definition-North Atlantic Treaty Organization also known as the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed April 4, 1949. significance-Provide for the collective security, military alliance
Samuel Huntington
definition-Political scientist, Professor at harvard, and founded foreign policy magazine. significance-Significant for his publishing of "The Clash of Civilizations". which product the conflict between west and islam
Political Sovereignty
definition-The right of a group of people to rule themselves significance-The most basic right of a country in modern international law. Gives a state "territorial integrity", or the right to territory and it's territories resources
Human Rights
definition-The rights and freedoms we all have based on physical and mental. The rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings. significance- a goal of soft power (getting people to think like you do) to improve the world. The spread of human rights fights to ensure for people a "minimally decent life" to build off of
Armed Conflict
definition-The use of weapons and physical violence by each of the two or more groups, each with the intention of inflicting damage and harm upon the others. significance- tool by which members of different social groups settle feuds
Great Powers
definition-Those countries with the riches economies and the largest armed forces. significance-Decisions have global impact, and they tend to butt heads on a range of issues
UDHR
definition-Universal Declaration of Human Rights. An international statement of values that has inspired over 80 treaties containing to human rights law, a political proclamation. significance-Significant for promoting the four core principles for all human beings. 1. Universality 2. Equality 3. Inalienability Indivisibility and interdependence
Multinational corporations
definition-a large business operating in several countries significance- principal players in international trade
Civilization
definition-a pervasive culture or way of life shared by many countries and impacting a large region of the world over time. The countries of a civilization tend to have similar systems of governance, law, economics, and culture. An example of Western Civilization significance- establishment of civilizations impact the identity of those who live in them because it establishes a culture. beginning of a state
Proximate Conflict
definition-an event closest to or immediately responsible for causing an observed result. significance- contrasted with its opposite, ultimate causation ... and when explaining social phenomenon, our understanding is always limited in proximate causation lense
UN
definition-an organization designed to be the center or multilateral diplomacy. The unofficial unstated goal is to create new norms of international behavior. significance- advances international law and helps solve problems face by countries for mutual gains
Military-Industrial Complex
definition-collectively, those people and companies - both inside and outside the military - with a vested (sometimes greedy) interest in the business of war, including the national army, private military companies, mercenaries, arms manufactures, etc. significance-Significant because it relates to the thesis that money and material gain are the real reasons behind war
Identity Disregard
definition-ignoring or neglecting the influence of identity on what individual or groups value, and on how they behave. significance-Reduces plurality of identities to assert one over the other into a atomistic identity. Individuals always go where their interests are.
UN Security Council
definition-organ within the UN and it has 15 members, with 5 permanent members including the US, UK, Russia, China, France. significance- Most powerful body and has "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Decisions binding on member states
Treaty of Westphalia
defintion- 1648. A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' war between the roman catholics and protestants significance- Marked the beginning of the modern state system. One of the earliest expressions of some kind of tolerance for difference found in any legal system.
Democratic Peace Theory
defintion-The theory, stated by Immanuel Kant (like I can't do this) suggesting that democracies have never gone to war against each other, nor will they ever do so. significance- Proof that democracy is one step towards Kant's dream of "perpetual peace"
What's the significance of both the Treaty of Westphalia and the Treaty of Versailles to our world today?
the treaty of westphalia birthed the modern interstate system. It was one of the earliest expressions of tolerance for difference found in any legal system. It affirmed the state-centric values of political and territorial sovereignty, placing the nation-state at the heart of international affairs. . .................The treaty of versailles ended world war one and broke up the german, austro-hungarian, and ottoman empires which the british and french took over to further fuel their growth. severe reparations were placed on germany, which fueled anger in germany and desperation that led to the acceptance of the radical hitler and his nazi party and thus world war two. and world war two caused decolonization afterwards so indirectly westphalia led to that too.
Benedict Anderson highlights three paradoxes of modern nationalism. What are these and how do they relate to his definition of the nation as an "imagined political community"?
(1.)Nationalism is a modern phenomenon, even though many people think of their nations as ancient and eternal (2.) it is universal (everyone has a nation), even though each nation is supposedly utterly distinctive; (3.) and it is powerful (so much so that people will die for their countries), even though on close inspection it is hard to define.......these paradoxes cite the irrationality of nations being an actual thing. people identify with their nations as if they are concrete things the idea of a nation is relatively new (westphalia), in this way it is imagined as sovereign.. People claim that everybody has a nation even though nations have borders, in this way it is imagined as limited. Imagined community because even if there are inequalities between people in nations, they always perceive a horizontal comradeship so much that they'd die for one another.
Benedict Anderson
Definition- Irish political scientist, known for work on nationalism. Significance-Wrote Imagined Communities and has the three paradoxes of modern nationalism
Anarchy
Definition- Kenneth Waltz , absence of central government or authority Significance-important in absence of central authority, possibility of war is ever present in the international system.
Globalization
Definition- the recent and increasing strengthening of ties between countries, mainly in the economic sense. Significance-Has allowed for the deep interactions between economies that a few decades ago had nothing to do with each other , and more production on a global scale.
What was Samuel Huntington's core thesis in his article "The Clash of Civilizations?" and what was Edward Said's rebuttal? Explain with at least two factual references used and refuted by Huntington and Said, respectively.
Huntington said the conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating civilizations.He used Bernard Lewis's article "the roots of muslim rage." to aid his explanation about the differences between the religion of islam and western culture being too different to be at peace. ...........Said said that Huntington's article was ignorant for its use of generic terms like islam and west to generalize a huge and diverse population. He used the 9/11 attack to support his argument saying that it was carried out by a small radical group who took "big ideas" from their religion as justification for murder.
Describe the sources of international law and explain how they both protect and undermine human rights in international society.
International law is essentially the sum of all treaties between countries. Treaties make up the majority of international law. The other sources of international law besides treaties are custom, general principles of law, international legal decisions, and international law scholarship.......treaties are deals between countries, so they can help protect human rights because they promote peace. customs are based on history, so they could protect or undermine human rights based on how the country has normally acted. general principles of law are rules that are present in most every society, these protect human rights because everybody agrees that people should be treated right. international legal decisions are decisions on legal cases in international courts, these decisions become part of international law and help shape future and provide consistency in law, protect human rights. International law scholarship is when expert peer-approved books on international law are written and read and accepted by everybody so it becomes a part of international law, this would protect human rights.
In what ways is transnationalism both a challenge and a complement to the sovereignty of nation-states? Discuss with reference to the role of IGOs, NGOs, and MNCs.
Joseph Nye- Transnational relations and world politics ----transnationalism is a challenge and a benefit because it increases the sensitivity of societies to one another. Oil companies aggravated Us-Iranian relations during gulf war, but they also maintain US-Arab relations today.......... (1) transnational interactions can cause attitude changes in the populations where peace-to-face interactions change perceptions of the citizens, which could have repercussions on the state gov. (2) Increases international pluralism (3) increases constraints on states through dependence and interdependence, (4) increases ability of governments to influence others, (5) autonomous actors with private political agendas may oppose a states policies.......... MNCs act autonomously which can be dangerous if they work have a different agenda from a government, IGOs (country depends on them) IGOs that connect two countries with similar interests increase pluralism and grow , NGOs increase pluralism (loss of identity and control).
Explain the difference between the concepts of national security and human security.
National security is singular and implies self-centeredness while human security is universal, transnational. National security most describes the ideals of realists while human security represents idealists. For realists, national security is about strengthening the nation and providing protection for it through a strong and capable military. Realists interchange national security and national defense. (smart and productive population, pro-business culture, increasing growth and trade) Ultimately, national security boils down to having hard power: being powerful and rich. . . . . .The concept of human security applies do a broader group of people. Defenders of human security challenge the military implications of national security in particular. The say having an abundance of well-armed police and soldiers, supported by high defense spending, doesn't make people secure. Rather, having resources and opportunities to pursue the things the want makes you secure. (healthcare spending, education spending, healthy economy) . . . . .Both like prosperity and economic strength. national security- national, defense and security. human security- international, health and education and well-being
Why is history important for the study of international relationships?
The key to understanding the present is understanding how it came to be. Passed events like imperialism are responsible for the contrast in western and unwestern civilizations. Westphalia treaty created the interstate system that is the basic for international relationships. ............. Cronan's "A place for stories" tells us that history increases our understanding of the nature of a place and the people that live in it. In other words, history gives us the ability to grasp the perspective of not only events, but the people living in the past that drove those events to happen.
