Jazz 1236 Final Review
One of the earliest, and best known, of Thelonious Monk's compositions is "Goodbye Porkpie Hat." "Hackensack." " 'Round Midnight." "Body and Soul."
" 'Round Midnight."
This jazz standard has been called John Coltrane's farewell to bebop because the chord structure is so busy and difficult to play at full speed. "Giant Steps" "Naima" "My Favorite Things" "Acknowledgement"
"Giant Steps"
Which composition did Gil Evans famously rearrange in 1958? "King Porter Stomp" Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Rhapsody in Blue "Django"
"King Porter Stomp"
John Coltrane signaled his interest in modal jazz by recording a 15-minute version of the Broadway tune __________, reducing its harmony to a few chords over a pedal point. "Oklahoma!" "My Favorite Things" "Hello, Dolly!" "Body and Soul"
"My Favorite Things"
The first true bebop records date from 1935. 1939. 1945. 1949.
1945.
The Newport Jazz Festival began in 1954. 1964. 1974. 1984.
1954.
In which year did Esperanza Spalding stun the music business by unexpectedly winning the Grammy Award as Best New Artist? 2009 2010 2011 2012
2011
Charles Mingus created approximately ________ compositions. 70 150 300 3,000
300
The jazz composer Thelonious Monk wrote approximately ______ pieces of music. 70 200 500 1,000
70
After converting to Islam, ___________ returned to his native Cape Town, South Africa, where his recording of "Mannenberg" was adopted as an anthem of the resistance to apartheid. Rudresh Mahanthappa Rez Abassi Vijay Iyer Abdullah Ibraham
Abdullah Ibraham
All of the following jazz musicians were born after 1970 EXCEPT Vijay Iyer. Esperanza Spalding. Cécile McLorin Salvant. Abdullah Ibrahim.
Abdullah Ibraham
This Cleveland-born saxophonist's career lasted only eight years; during that time, he cultivated an overwhelming timbre, using multiphonics, which can be heard on his album Spiritual Unity. John Coltrane Albert Ayler David Murray Sun Ra
Albert Ayler
All of the following were associated with the loft jazz movement of the 1970s except John Zorn. David Murray. Arthur Blythe. Albert Ayler.
Albert Ayler.
Which musician recorded a two-disc album titled For Alto that consisted entirely of unaccompanied saxophone solos? Anthony Braxton Ornette Coleman David Murray Julius Hemphill
Anthony Braxton
All of the following were important Latin performers in the years before 1945 EXCEPT Carmen Miranda. Xavier Cugat. Machito. Antônio Carlos Jobim.
Antônio Carlos Jobim
The pianist, composer, and bandleader Sun Ra directed a large ensemble called the Arkestra. Interplanetary Experience. Heliocentric Worlds. Saturn Songsters.
Arkestra.
The stride pianist _______ was so innovative, with complex chromatic harmony and chord substitutions, that modern musicians like Charlie Parker and Charles Mingus listed him as an influence. Teddy Wilson Art Tatum Fats Waller Charlie Christian
Art Tatum
What brilliant stride virtuoso was once introduced by Fats Waller with the phrase, "Ladies and gentlemen, I play piano, but God is in the house tonight!" Art Tatum Jelly Roll Morton Count Basie Duke Ellington
Art Tatum
______________ identified with the generation associated with the avant-garde, performing a repertory that consisted largely of standards that she deconstructed and reassembled as if they were new compositions. Sarah Vaughn Diana Krall Betty Carter Mary Lou Williams
Betty Carter
George Russell wrote "Concerto for Billy the Kid" to highlight the following soloist: Billy Strayhorn Bill Evans Gil Evans William "Count" Basie
Bill Evans
__________,the pianist on Miles Davis's recording of "So What," helped to establish the tune's modal flavor. Horace Silver Red Garland Herbie Hancock Bill Evans
Bill Evans
Cool jazz derived its fondness for restrained timbre and light vibrato from Bix Beiderbecke and Lester Young. Louis Armstrong and Buddy Bolden. Coleman Hawkins and Ben Webster. Billie Holiday and Bessie Smith.
Bix Beiderbecke and Lester Young.
In the last of the four historical phases - a period that includes the present - jazz has become increasingly dependent on free-market capitalism for support. a popular music that bears little relation to its past. weighed down by its historical legacy. each answer shown
Brad Mehldau
From which country did bossa nova emerge? Cuba Portugal Brazil Puerto Rico
Brazil
Among the pioneers of bebop was _______, who applied the virtuoso style of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie to the piano. Jelly Roll Morton Bud Powell Earl Hines Teddy Wilson
Bud Powell
Which artist won the annual Thelonious Monk International Jazz Competition in 2010? Abdullah Ibrahim Esperanza Spalding C?3Žcile McLorin Salvant Vijay Iyer
C?3Žcile McLorin Salvant
Whose 2013 album, titled WomanChild, generated a great deal of excitement among jazz enthusiasts? Norah Jones Diana Krall Amy Winehouse C?3Žcile McLorin Salvant
C?3Žcile McLorin Salvant
Which artist used unconventional notation for his compositions, and preferred having his musicians learn his music by hearing him play it on the piano? Ornette Coleman John Coltrane David Murray Cecil Taylor
Cecil Taylor
Which pianist plays the instrument as if it were eighty-eight tuned drums, often pummeling the keyboard with his hands in dense cataracts of sound? Cecil Taylor Gunther Schuller Albert Ayler David Murray
Cecil Taylor
Which composer was among the first to pay tribute in his music to great jazz musicians of the past, such as Lester Young and Jelly Roll Morton? Thelonious Monk Charles Mingus Gil Evans George Russell
Charles Mingus
Two jazz artists responsible for fusing bossa nova with jazz in the 1960s were Nat "King" Cole and Frank Sinatra. Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz. Jimmy Smith and Louis Jordan. Dizzy Gillespie and Mario Bauzá.
Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz.
Who was the first important electric guitarist in jazz? Wes Montgomery Django Reinhardt Charlie Christian Eddie Lang
Charlie Christian
Which Kansas City-born jazz saxophonist is known as a pioneer of bebop? Lester Young Sidney Bechet Ben Webster Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker
At age nineteen, Miles Davis was hired to play with Duke Ellington. Coleman Hawkins. Charlie Parker. John Coltrane.
Charlie Parker.
While his 1957 recordings with John Coltrane are deservedly famous, Thelonious Monk's longest and most consistent musical partnership was with the tenor saxophonist Charlie Rouse. Sonny Rollins. Lester Young. Dexter Gordon.
Charlie Rouse.
Among those who appeared on early Miles Davis fusion albums were Jason Moran, Kenny G, and Diana Krall. John Medeski, Billy Martin, and Chris Wood. Chick Corea, Joe Zawinul, and John McLaughlin. Pat Metheny, Jaco Pastorious, and Jan Garbarek.
Chick Corea, Joe Zawinul, and John McLaughlin.
Which drummer led a famous swing band at the Savoy Ballroom despite being handicapped by spinal tuberculosis? Chick Webb Jo Jones John Kirby Gene Krupa
Chick Webb
The career of this highly influential hard-bop trumpet player lasted only four years, before he died in an automobile accident. Miles Davis. Roy Eldridge. Dizzy Gillespie. Clifford Brown.
Clifford Brown.
The theme of John Coltrane's A Love Supreme was Coltrane's profound religious experience. a graphic depiction of an intense romance. the birth of Coltrane's first son, Ravi. an opera by George Gershwin.
Coltrane's profound religious experience.
Jo Jones played drums with Count Basie. Fletcher Henderson. Duke Ellington. each answer shown
Count Basie.
The mixture of Cuban music and jazz in the 1940s was known as Cubop. salsa. Havana jazz. bossa nova.
Cubop.
The __________, the most popular jazz group of the 1950s, was known for its use of unusual meters. Dave Brubeck Quartet Clifford Brown/Max Roach Quintet Modern Jazz Quartet Wes Montgomery's Jazz Orchestra
Dave Brubeck Quartet
The much-celebrated return of ___________ in 1976 to the United States after fifteen years of living in Europe opened the doors to countless other musicians that no one had thought about in decades. Chick Corea Dexter Gordon Betty Carter Miles Davis
Dexter Gordon
_________, a flamboyant bebop saxophonist from Los Angeles, was inspired by Lester Young. Charlie Parker Dexter Gordon Lester Young Bud Powell
Dexter Gordon
This bebop pioneer became a pioneer of Afro-Cuban jazz. Charlie Parker Dizzy Gillespie Thelonious Monk Dexter Gordon
Dizzy Gillespie
The pianist Danilo Pérez was one of the last jazz musicians to be mentored by Dizzy Gillespie. Duke Ellington. Miles Davis. Thelonious Monk.
Dizzy Gillespie.
The jazz pianist Abdullah Ibrahim has also been known as Dollar Brand. Mannenberg. Ben Benjamin. Ekaya.
Dollar Brand.
When remarking on the fluidness of cultural identity, which jazz musician concluded, "It's most improbable that anyone will ever know exactly who is enjoying the shadow of whom"? Abdullah Ibrahim Duke Ellington Sidney Bechet Vijay Iyer
Duke Ellington
Charles Mingus consistently drew inspiration from the Swing Era bandleader and composer Duke Ellington. Count Basie. Jelly Roll Morton. Gil Evans.
Duke Ellington.
Jimmy Blanton used chord substitutions. was a featured soloist in Duke Ellington compositions. recorded bass solos that departed from the walking bass in favor of freely improvised melody. Each answer shown is correct.
Each answer shown is correct.
Among the earliest jazz-rock fusion bands in the 1960s was Free Jazz (with Ornette Coleman). the Jazz Messengers (with Art Blakey). Emergency! (with Tony Williams). each answer shown
Emergency! (with Tony Williams).
Which musician was raised by a single mother in Portland, Oregon? Vijay Iyer Esperanza Spalding C?3Žcile McLorin Salvant. Brad Mehldau
Esperanza Spalding
Dizzy Gillespie, who died in 1955, had his career cut short by his addiction to heroin. True False
False
Gil Evans wrote a piece titled "Gunslinging Bird" that had the subtitle "If Charlie Parker Were a Gunslinger, There'd Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats." True False
False
The pianist Vijay Iyer was born and raised in Southern India before moving to New York as a teenager. True False
False
This musician recorded more than 500 records and succeeded as a composer on Broadway and as an entertainer in movies. Fats Waller Art Tatum George Gershwin Jo Jones
Fats Waller
Avant-garde jazz was also known as __________, taken from a 1961 album by Ornette Coleman. Free Jazz Black Music The New Thing Fire Music
Free Jazz
Which famous drummer was featured in Benny Goodman's big band? Gene Krupa Chick Webb Jo Jones Jimmy Blanton
Gene Krupa
Which composer/arranger advocated superimposing different scales, so as to eliminate a tonal center? Thelonious Monk Charles Mingus Gil Evans George Russell
George Russell
Which composer/arranger was born out of wedlock to a racially mixed couple? Thelonious Monk Charles Mingus Gil Evans George Russell
George Russell
The Newport Jazz Festival was founded by the Boston club owner and impresario George Wein. George Lewis. Anthony Braxton. Wynton Marsalis.
George Wein.
The baritone saxophonist who became famous for leading a "pianoless" quartet in 1952 was Gerry Mulligan. Lennie Tristano. John Lewis. Cannonball Adderley.
Gerry Mulligan.
Although __________ was not technically a composer, he was someone who "elevated arranging virtually to the art of composition." Gil Evans Thelonious Monk Charles Mingus George Russell
Gil Evans
The term "Third Stream" was coined by the conductor and musicologist Tadd Dameron. Dave Brubeck. Gunther Schuller. John Lewis.
Gunther Schuller.
The "incredible" Jimmy Smith played the electric guitar. Hammond B3 organ. Fender electric piano. vibraharp.
Hammond B3 organ.
The _________ mute is made out of metal and creates a thin, vulnerable humming sound. straight plunger Harmon cup
Harmon
What changes did Miles Davis make in his band in 1968? He replaced bass and piano with their electric equivalents. He added a section of instruments from around the world, including sitar and tabla. He switched to a rock and roll format, including a doo-wop group and guitars. He included orchestral instruments, such as tuba, French horn, and flute.
He replaced bass and piano with their electric equivalents.
Through hit tunes such as "Chameleon," which keyboardist has balanced his mastery of acoustic jazz against his funk-driven fusion? Keith Jarrett Herbie Hancock John Medeski Joe Zawinul
Herbie Hancock
Which recording won Album of the Year in 2007, becoming the first jazz album to do so since 1964? Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters Jason Moran's Soundtrack to Human Motion Michael Brecker's Time Is of the Essence SFJAZZ Collective's Live 2006: 3rd Annual Concert Tour
Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters
___________ arose from the streets of the Bronx in the 1970s and by the 1980s had spread throughout the country. Acid Jazz Hip-hop Jam bands Soul
Hip-hop
Charles Mingus's small ensemble, a loosely organized group of musicians willing to perform his work, was known as the Jazz Workshop. Rhythm-a-ning. Lydian Chromatic Concept. Jazz Messengers.
Jazz Workshop.
The New Orleans revival was sparked by the 1939 publication of Jazzmen. The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz. The Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization. In This House, On This Morning.
Jazzmen.
This New Orleans musician foretold the centrality of Latin jazz by saying, "If you can't manage to put tinges of Spanish into your tunes, you will never be able to get the right seasoning, I call it, for jazz." Jelly Roll Morton Joe "King" Oliver Louis Armstrong Buddy Bolden
Jelly Roll Morton
Which of the following musicians was NOT a string bassist? John Kirby Slam Stewart Milt Hinton Jo Jones
Jo Jones
The three key figures in avant-garde jazz are Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Max Roach. Miles Davis, Gil Evans, and Herbie Hancock. John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Cecil Taylor. Sonny Rollins, Wes Montgomery, and Art Blakey.
John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Cecil Taylor.
Who was the director of the Lenox School of Jazz? John Lewis Ornette Coleman George Wein Wynton Marsalis
John Lewis
Among the members of the Modern Jazz Quartet were Gerry Mulligan and Chet Baker. John Lewis and Milt Jackson. Horace Silver and Art Blakey. Miles Davis and Gil Evans.
John Lewis and Milt Jackson.
Which pianist and bandleader who almost always played original music launched the Standards Trio in the 1980s to reinvestigate classic pop and jazz tunes? Anthony Braxton Keith Jarrett Dave Brubeck John Lewis
Keith Jarrett
______ is given credit for the new technique known as "dropping bombs." Dizzy Gillespie Kenny Clarke Bud Powell Charlie Parker
Kenny Clarke
Among the drummers crucial to the bebop style were Gene Krupa and Chick Webb. Kenny Clarke and Max Roach. Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Dexter Gordon and Bud Powell.
Kenny Clarke and Max Roach.
This smooth jazz artist, who has sold an astonishing 48 million recordings, evoked howls of derision for his dubbed "duets" with Louis Armstrong. Paul Winter Kenny G Ralph Towner Pat Metheny
Kenny G
Miles Davis's most famous album, the culmination of his experiments with modal jazz, was Giant Steps. Portrait in Jazz. E.S.P. Kind of Blue.
Kind of Blue.
Among the pioneers of cool jazz are the following pianist/composers Lennie Tristano and Tadd Dameron. Art Tatum and Fats Waller. Teddy Wilson and Billy Strayhorn. Jelly Roll Morton and Duke Ellington.
Lennie Tristano and Tadd Dameron.
Bebop soloists were inspired by the fluid, discontinuous phrasing of Lester Young and Charlie Christian. Benny Goodman and Gene Krupa. Coleman Hawkins and Ben Webster. Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald.
Lester Young and Charlie Christian.
Although Charles Mingus made his reputation in New York City, he was raised and trained in Los Angeles. Chicago. New Orleans. Kansas City.
Los Angeles.
Modern jazz became popular on Central Avenue, the African American neighborhood in New York City. Chicago. New Orleans. Los Angeles.
Los Angeles.
The talented trumpet player _______ was also the intellectual force behind bebop. Louis Armstrong Roy Eldridge Dizzy Gillespie Charlie Parker
Louis Armstrong
n the 1940s, the success of the saxophonist and bandleader ______ helped to cement the position of rhythm and blues as black entertainment. Charlie Parker Louis Jordan Ray Charles Stan Getz
Louis Jordan
George Russell wrote a book on music theory titled Pithecanthropus Erectus. Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns. Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization. Formalized (Stochastic) Music.
Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization.
Which of the following is among the best known of the contemporary jazz "jam bands"? Medeski, Martin and Wood The Grateful Dead The Charles Lloyd Quartet The Headhunters
Medeski, Martin and Wood
Which saxophonist can be heard on recordings by Pat Metheny, John Lennon, Paul Simon, and Charles Mingus? Michael Brecker Joshua Redman Miguel Zenón Wessell Anderson
Michael Brecker
The fusion breakthrough was sparked in 1970 by fusion recordings by this major jazz figure. Duke Ellington Miles Davis Ornette Coleman John Coltrane
Miles Davis
Which musician was in the studio for the "Ko-Ko" recording session but was not allowed to play on the track? Louis Armstrong Miles Davis Bud Powell Dexter Gordon
Miles Davis
_______ was a bebop soloist who became a leader of cool jazz. Miles Davis Clifford Brown Dizzy Gillespie Gil Evans
Miles Davis
The _______ is commonly known as the "Birth of the Cool" band. Miles Davis Nonet Modern Jazz Quartet Jazz Messengers Dave Brubeck Quartet
Miles Davis Nonet
Wynton Marsalis's quintet from the 1980s, featuring his brother Branford Marsalis on tenor saxophone, is understood to be modeled on the Miles Davis Quintet of the 1960s. Modern Jazz Quartet plus Sonny Rollins. Art Ensemble of Chicago. Mahavishnu Orchestra.
Miles Davis Quintet of the 1960s.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, Gil Evans had a long working relationship with Miles Davis. Duke Ellington. Lester Young. Charles Mingus.
Miles Davis.
The pianist and composer ____________ created the hugely influential cooperative Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM). Herman Blount Muhal Richard Abrams Anthony Braxton Cecil Taylor
Muhal Richard Abrams
At which institution of higher education did George Russell teach following his return to the United States in 1969? The Juilliard School New England Conservatory Case Western Reserve University Oberlin College
New England Conservatory
This disruptive genius was raised in Texas, played at the Five Spot in 1959, and released albums entitled The Shape of Jazz to Come, Change of the Century, and This Is Our Music. Ornette Coleman Cecil Taylor John Coltrane Charles Mingus
Ornette Coleman
Among the early television shows that featured a jazz score were Peter Gunn and The Untouchables. I Love Lucy and The Honeymooners. Leave It to Beaver and My Three Sons. each answer shown
Peter Gunn and The Untouchables.
The rhythm section of Miles Davis's 1950s quintet included Freddie Green and Walter Page. McCoy Tyner and Elvin Jones. Philly Joe Jones and Paul Chambers. Herbie Hancock and Ron Carter.
Philly Joe Jones and Paul Chambers.
Among the orchestral albums Miles Davis created in collaboration with Gil Evans in the late 1950s were Kind of Blue and Milestones. Porgy and Bess and Sketches of Spain. Walkin' and Steamin'. E.S.P. and Sorcerer.
Porgy and Bess and Sketches of Spain.
In the 1950s, the vocalist __________ successfully fused the blues, bebop, and gospel into a new and highly influential form of black entertainment. Frank Sinatra Nat King Cole Ray Charles Jimmy Smith
Ray Charles
Neoclassical jazz was considered by some to reflect the conservative era of __________ presidency. Franklin D. Roosevelt's Jimmy Carter's Ronald Reagan's Barack Obama's
Ronald Reagan's
This artist's recording of a nonsense song about food was so popular that she was featured on the cover of Time magazine. Margie Hendricks Ella Fitzgerald Sarah Vaughn Rosemary Clooney
Rosemary Clooney
__________ was a skilled jazz improviser nicknamed "Sassy." She was trained in bebop, had a matchless four-octave range, and was also a pop performer for Mercury records. Billie Holiday Sarah Vaughan Ella Fitzgerald Louise Jordan
Sarah Vaughan
This hard-bop musician, whose lengthy career was occasionally interrupted by brief sabbaticals devoted to practicing, recorded Saxophone Colossus in 1959. Sonny Rollins Wes Montgomery Clifford Brown Lee Konitz
Sonny Rollins
Who of the following was NOT part of the bebop generation? Sonny Stitt J. J. Johnson Teddy Wilson Dexter Gordon
Teddy Wilson
Which venue was particularly important to avant-garde jazz? The Cotton Club Minton's Playhouse The Five Spot Carnegie Hall
The Five Spot
Among Miles Davis's nicknames was The Sorcerer. Mephistopheles. Shermy. The Bean.
The Sorcerer.
What was unusual about Bill Evans's piano trio? Each of the three pianos in the group performed in a different style. The bassist was freed from keeping time to play strong melodic ideas. Evans replaced the drummer with an electric guitarist. The accompanying instruments played simply to accommodate Evans's stride style.
The bassist was freed from keeping time to play strong melodic ideas.
During the Swing Era, rhythm sections fused into a unified rhythmic front, keeping time and marking the harmonies. True False
True
Norman Granz's concerts were rowdy and competitive affairs, dismissed by critics as vulgar and incoherent. True False
True
The great Swing Era rhythm guitarists did little more than reinforce the pulse of the string bass and drummer with a steady four-beat chunk chunk chunk chunk. True False
True
Wynton Marsalis is the artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. True False
True
Along with Duke Ellington, Thelonious Monk, and Cecil Taylor, ___________ belongs to the percussive school of jazz piano. Vijay Iyer Rudresh Mahanthappa Brad Mehldau Abdullah Ibrahim
Vijay Iyer
In his second quintet, in the 1960s, Miles Davis relied on the composing talents of the tenor saxophonist Wayne Shorter. John Coltrane. Dexter Gordon. Gerry Mulligan.
Wayne Shorter.
This commercially successful fusion band of the 1970s featured Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter. Return to Forever The Headhunters The Groove Collective Weather Report
Weather Report
Cool jazz was also known as West Coast jazz. Kansas City jazz. Chicago jazz. hard bop.
West Coast jazz.
Bebop was known for the "flatted fifth," which was a harmonic dissonance. an unusual, growling timbre. strong accents added in the fifth bar of twelve-bar blues form. the use of the minor mode.
a harmonic dissonance.
In 1973, the bop saxophonist and flutist _____________ made an album called Part of the Search, exploring his memories of black radio hits. Robert Glasper John Coltrane Sonny Rollins Yusef Lateef
Yusef Lateef
Chano Pozo was the founder of salsa music in the 1970s. a popular Cuban dance band leader of the 1930s and 1940s. a Cuban conga player who performed with Dizzy Gillespie. each answer shown
a Cuban conga player who performed with Dizzy Gillespie.
Acid Jazz is a DJ-driven pastiche of old soul-jazz recordings. a free jazz-influenced style of improvising from the 1960s. a 1976 album by Weather Report. the term given to Kenny G's music by his detractors.
a DJ-driven pastiche of old soul-jazz recordings.
"Minton's Playhouse" is the Kansas City club where Charlie Parker played with Lester Young. a Harlem jam session spot where bebop was founded. the first headquarters for Jazz at the Philharmonic. a Dizzy Gillespie composition recorded in 1945.
a Harlem jam session spot where bebop was founded.
Miles Davis was fond of altering his timbre with a plunger mute. a Harmon mute. growling in his throat. each answer shown
a Harmon mute.
Gil Evans was a cool-jazz arranger and orchestrator. a hard-bop alto sax soloist. the leader of the Modern Jazz Quartet. each answer shown
a cool-jazz arranger and orchestrator.
Hard bop differed from cool jazz in that it favored complex, chromatic harmonies. light timbres and irregular meters. a heavy, dark, impassioned timbre. a reliance on popular song standards.
a heavy, dark, impassioned timbre.
"John Henry" is the given name Abdullah Ibrahim. a legendary figure in American folklore. a piece made famous by the blackface comedian Bert Williams. each answer shown.
a legendary figure in American folklore.
Among the crucial contributions of James Brown to fusion was a multilayered rhythm section. his sophisticated written arrangements of rock songs. a simple harmonic vocabulary. his signature dance moves.
a multilayered rhythm section.
Compared to swing, bebop was a self-conscious art music. a black popular music. strongly influenced by the folk revival. each answer shown
a self-conscious art music.
By "unit structure" Cecil Taylor meant a short phrase musicians would learn by ear, and use while improvising. a section for free improvisation that has a specific time limit. a harmony structure (unit) that would be repeated indefinitely. each answer shown
a short phrase musicians would learn by ear, and use while improvising.
In African American slang, the term "funky" originally applied to a strong, foul odor. excellent cuisine. a catchy backbeat. the use of illegal drugs.
a strong, foul odor.
Keith Jarrett's highly successful Köln Concert (1975) was the inspiration for avant-garde group improvisation. electronic acid jazz. acoustic New Age music. retro-swing.
acoustic New Age music.
In the shift from swing to bebop, which instrument was dropped from the rhythm section? string bass acoustic guitar banjo tuba
acoustic guitar
Which instrument does Ornette Coleman play? piano bass alto saxophone baritone saxophone
alto saxophone
In jazz, a "pick-up" is used to drive musicians from one gig to the next. amplify acoustic instruments such as the guitar and bass. keep musicians awake during late-night performances. mute the volume of a brass instrument such as the trumpet.
amplify acoustic instruments such as the guitar and bass.
The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) was an avant-garde collective from Chicago. a performing group founded by Lester Bowie and Joseph Jarman. the cultural wing of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). the official name of the orchestra organized by Sun Ra.
an avant-garde collective from Chicago.
Willie "Bunk" Johnson was an early-20th-century New Orleans trumpet player who enjoyed a revived career in the 1940s. the founder of the Newport Jazz Festival. an avant-garde alto saxophonist and composer. a journalist who coined the word "mainstream."
an early-20th-century New Orleans trumpet player who enjoyed a revived career in the 1940s.
Avant-garde jazz has been around for more than half a century and has become a genre embraced widely by the general public. an educated taste for a small, ardent audience. the most popular style of jazz today. largely forgotten.
an educated taste for a small, ardent audience.
A "press-roll" is an intense rumbling on the snare drum. a harmonic substitution. a cool-jazz countermelody used in arrangements. an arpeggio (sounding a chord note by note).
an intense rumbling on the snare drum.
"Jazz at the Philharmonic" was an interracial jam session in concert form. a nationally acclaimed radio broadcast. a performance that took place at Carnegie Hall. each answer shown
an interracial jam session in concert form.
Three narratives that are helpful for defining the history of jazz in the twenty-first century are art-for-art's-sake, fusion, and historicist. pre-historical, historical, and post-historical. first phase, second phase, and third phase. classical jazz, lingua franca, and post-historical
art-for-art's-sake, fusion, and historicist.
Charles Mingus was a virtuoso on the bass. drums. soprano saxophone. piano.
bass
Antônio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeidea (Tom) Jobim was a key figure in bossa nova in the 1960s. salsa in the 1970s. Afro-Cuban jazz in the 1950s. Argentinian tangos in the 1940s.
bossa nova in the 1960s.
Sonny Rollins was influential in his use of block-chord riffs. the baritone sax. cadenzas. breathy, quiet timbres.
cadenzas.
Before playing jazz, Cecil Taylor had musical experience in classical music. marching bands. rhythm and blues. rock.
classical music.
Third Stream music proposed to mix jazz with classical music. rock. the blues. gospel music.
classical music.
Kenny Clarke derived his nickname, "Klook-mop," from his peculiar laugh. combined snare drum and bass drum hits. preference for mallets and wire brushes. earlier professional experience as a janitor.
combined snare drum and bass drum hits.
What were "cutting contests"? recordings created by "cutting" recording tape (i.e., splicing) to eliminate errors competitions in which jazz musicians would try to outplay each other sessions at the Savoy Ballroom in which dancers would "cut a rug" drummers cutting off soloists by "dropping bombs" in the middle of a phrase
competitions in which jazz musicians would try to outplay each other
The jazz historian Martin Williams is best known for compiling the Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz. founding the Newport Jazz Festival. conducting the American Jazz Orchestra. promoting the career of Wynton Marsalis.
compiling the Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz.
Gil Evans is known for his use of ______ form, which features an individual soloist. blues concerto rondo sonata
concerto
Miles Davis played a major role in establishing which jazz styles? swing, bebop, and fusion cool, hard bop, and fusion swing, Third Stream, and the avant-garde bebop, hard bop, and the avant-garde
cool, hard bop, and fusion
Historicism suggests that artistic works arise independently of history. creativity in the present is inextricably bound to the past. innovation is inevitably linked to changes in popular culture. music should comment on contemporary politics and history.
creativity in the present is inextricably bound to the past.
Each year the SFJAZZ Collective rotates through a new group of musicians. dedicates its concerts to the works of a single jazz composer. maintains a residency at a different Bay Area educational institution. each answer shown
dedicates its concerts to the works of a single jazz composer.
In addition to using orchestral instruments such as the tuba and French horn, cool-jazz artists were inclined to deemphasize improvisation in favor of composition. borrow rhythms and emotional intensity from gospel. borrow rhythms and emotional intensity from bebop. deemphasize composition in favor of improvisation.
deemphasize improvisation in favor of composition.
Jimmy Blanton and Charlie Christian did not live past age twenty-five, both succumbing to tuberculosis. led swing bands that shifted into bebop. were killed fighting for their country in World War II. frequently challenged each other in "cutting contests."
did not live past age twenty-five, both succumbing to tuberculosis.
Gene Krupa was a drummer. bassist. guitarist. pianist.
drummer
The highly popular organ trio usually included __________ as accompaniment to the organ. drums and electric guitar bass and piano tenor saxophone and alto saxophone acoustic guitar and conga drums
drums and electric guitar
A clave is a time-line pattern on which Cuban music is based. Spanish for "keystone." a syncopated rhythm, used in two forms (son and rumba). each answer shown
each answer shown
Cecil Taylor was known for a percussive approach to the piano. composing through the use of "unit structures." playing long, extended pieces in concert. each answer shown
each answer shown
Dizzy Gillespie became famous for his beret, goatee, and unusually shaped trumpet. his bebop-style big bands. a witty, genial stage persona. each answer shown
each answer shown
Early attempts to amplify the guitar included using external microphones. connecting resonators. attaching pickups each answer shown
each answer shown
Eric Dolphy played flute. alto saxophone. bass clarinet. each answer shown
each answer shown
Fats Waller was a brilliant stride pianist. well-known singer with a comedic flair. successful Broadway songwriter, with songs like "Ain't Misbehavin' " to his credit. each answer shown
each answer shown
In recent years, nostalgia for older styles of jazz has prompted the careers of Diana Krall and Harry Connick, Jr. the establishment of "repertory bands." the use of jazz in movie soundtracks like Round Midnight and Bird. each answer shown
each answer shown
Milt Hinton expanded the walking role of the bass by playing with inventive melodic figures. using more advanced harmonies. syncopating his rhythmic support. each answer shown
each answer shown
Most mainstream singers of the 1950s began with big bands during the Swing Era. recorded songs from the peak of Tin Pan Alley songwriting. were promoted by the new medium of television. each answer shown
each answer shown
The Modern Jazz Quartet is best known for combining jazz with the Baroque style of J. S. Bach. performing together for more than four decades. performing in concert halls wearing tuxedos. each answer shown
each answer shown
The SFJAZZ Collective is an all-star combo based in San Francisco. an association of musicians seeking its own path into the jazz repertory. the West Coast answer to Jazz at Lincoln Center. each answer shown
each answer shown
The art-for-art's-sake account of jazz history is one of three historical narratives for defining jazz in the twenty-first century. considers jazz to have evolved as a series of inspired innovations. does not take fusion genres into consideration. each answer shown
each answer shown
The vocalist Cécile McLorin Salvant is of French and Haitian parentage. was born in Miami. studied law in France. each answer shown
each answer shown
To weed out inexperienced improvisers, jam sessions would often perform at a ridiculously fast tempo. modulate up a half step for each chorus. play a tune in an unfamiliar key. each answer shown
each answer shown
Which of the following counts as jazz historicism in action? the revival of entire idioms, such as traditional jazz or swing original music that celebrates music of the past modernist interpretations of jazz classics each answer shown
each answer shown
Which of the following musicians played with Duke Ellington Wellman Braud Jimmy Blanton Elmer Snowden each answer shown
each answer shown
On In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew, Miles Davis edited the audio tracks heavily in studio post-production. insisted that each track capture only a single, complete performance. relied heavily on Gil Evans's instrumentation and arranging. mixed jazz improvisation with hip-hop rhythms.
edited the audio tracks heavily in studio post-production.
Jaco Pastorius was a virtuoso on the electric guitar. synthesizer. electric bass. keytar.
electric bass.
Following the lead of Charlie Christian, Wes Montgomery played the baritone saxophone. acoustic bass. electric guitar. electric piano.
electric guitar.
Chick Corea played ______ in his band, ______. electric keyboard; Return to Forever electric bass; Weather Report soprano saxophone; the Headhunters acoustic guitar; Oregon
electric keyboard; Return to Forever
As part of its insistence on "newness," the avant-garde consistently rejected influences and allusions from jazz history. True False
false
During the years Miles Davis recorded Kind of Blue, Porgy and Bess, and E.S.P., he was addicted to heroin. True False
false
Frank Sinatra frequently incorporated extensive scat-singing and improvisation into his live performances. True False
false
Jazz did not appear in Hollywood movies until Duke Ellington recorded the score for Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder in 1959. True False
false
Jazz-rock fusion began in the mid-1950s, as jazz musicians tried to emulate the rock and roll of Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard. True False
false
Smooth jazz is all about spontaneous expression, risk-taking, improvisational resourcefulness, rhythmic excitement, and the promise of the unforeseen. True False
false
The vocalist Betty Carter was first discovered in 1969 after she returned to the United States following two decades of living in Europe. True False
false
With his 1965 album Ascension, John Coltrane made clear his adherence to free jazz (the jazz avant-garde). hard bop. jazz-rock fusion. cool jazz.
free jazz (the jazz avant-garde).
The initial phase of jazz - its genesis - occurred before the emergence of Buddy Bolden's jazz in 1905. from the 1890s to the 1920s. during the Swing Era of the 1930s. in the period immediately following World War II.
from the 1890s to the 1920s.
Miles Davis's 1954 recordings with Horace Silver and Kenny Clarke helped to establish cool jazz. hard bop. the Third Stream. the jazz avant-garde.
hard bop.
Monk's approach to improvisation is striking in its use of harmonic dissonance. fast, elusive rhythms. timbre variation. variable intonation.
harmonic dissonance.
What did John McLaughlin's Mahavishnu Orchestra contribute to the fusion scene? strong Latin grooves, deriving from a battery of Latin percussionists high volume and unusual meters (18 or 20 beats per measure) slick, commercial performances, both live and in recordings a highly political organization, combined with free improvisation
high volume and unusual meters (18 or 20 beats per measure)
In the 1990s, groups like Digable Planets, A Tribe Called Quest, Buckshot LeFonque, and Jason Moran fused jazz with hip-hop. country music. Latin music. reggae.
hip-hop.
Miles Davis's interest in modal jazz was sparked by improvising for the score of a French film. reading George Russell's theory book. trading fours with his saxophonist, John Coltrane. his love for African dance.
improvising for the score of a French film.
Modal jazz is characterized by improvising with scales over very few chords. the technical challenge of improvising in high registers. combining chromatic chord changes with melodies in the major mode. drawing the melody for improvisation out of the chord changes.
improvising with scales over very few chords.
The bebop style first appeared in public in clubs on New York's 52nd Street. at the Lincoln Gardens on the South Side of Chicago. on the stage of the Cotton Club on Broadway. in Storyville, the New Orleans red-light district.
in clubs on New York's 52nd Street.\
The term "harmolodics" is an amalgamation of the words harmony, movement, and melody. means playing several simultaneous notes on an instrument, like the saxophone, designed to produce only a single note. was coined by Cecil Taylor to describe his unique approach to composition. each answer shown
is an amalgamation of the words harmony, movement, and melody.
John Coltrane's A Love Supreme is unusual in that it is divided into four "movements" with abstract titles (e.g., "Acknowledgement"). focuses relentlessly on Coltrane's approach to harmonic improvisation. places Coltrane in the midst of a large jazz orchestra. features Coltrane playing songs from Broadway shows.
is divided into four "movements" with abstract titles (e.g., "Acknowledgement").
Bebop differed from swing in that it was performed by small combos rather than big orchestras. it used the tuba and banjo instead of the string bass and guitar. it was more closely linked to popular music. each answer shown
it was performed by small combos rather than big orchestras.
The musical innovations of bebop grew out of jam sessions. commercial recordings. public concerts. talent contests.
jam sessions.
The newest phase of jazz has been strongly affected by the involvement of most of its musicians in contemporary politics. jazz education. environmental issues. feminist theology.
jazz education.
The earliest form of rhythm and blues was known in the 1940s as jump music. loft music. soul. bossa nova.
jump music.
The pianist Art Tatum was a student of Sergei Rachmaninoff. born in Kansas City. legally blind. each answer shown
legally blind.
In the 1970s, avant-garde music moved its performances from jazz clubs to apartments, galleries, and other places. What was this music called? rent music loft music paradox music The New Thing
loft music
George Russell's explorations of jazz theory helped pave the way for this jazz technique. bebop Third Stream modal jazz saoul jazz
modal jazz
Thelonious Monk was known for his mood swings and episodes of idiosyncratic behavior. innovative bass playing politically motivated approach to composition. each answer shown
mood swings and episodes of idiosyncratic behavior.
"Chasin' the Trane," John Coltrane's first foray into the avant-garde, makes relentless use of multiphonics. half-valving. irregular meter. the press-roll.
multiphonics.
Jazz historicism was promoted as early as the 1970s by Wynton Marsalis's Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra. New Orleans revivalists. musicians from the jazz loft scene. the federal government.
musicians from the jazz loft scene.
Calling jazz "classical music" means that no new jazz styles are possible. one can recognize old jazz styles while allowing for new jazz styles. jazz has abandoned its earlier claims to virtuosity. each answer shown
one can recognize old jazz styles while allowing for new jazz styles.
Art Tatum was a virtuosic singer. pianist. trumpeter. each answer shown
pianist
The guitarist Tiny Grimes and the bassist Slam Stewart found popular success in a trio led by the pianist Art Tatum. drummer Chick Webb. pianist Fats Waller. drummer Jo Jones.
pianist Art Tatum.
In addition to his compositions, Thelonious Monk was known as a ______ soloist. trombone trumpet tenor saxophone piano
piano
Jason Moran plays the tenor saxophone. trombone. electric bass. piano.
piano
Which instrument did Cecil Taylor play? piano bass saxophone trumpet
piano
Which rhythm section instrument(s) did Ornette Coleman routinely omit on his recordings? piano bass drums each answer shown
piano
Vijay Iyer plays the saxophone. trumpet. bass. piano.
piano.
Among the techniques that Wes Montgomery developed was playing solo lines with his thumb. intense distortion from feedback. playing the guitar backwards. each answer shown
playing solo lines with his thumb.
Ornette Coleman challenged musical convention by playing with microtonal pitches. using a plunger mute on a saxophone. feeding his performance through a guitar amplifier. each answer shown
playing with microtonal pitches.
The term "fusion" refers to the boundary between jazz and classical music. popular music. the blues. world music.
popular music.
The style of music on Miles Davis's 1960s albums, such as E.S.P., which expressed a balance between the conventions of modern jazz and the free-wheeling jazz avant-garde, is known as postbop hard bop fusion cool jazz
postbop
Bill Evans was especially influential in his pioneering of scat-singing vocal techniques. quartal harmony. unusual combinations of instruments (flute, French horn, tuba). multiphonics
quartal harmony.
Thelonious Monk's professional career began in the pit band at the Cotton Club. rhythm section at Minton's Playhouse. Benny Goodman Orchestra. New York Philharmonic.
rhythm section at Minton's Playhouse.
The drummer Kenny Clarke shifted the pulse from the bass drum to the ride cymbal. high-hat cymbal. tom-toms. snare drum.
ride cymbal
What musical revolution occurred outside the gates of jazz and popular music in the middle 1950s? soul funk rhythm and blues rock and roll
rock and roll
One challenge that jazz faced in its competition with rock was the virtuosity of early rock musicians. rock musicians' increased use of new technologies in the recording studio. the complexity of rock's chromatic harmonies jazz musicians' insistence on a steady eighth-note 4/4 beat.
rock musicians' increased use of new technologies in the recording studio.
In the mid-1960s, Latin American musicians created a new hybrid style known as Nuyorican. salsa. bossa nova. Cubop.
salsa
Bebop gets its name from the scat syllables that reflecting the new rhythmic style. title of a 1945 recording by Dizzy Gillespie. slang word for marijuana. each answer shown
scat syllables that reflecting the new rhythmic style.
Jazz transformed from a community-based phenomenon to an authentic art of unlimited potential in the first phase (1890s-1920s). second phase (1920s-'50s). third phase (1950s-'70s). fourth phase (1970s-present).
second phase (1920s-'50s).
In addition to winning Grammy awards for his performances of both jazz and classical music, Wynton Marsalis is known for a duets album with Ray Charles. coining the term "mainstream" to denote jazz that is neither old-fashioned nor avant-garde. serving as artistic director of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra in New York City. his ultra-modern, avant-garde style.
serving as artistic director of the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra in New York City.
In the period from the 1950s to the 1970s, jazz established itself as the nation's dance music. shifted from a popular music to a marginal listener's music. became a staple of mainstream radio and television. survived primarily because of academic study and private grants.
shifted from a popular music to a marginal listener's music.
Walter Page's bass lines were wild and virtuosic. unusual in being played on electric bass. simple and metronomically reliable. known for their chromatic complexity.
simple and metronomically reliable.
Microtones are notes that are of extremely short duration. chromatic extensions of chords. barely audible. smaller than a half step.
smaller than a half step
Jo Jones's great innovation was that he transferred the beat from the snare and bass drums to the high-hat cymbal. tuba to the string bass. rhythm section to the saxophone section. cymbals to the tom-toms.
snare and bass drums to the high-hat cymbal.
Although fusion from the late 1960s is often called "jazz-rock," it really resulted from jazz's borrowings from the blues. soul or funk. film music. hip-hop.
soul or funk.
Some critics feel that Miles Davis was less skilled as a trumpet player in his __________ than Dizzy Gillespie. speed and virtuosity personal tone use of a mute each answer shown
speed and virtuosity
Of all the instruments in the rhythm section, _______ was the slowest to reach artistic maturity. piano guitar drums string bass
string bass
Ornette Coleman's compositions were strongly melodic and emotional. a thicket of dissonant chords. virtually nonexistent - an invitation to "free improvisation." modal pieces based on current popular songs.
strongly melodic and emotional.
John Coltrane played the _____ saxophone. baritone alto tenor C-melody
tenor
Sonny Rollins plays the trombone. tenor saxophone. clarinet. alto saxophone.
tenor saxophone.
American jazz musicians depend on playing at summer jazz festivals abroad, which can attract __________ of visitors. hundreds thousands tens of thousands hundreds of thousands
tens of thousands
Like most of the mature singers of the 1950s, Frank Sinatra used __________ for his hit recordings. the 33-1/3 rpm long-playing album the 78 rpm disc the 45 rpm single eight-track tape
the 33-1/3 rpm long-playing album
In a series of five albums called The Art of the Trio, the pianist ____________ brought a powerfully meditative approach to pop standards, jazz, classics, and original pieces. Vijay Iyer Brad Mehldau Duke Ellington Abdullah Ibraham
the Berklee College of Music.
One crucial factor for the switch in Latin jazz to Brazilian music in the early 1960s was the success of the American space program. the Cuban revolution in 1959. Orval Faubus's attempts to prevent integration of Central High in Little Rock. the British Invasion, which brought the music of the Beatles to America.
the Cuban revolution in 1959.
The goal of _____________ was to combine chronological history with musical technique, and to rid jazz of semi-mystical notions of racial or "natural" talent. Jazz at Lincoln Center the Newport Jazz Festival the Lenox School the SFJazz Collective
the Lenox School
John Lewis left the Miles Davis Nonet and formed his own jazz ensemble, called the Jazz Messengers. the Modern Jazz Quartet. Weather Report. Spyro Gyra.
the Modern Jazz Quartet.
During which time frame was jazz most thoroughly integrated into the popular entertainment industry? New Orleans jazz (1917-1925) the Swing Era (1935-1945) bebop (1945-1955) cool jazz (1950-1960)
the Swing Era (1935-1945)
The oldest and most important educational institutions devoted to jazz performance can be found at The Juilliard School and the Peabody Institute. the University of North Texas and the Berklee College of Music. the Lenox School of Jazz and the Newport Jazz Festival. Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania.
the University of North Texas and the Berklee College of Music.
Charlie Parker was crucial for linking the modernist complexity of bebop with the blues. classical music. gospel music. the marching band.
the blues.
Charles Mingus's "Fables of Faubus" was a protest sparked by the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. the lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina. Rosa Parks's defiance of segregation in Montgomery, Alabama. the murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi.
the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Hard bop tended to feature longer solos, in part because of the end of Prohibition. the invention of the LP (long-playing record). television. the Civil Rights movement.
the invention of the LP (long-playing record).
Art Blakey was a founding member of the Modern Jazz Quartet. a founding member of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet. the leader of the Jazz Messengers. the drummer for the Dave Brubeck Quartet.
the leader of the Jazz Messengers.
"Rhythm Is Our Business" is the title of Jimmie Lunceford's autobiography. the title of Jimmie Lunceford's number one hit record. a film that documents the transition from swing to bebop. the motto for the jazz club Minton's Playhouse.
the title of Jimmie Lunceford's number one hit record.
All of the following are musical characteristics of soul jazz EXCEPT borrowings from gospel music. the use of orchestral instruments. a strong backbeat. popular dance rhythms.
the use of orchestral instruments.
Which of the following most directly affected jazz musicians' ability to participate in the rock revolution? their gender their age their race their class
their age
Esperanza Spalding further developed her talents at the University of Washington. the Berklee College of Music. Colorado College. Harvard University.
they have in common a style of improvisation grounded in bebop yet open to innovation.
Which innovation did Gil Evans introduce on the groundbreaking 1957 album Miles Ahead? modal harmonic progressions transitional interludes between tracks scoring for a nine musicians, including tuba and French horn each answer shown
transitional interludes between tracks
"Neoclassical" jazz meant the whimsical use of older styles as resources in a "free jazz" context. treating older styles as a canon of masterpieces for contemporary jazz. considering jazz as independent from historical context. an approach to jazz as a form of popular culture.
treating older styles as a canon of masterpieces for contemporary jazz.
What are slash chords? triads resting on top of unrelated bass roots (e.g., E/C, or "E-slash-C") chords reduced (or slashed) to one or two notes harmony "slashed" by heavily distorted electric guitars each answer shown
triads resting on top of unrelated bass roots (e.g., E/C, or "E-slash-C")
Avant-garde jazz dispensed with a steady beat, preferring an ambiguous pulse or several pulses at once. True False
true
Miles Davis grew up in a wealthy black family. True False
true
The historicist model of jazz history is curtailed in periods of renewed creativity that pay homage to the past. True False
true
Thelonious Monk's compositions rarely departed from the twelve-bar blues and thirty-two-bar pop song forms. True False
true
Wynton Marsalis plays the trumpet. piano. tenor saxophone. each answer shown
trumpet.
Which of the following was NOT a Miles Davis album from the late 1960s? Filles de Kilimanjaro Bitches Brew In a Silent Way! Tutu
tutu
The vocalist Nat King Cole was an accomplished a jazz pianist. recorded "Come On-a My House" also played rhythm and blues saxophone. each answer shown
was an accomplished a jazz pianist.
A 1941 recording featuring Charlie Christian and Kenny Clarke is striking in that it was recorded live at a jam session. featured Christian as a soloist with the Benny Goodman Orchestra. highlighted Christian's expressive scat-singing. remains commercially unavailable.
was recorded live at a jam session.
In the period from the 1950s to the 1970s, jazz established itself as the nation's dance music. shifted from a popular music to a marginal listener's music. became a staple of mainstream radio and television. survived primarily because of academic study and private grants.
weighed down by its historical legacy.
