J387 Midterm

why did journalism of action fail?

yellow journalism came about it was too expensive not enough competition not always or routinely applicable public became critical of its political leanings and overt exaggerations

resolution of patent medicine problem

By the end of the 19th century, Americans favored laws to force manufacturers to disclose the remedies' ingredients and use more realistic language in their advertising From strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt, the Pure Food and Drug Act passed by congress in 1906

Why did Harper's Weekly lose favor?

In 1884 as a result of the new owners' Curtis and Nast opposition to the Republican presidential nominee, James Blaine

Who was Robert Bonner?

In the 1850s, Robert Bonner, bought a paper and it became the New York Ledger He made advertising history by publishing stories that appealed to women, which resulted in women becoming more interested in reading stories in newspapers and in ads directed to women Bonner also advertised his own newspaper in other newspapers, took up full page with one line advertisements for his paper

What does the "Victorian Internet" refer to and when did the phrase first appear?

The Victorian Internet is a term coined in the late 20th century to describe advanced 19th century telecommunications technologies such as the telegraph and pneumatic tubes The idea embedded in the phrase is that instantaneous global communication is not a recent invention It had already developed in mid-19th century, and that the changes wrought by the telegraph outweigh the changes in modern society due to the Internet

Other than newspapers, what other printed documents helped colonists form their opinions about the relationship with England?

Broadside of Paul Revere's account of the Boston Massacre. Pamphlets John Dickinson's "Letters" and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" and "The American Crisis" were bound as pamphlets. Magazines Developed in 17th century England and France Different views brought together by an editor The Female Tatler by Phoebe Crackenthorpe; full of social gossip, fashions news, and opinions

When was the first printing press in England?

1476

First English newspaper "coronto"

1621

When was the Townshend Act passed?

1767

When did congress pass the first amendment?

1791

Examples of primary research

(interview with grandpa, minutes from a lecture, course catalogs, diaries, personal letters)

What was the type of "paper" used in colonial printing and how was a typical newspaper laid out?

-Paper was made from linen cloth, often reused rags in the colonies -Four pages, printed two pages to a side -Page 1 = European news and essays -Page 4 = included advertising and announcements -Page 2 and 3 = reserved for "breaking news" taken from other papers and news outlets

The evolution of the newspaper occurred in three sequential stages:

1. the press is a monopoly controlled by the government 2. the press is controlled by political parties 3. the press finally breaks free from both government and politics by enlisting the commercial profitability of advertising and appealing to a much wider audience

What was the next notable achievement in chemical processing and what did it produce that changed the future of the field?

1851: The collodion process/ wet plate photography. Most significant aspect: It could produce a negative image that made it capable of reproduction; Images could now be copied allowing images of the horrors of war to be distributed nationwide The wet plate process remained the most advanced photographic technology until after the civil war. It wasn't until after the civil war that images were able to be printed through the process of "half-toning" now images could be reproduced

What was the first chemical photographic process and who developed it?

1873: Louis Daguerre creates the daguerreotype The daguerreotype created an image on silver-plated copper and required about 15 minutes of exposure time The image was a one-of-a-kind, no reproductions Not affordable to all Americans Stored in cases because they were thin and delicate

In what year and newspaper did yellow journalism first appear?

1897 New York Sun's "Is There a Santa Claus?"

the Great Library of Alexandria was founded when

300 BC

Who became the first president to direct armies in the field directly from the White House

Abraham Lincoln

What were some of the most common advertisements placed in colonial papers?

Advertisements in colonial America were most frequently announcements of goods on hand, but even in this early period, persuasive appeals accompanied dry descriptions. Ads for consumer goods "Personals" Ads about slaves being captured, sold, or escaping.

What were some the restrictions put on early printers in England?

British officials and supporters were called names; newspapers became forums for radical thought and extremism in the cause of "Liberty" -There were also church and state regulations against seditious libel (criticizing King/Queen) -They covered a lot of "sins" Authorities resisted printed news: 1534: Henry VIII enacts licensing of all printing 1542: Act of the Advancement of True Religion and for the Abolishment of the Contrary confirmed power of Crown to regulate all printing1 566 and 1586: Elizabeth I's "Star Chamber" 1734: Zenger trial

Who and when launched the first successful penny newspaper?

Benjamin H. Day launched the Sun in September of 1833

and who were some of the best- known muckrakers?

Best known purveyors: Ida Tarbell (History of Standard Oil, 1904), Lincoln Steffens (Anti-corruption in cities, 1903), Ray Stannard Baker (Railroad power/interstate commerce, 1905), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle-meatpacking, 1906).

Who is given credit for inventing the first moveable type?

Bi Sheng invented the printing press and moveable type in the Northern Song Dynasty

Who and when invented paper

Chinese in 105 AD

Who invented the transatlantic cable?

Cyrus Field, 1858

Describe the laying of the Atlantic Cable: who was the main figure involved, what countries participated, how many attempts were made before success, and what was the significance of the project?

Cyrus Field, an energetic young New Yorker wasn't deterred, and since its completion in 1866, nothing has broken his communications link with Europe—not storms, earthquakes or war. He was a businessman and financier, but he honestly had no idea what he was doing The cable failed 3 times before the 3 week success The cable was suppose to lay across the Atlantic Ocean all the way to Britain. The first try didn't work because of poor manufacturing They tried to turn up the electrical charge but it kept making cracks in the cable and eventually it broke after 3 weeks It was finished in 1866

What was "Yellow Journalism," where did the term come from, and who were its primary players?

During the 1890s, journalism that sensationalized--and sometimes even manufactured-dramatic events was a powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, journalism of the 1890s used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers--a style that became known as Yellow Journalism The term came from a popular New York World comic called "Hogan's Alley" It featured a yellow dressed character named "the yellow kid" Soon, the sensationalist press of the 1890s became a competition between the " yellow kids," and the journalistic style was coined "yellow journalism."

What role did the Spiritualist movement of the 19th century in the development of photography?

During the Spiritualist movement of the mid to late 19th century, many photographers claimed to be able to take pictures of ghosts Spirit photography was first used by William H. Mumbler in the 1860s

How and where were manuscripts produced during the middle ages, and what did they use for "paper"?

During the middle ages, books were handwritten produced by scribes (usually monks) in "scriptoria" ( a rook set apart for writing typically in a monastery) writing was also visual art papyrus was used for paper

Who was Nellie Bly and what did she do that was so important?

Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, "Nellie Bly," was on the cusp between Yellow Journalism and Muckraking. Women reporters were "Stunt girls" and "sob sisters" Wrote first-person account of life in insane asylum and went around the world in newspaper stunt

Who was Michael Faraday and what did he do to make electric telegraphy possible?

Englishman Michael Faraday discovered that a magnetic field could regulate the flow of electrical current along a wire This led to the invention of the electromagnetic battery and provided a power source for the electrical telegraph

true or false: it was possible to print photographs during the civil war

False, after

Trace the evolution of early forms of telecommunication leading up to the electric telegraph.

Fire signals Smoke signals Writing on high places (hills) Carrier pigeons Most of these were only used in emergencies Claude Chappe's optical telegraph (1790s France, fast two-way communication) Chappe's code Used by Napoleon during his campaign to rule to world. Flag Semaphore Early 1800s developed by English Colored flags used to signal Used mostly at sea Electric telegraph began with electromagnetism Alessandro Volta invented the battery Hans Christian Oersted connecting electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric current. The Electrical Telegraph Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse and other inventors Worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations.

What was the first book printed in europe

Gutenberg Bible

The most famous illustrated newspapers was

Harper's Weekly

What does the word "wrought" mean and what is its significance to a discussion of the telegraph?

In 1843, Morse received funding from the US Congress to set up and test their telegraph system between Washington DC and Baltimore, Maryland On May 24, 1844, Morse sent Vail the historic first message: "What hath God wrought!"

Steam Engine

James Watt 1769

what were some of the most memorable patent medicine products?

Lydia Pinkham's Compound was the mother of all patent medicines Coca-Cola, Pond's cold cream were popular products

When was the stamp act passed

March 22, 1765

famous civil war photographer

Matthew Brady

What was "muckraking,"

Muckrakers: reform minded magazine journalists Goal: investigate and expose abuses; let facts speak for themselves. Believed public would demand change if they knew facts In 1917, US entered World War I, and national attention shifted from reform to the war effort Later investigative reporting was sometimes called "muckraking," but true muckraking as the fact-based polemic from this period Public relations emerged in part as a response to muckraking

What are some of the innovations made by Benjamin Franklin as a printer, writer, and publisher?

One of the fathers of advertising in the newspaper industry. He was one of the first to use pictures to accompany the words for the ads Provide more details about the benefits and uses of goods than previous ads Publisher of the Philadelphia Gazette Franklin reached out to readers with new devices like headlines, illustration, and advertising placed next to editorial material. Although Ben Franklin started in the newspaper as a typesetter, he later wrote over a dozen articles under the fictitious name Silence DoGood. The paper also took to advertisingAds for consumer goods and "personals"

What was the stamp act and how did it affect colonial printers and their product?

Passed by British parliament on March 22, 1765, a tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Money was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains Viewed as direct attempt by England to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislature. Tax hit printers hard The "fatal Black-Act" Printers had to stamp all of their pages Had to pay tax collectors a halfpenny for every half sheet Amounted to a penny for every copy And a two-shilling tax on every advertisement Printers couldn't bear the cost Maryland Gazette, Expiring; New Hampshire Gazette "I must die!"; Pennsylvania Journal

When telegraph wires experienced "information overload," what other new method of message delivery was developed and how did it work?

Post via pneumatic tube was developed as a supplement to the telegraph The solution was to send telegraph messages ready for transmission from the exchange to the telegraph station in capsules through pneumatic tubes so that the exchange's telegraph line could be dedicated for incoming traffic. A complex pneumatic tube system crisscrossed many large cities in both Europe and America, sending "hard copy" messages to help alleviate the bottleneck of telegraph traffic. the steam powered tubes often originated at stock exchanges from where stock prices could be sent quickly to nearby telegraph offices for dispatch around the country

What's the difference between primary and secondary research?

Primary Sources: are original material; taken from the time period involved and not altered or changed in any way Based off of original materials that are research based Secondary Sources: generally accounts written after the fact that are the benefit of hindsight Evaluations or interpretations of primary text NOT evidence; commentary or discussion of evidence.

Censorship in the colonies was a constant reality. Name some notable instances of censorship and how they were resolved.

Printers needed to be smart business people by determining what the market wanted to hear while also being aware of political interests in order to avoids causing trouble for themselves by printing their opinions or ideas. John Peter Zenger Trial 1734: Zenger was arrested for seditious libel (criticizing the KIng) in his Weekly Journal Anne Catherine Zenger, his wife, kept publishing the paper during his 9 month trial and imprisonment This became the first legal argument in American court on admissibility of truth as evidence and right to jury (finally a truly open free press). New England Courant did not heed the warning by the government to tread lightly with political opinion and James Franklin was imprisoned for 4 weeks in 1722 for writing "scandalous libel"

Name at least 3 early colonial newspapers and talk about who they were published by, what they were known for, and what happened to them.

Publick Occurrences: Published in Boston by Benjamin Harris on September 25, 1690; only lasted one issue - 4 pages, no ads, but the last page was left blank so that readers could add their own news before passing it on to someone else. - Authorities hated the essays; Harris did not buy the required license so the paper was shut down The Boston Newsletter: first continuously published American newspaper; premiered on April 24, 1704 and published by John Campbell-Originally appeared on a single page, printed on both sides and issued weekly -Filled with news mostly from London Journals detailing English politics and events about European wars. -The rest was filled with listing ship arrivals, deaths, sermons, political appointments, fires, accidents, etc. -Blackbeard pirate killed in hand to hand combat English Courant (1721): printed by James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin's older brother -First to oppose the government, and to publish essays, letters, and verse. -One of the oldest and the first truly independent American newspaper -First American newspaper to use literary content and humorous essays. -Most expensive newspaper of that time, at 4 pence a copy. -Completely suppressed in 1727 when James Franklin left Boston

where did the term muckraking come from?

Teddy Roosevelt named the "muckrakers" after a passage from Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.

What is telecommunication and what made it different from earlier forms of communication?

Telecommunications: communication over a distance without a messenger No longer need to physically carry message Transmission, not transportation Messages go faster than messengers Telegraphy: the beginning of telecommunication To send a message, you needed a messenger--transportation and communication were not separable

What two major events led up to the Revolutionary War and how were they reported on?

The Boston Massacre and The Boston Tea Party The Boston Massacre: "Incident on King street"; March 5, 1770 British Army soldiers killed 5 civilian men and injured 6 others Soldiers acquitted by American court defended by John Adams Provoked outrage, set off propaganda battle between radicals and loyalists nearly all in print. Boston Gazette: said massacre was a part of a scheme to "quell a Spirit of Liberty"; harped on consequences of troops in the city Paul Revere engraved a rendition of the event; printed as a broadside The Boston Tea Party: Townshend Acts repealed in 1770; tea was excluded from the repeal Boats manned by colony citizens threw the tea in the harbor and drowned any floating chests Newspapers published a range of reactions to the Tea Party Pennsylvania Packet reported humorously; Boston complained much of the taste of their fish had been altered. John Hancock; "No one circumstance could possibly taken place more effectively to unite the Colonies than this maneuver of the Tea."

Name two of the most prominent illustrated newspapers of the 19th century and discuss their histories, people, and importance.

The New York World History: Sensationalist style created the first "media war" during the Spanish American War People: Joseph Pulitzer (publisher) Importance: Term yellow journalism came from the comic in the World called "Hogan's Alley" that featured a yellow dressed kid Believed that drawing in the masses through good stories could lead to reform The New York Journal History: Wanting to compete with the World, the Journal copied Pulitzer's sensationalist style. Created a second "yellow kid" by hiring the World's artist. People: William Randolph Hearst (publisher) Importance: Was determined to compete with Pulitzer's "The New York World." Relied on sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers. Hearst knew that a war with Cuba would not only sell his papers but also would put him into a position of national prominence Hearst sent his star reporters to Cuba and after the sinking of the Maine, the Journal unequivocally blamed the Spanish with no evidence Yellow Journalism

Who became the target of newspapers following the Revolutionary War but prior to the "Penny Press"?

The introduction of new forms of communication created a new historical phenomenon, the Mass Audience The Aurora: Republican Paper published in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin Bache attacked George Washington as he reached his retirement as president "The man who is the source of our country is this day reduced to a level with his fellow-citizens, and is no longer possessed of power to multiply evils upon the United States." The anger from the revolution was directed not against the British but against their political opponents Federalists and Republicans had their respective newspapers and neither of the parties had sympathy towards the other

how was the penny press produced

The penny papers placed an importance on the voice of the common people, and often published that people should be provided with a realistic view of contemporary life Andrew Jackson's democratic market society contributed more than anything else to the birth of the penny press And, in turn, the penny press contributed to the rise of advertising the penny press flourished based on increased circulation, but also due to a new importance being placed on advertising

What was the evolution of war photography and what were some of the obstacles it faced, including distribution?

The wet plate process remained the most advanced photography technology until after the Civil War and was used by Civil War photographers Photojournalism Images taken during the Civil War were the first to be distributed to a large public audience and many graphically depicted dead soldiers following battle Dozens of photographers and assistants followed each army during the Civil War The ability to reproduce images allowed for distribution to a wide audience, bringing the horrors of war to the home front. These realistic images of war, brought directly into American households for the first time, forever altered society's view of war The Crimean War (Oct. 1853-Feb. 1856) was photographed prior to the Civil War Both the Crimean War and the Civil War were extensively photographed but not a single photograph made it into a newspaper Prior to and following the Civil War, illustrated newspapers were the rage but they weren't illustrated with photographs Technology was not available yet to print photographs in newspapersIt wasn't until after the Civil War that it became possible to print photographs The process of "half-toning" allowed a photographic negative to be exposed through a screen that broke the image into a series of black and white dots of different sizes

why did patent medicine become a problem?

These proprietary, or "quack" medicines could be deadly, since there was no regulation on their ingredients. They were medicines with questionable effectiveness whose contents were usually kept secret Many concoctions were fortified with morphine, opium, or cocaine Many of these concoctions were advertised for infants and children

True or False: physically, books in the twelfth century were scrolls made of papyrus

True

What was the progress of moveable type from its original development to its arrival in Europe?

Wasn't used in China really; Spread to Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (1230) Enter Gutenberg 1400 first printing press 1476 sent printing press to mexico in 1539 brought printing press to colonies in 1638

When did advertising become popular in magazines?

after the civil war

Discuss the significance of the telegraph to the American Civil War

allowed to keep the president safe reporters were able to send encoded news back to their papers as it was happening invention of the inverted pyramid style of writing the poles and wires set the scene for telephone poles

journalism of action

characterized by a host of activist strategies by which the Journal injected itself as the the self-activating participant in solving crime, extending charity, influencing foreign policy, and thwarting what it deemed abuses of municipal government

the electric telegraph

developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse and others it revolutionized long-distance communication it worked by transmitting electric signals over a wire laid between stations all the system needed was a key, battery, wire, and line of poles between stations for the wire and a receiver

journalism of action represents the

final state in the evolution of the modern newspaper

Prior to and following the Civil War, _____________ ____________ were the rage

illustrated newspapers

what happened to muckraking?

in 1917, the US entered WWI, and national attention shifted from reform to war effort public relations emerged in part as a response to muckraking

What type of journalism did the Journal declare it did

journalism of action

What were some of the ways that news "travelled" during the colonial period.

letters, ballads, newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, books, coffee shops, taverns, central places

What was the most typical kind of publication produced on the earliest presses using movable type?

liturgical works, small devotional books on morality, and works of classical antiquity

Discuss the rise of "patent medicine," why it was so popular?

lots of sickness and no pharmacies down the block With industrialization and advertising, people sold homemade medicines Considered milder than medicine prescribed by doctors Compounds were not actually patented, but they were typically trademarked most were marketed as miracle cures or other false promises By the 19th century the manufacture of these products had become a major industry in America Because of the high alcohol content, these remedies were very popular with those who found this ingredient to be therapeutic By 1900, "patent medicine" was big business and accounted for much of ad revenue in both newspapers and magazines

What did the telegraph do to distributing mass media

newspapers flourished, becoming the last mile link for families allowed instant decision making monopolies arose

The Sedition Act

passed in 1798 by president john adams prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress

Cyrus Fields and the transatlantic cable

ran a paper company millionaire had this idea to be able to send instant messages across the ocean the first round failed and he ran out of money the second round he hired a medical doctor: Edward Orange Whitehouse electricity was still unknown Atlantic Cable Act 1856, has the Navy help lay the cable it worked first message was from the queen to the president the messages took too long to arrive, so the doctor kept adding more batteries cable failed Dr Whitehouse took the brunt of it realized they didn't have anyway of taking about electricity William Thompson an Irish physicist was hired mirror gavenhometer in 1866 they laid the wire and it has stayed there working since by the time he died there were tons of transatlantic cables

Why do we need to know about history?

so we can understands references to the past so we don't make stupid mistakes

how was the penny press distributed

suddenly, "newsboys" appeared at many street corners in New York peddling newspapers

The Spanish-American war is often referred to as

the first media war

the advent of photography marked the end of what

the golden age

Who were yellow journalisms primary players

the journal and the wall

the introduction of new forms of communication created a new historical phenomenon...

the mass audience

What are some of the innovations moveable type allowed for that handwriting didn't?

the printing press and moveable type by Bi Sheng who lived in the Northern Song Dynasty Used ceramic clay tiles because the ink would get soaked up by the wood and create distortion Printing brought about... Standardization Speed Mechanization and automation Authoritative text idea of authenticity or "official text" The gradual emergence of "mass" (as in mass media)

most magazines suffered circulation losses when

the southern states seceded in the civil war

True or false: by the end of the french and indian war in 1763, there was at least one printer in each of the 13 colonies

true

true or false: the early nineteenth century saw an explosion of print

true

How civil war photographers worked

two photographers one mixes chemicals on the glass plate the other sets up the camera and subjects glass plate, chemicals inserted in camera, exposed to light return to "dark room" on wagon to develop