JJ Exam 4

-some may be more likely to get probation depending on the type of offense that they committed -diversion programs - teen/youth courts; mental health courts; restorative justice interventions; truancy prevention/intervention programs; and mentoring programs -_______ _______- Elmira Model; Father of Prison Reform, Father of Parole and Probation -juvenile found a delinquent - dispositional hearing mandatory to process through the system -police officers stricter on juveniles getting detained than intake officers -_____ _____- receive the appropriate reward or (more usually) punishment for one's actions. -____ _______- is a procedural defense that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same charges following an acquittal and in rare cases prosecutorial and/or judge misconduct in the same jurisdiction -rehab model is liberal -crime control model is conservative - more likely to be used w/ adults than juveniles -restorative justice model - return victims and community into the condition they were before criminal act occurred -arrest standard - probable cause that someone committed a specific crime -4th amendment - no unreasonable searches and seizures -youths who are violent are more likely to be waived to an adult court than other crimes -Informal disposition means resolution without a formal hearing, usually by agreement between the student and OSC. Informal disposition can also include unilateral conduct action if a student fails to participate in the conduct process, or sanction without agreement.

Zebulon Brockway just deserts double jeopardy

-Crimes committed by juveniles: ____% property crimes, ___% public order crimes, ___% status offenses, ___% crimes against persons, ___% drug related crimes Juvenile Court Process: -detention - petition needs to be filed -juvenile arrested - call parents/guardians and turn them over (most times), intake officers must decide if case should go forward (what was the offense); most juveniles who are referred to court are not detained -83% of juvenile offenders were released to their parents -court intake officers decide if case should be formally processed in the court or screened out and handled informally -case serious (crimes v. person) judge will order pre-dispositional investigation (find out more about juvenile's history - juvenile record, school record, behavior) -waived to adult court - rare occasion -5th and 14th amendment - due process rights - apply to juveniles -_______ conference will allow the court to determine if child should be further punished and this is held in the judge's office w/ youth but will have the defense attorney and prosecutor --judge may make some overtures to the guardian/parents and child may change their sentence from not true to true: shows child has accepted responsibility -sometimes keeping them in detention is the best for society -adjudication will have a preliminary hearing and the adjudication phase like trial phase in adult court -reasonable doubt standard now required not preponderance of the evidence -intake process (very important) deals more w/ the interest of the child than punishment -most cases referred for adjudication do not proceed -after intake screening prosecutor becomes more involved -intake officers have limited powers and not allowed to divert a felony charge w/o prosecutor's approval

46 21 17 11 5 pre-hearing

Chapter 16 Review: -Today, more delinquents are treated in the community than are adjudicated to training schools, because juvenile judges remain supportive of the least-restrictive or soft-line approach for minor offenders. -Community-based corrections includes probation, residential and day treatment programs, and aftercare. -Clients placed on probation or in aftercare are more likely to participate in intensive supervision programs than in the past. -Youths who have failed on probation or who have committed serious crimes are likely to be sent to a private or public juvenile correctional placement. -Long-term juvenile institutions consist of camps, ranches, boot camps, and training schools. -Although the proportion of juveniles who are sent to long-term facilities is small, these institutions of last resort are an integral part of society's efforts to exercise control over juveniles who break the law. -Training schools tend to be quite expensive, but the length of time residents spend there, the programs that are offered, and the nature of the peer subcultures within them tend to vary from state to state and even from training school to training school. -______, or parole as it is called in some states, has much in common with probation. Indeed, in some jurisdictions, the same officer is responsible for both a probation and aftercare caseload. -Juveniles who are transferred to adult court may be sentenced to spend time in an adult prison.

Aftercare

Post Dispositional Processing: -deal w/ aftercare - counseling, meet someone - probation/parole officer, substance abuse meetings -recidivism is high among juveniles -do not have a constitutional guarantee for an appeal Cases: -______ v. ______ 1966- right to treatment is constitutional; failure to provide not justified by lack of resources -______ v. ______ 1971- Right to treatment decision - established minimum standards of treatment for individuals in mental health facilities -______ v. ______ 1974- the misuse of tranquilizing drugs in a juvenile correctional institution constitutes cruel and unusual punishment -over half cases referred to intake process do not go beyond that point --diverted out more than adults as labeling criminal generally does more harm than god at this age -prosecutor the most powerful in intake process - decided to dismiss/divert case or create a formal petition -prosecutor involved in the intake process - prosecutor reviews a _______ (document that examines if there is evidence to establish probable cause) and can drop/divert at this point -intake officials are not allowed to dismiss/divert a felony charge w/o prosecutor's approval -intake officer involved in probation and parole -charges true - juvenile aftercare or appeal -focus of the court (legal philosophy) - best interest of the child, treatment, rehabilitation -adult court focuses on punitive actions -detention w/ juveniles controversial - some argue that it is not in the best interest of the child -______ ______- female criminals receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system and in news coverage of their crimes than their male counterparts; need to protect females

Rouse v. Cameron Wyatt v. Stickney Nelson v. Heyne petition chivalry hypothesis

-________- the court process wherein a judge determines if the juvenile appearing before the court committed the act with which he or she is charged. The term adjudicated is analogous to convicted in the adult criminal justice system and indicates that the court concluded that the juvenile committed the act -____ ____- court proceeding in which a panel of the defendant's peers evaluate evidence and render a verdict. The USSC has held that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to this, but several jurisdictions permit juveniles to choose a jury trial -_____ _____- split adjudication and disposition hearings, which are the present trend of the juvenile court -_____- the review of juvenile court proceedings by a higher court. Although no constitutional right of appeal exists for juveniles, the right of adjudicated juveniles to appeal has been established by statute in some states -______ ______- review of the decision of a juvenile court proceeding by a higher court. Decisions by appellate courts, including the USSC, have greatly affected the development of juvenile court law and precedent -_____ _______- a model of sentencing that provides fixed terms of sentences for criminal offenses. Terms are generally set by the legislature rather than determined by judicial discretion -______ _______- in juvenile justice, a sentencing model that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively nonspecific sentences. Under the model, a juvenile judge has wide discretion and can commit a juvenile to the department of corrections or youth authority until correctional staff make the decision to release the juvenile. This type of sentencing is used with juveniles in most jurisdictions other than those that have mandatory or determinate sentencing -______ ____ ______ _____- a project jointly sponsored by the Institute of Judicial Administration and the American Bar Association that proposes that juveniles' sentences be based on the seriousness the offense committed rather than on the "needs" of the child -_____- a criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a state or federal correctional institution, usually for one year or more -______ _______- the requirement that individuals who commit certain offenses by sentenced to a specified length of confinement if found guilty or adjudicated delinquent

adjudication jury trial bifurcated hearing appeal appellate review determinate sentencing indeterminate sentencing Juvenile Justice Standards Project Felony mandatory sentencing

Chapter 15 Review: -The juvenile court concept, as originally formulated, was built on the idea of parens patriae, or of the state acting as substitute parent in keeping with the best interests of the child. -Another ideal underlying the juvenile court concept is that children are malleable and that their personalities are not yet fully formed-offering the opportunity for reformation and rehabilitation. -The classic purposes of the juvenile court have today come under scrutiny as policymakers, facing public outcry over what some see as an increasingly violent and dangerous juvenile population, have been forced to rethink the proper role of the court. -The resolution of the current debate, whatever its outcome, will have long-term repercussions for American juvenile justice. -Beginning in the 1960s, important U.S. Supreme Court decisions accorded juveniles a significant number of due process rights. As a consequence, the typical juvenile court hearing today has many of the trappings of an _____ criminal trial. -Noteworthy decisions of the 1970s show that the Court has been unwilling to transform the activities of the juvenile court completely into an adversarial battleground like proceedings in adult criminal court. -The pretrial procedures of the juvenile court consist of the detention hearing, the intake process, and the transfer procedure. -The adjudicatory hearing is the fact-finding stage in juvenile court. The judge, the defense attorney, and the prosecutor are typically present at the adjudicatory hearing, especially in larger jurisdictions; witnesses are cross-examined and proof beyond a reasonable doubt must be established. -Once a child is found delinquent, the judge then determines the most fitting disposition. Available judicial alternatives may range from dismissal to placement in a state or private training school. -Juvenile court sentencing structures have expanded in many jurisdictions; having gone beyond the indeterminate sentence model, they today include various forms of determinate sentencing. -The 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case of Roper v. Simmons precludes execution of anyone who commits a crime while under the age of eighteen.

adult

Prosecutor's Role in Juvenile Cases: -intake officer wants to hold child in detention they must do so w/ the approval of a judge and the police must provide an affidavit (establishes probable cause) and the prosecutor will review the filing document for any errors and to approve the charges -plea bargain - prosecutor, defense, judge meet to determine how each person wants to have this case disposed w/ the judge making the decision -need dispositional hearing to determine the child's needs --hearing over doesn't mean case is disposed of - charges can be dropped or amended to better fit society's goals and the individual being charged -pre-adjudicatory- point at which the formal charges will be presented as the hearing (tried for) and decision made on juvenile in which to proceed -detention of juveniles in a correctional facility adds to their social disabilities -juveniles don't have much w/ due process rights compared to _____ Punishment: -nominal options - no punishment unless serious charge, probation, ankle monitor -conditional options - restitution, fines, community service -custodial options - nonsecure custodial options: group home, foster homes, youth camps, ranches, halfway house and required to be disciplined or can't stay w/ house parent and must also do work and school; secure custodial options - last resort for juveniles like reform schools and industrial schools Structure of the Modern Court: -been a narrowing of the jurisdiction as it applies to juveniles in all phases -court became more punitive after Ronald Reagan's tough on crime

adults

Chapter 14: -_____- the process of taking a person into custody for an alleged violation of the law. Juveniles who are under arrest have nearly all the due process safeguards accorded to adults -_____- a summons to appear in juvenile court -________- a pretrial identification procedure used w/ both juveniles and adults following arrest -_____ _____- a specialized unit established by some police departments to address the problem of gangs -______ _______- in some police departments, a police officer who has received specialized training so as to be able to work effectively w/ juveniles -______ v. _______- the landmark 1966 USSC ruling that suspects taken into police custody must, before any questioning can take place, be informed that they have the right to remind silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to legal counsel -_____ _____- a police officer's ability to choose from among a number of alternative dispositions when handling a situation -_____ ______- the process of interviewing a person who has been arrested w/ the express purpose of obtaining a confession -____ _____ ______- procedures such as fingerprinting, photographing, and placing juveniles in lineups for the purpose of identification prior to formal court appearance -____ ____ _______- police procedures used in the investigation of crimes for the purpose of gathering evidence -_____ _____- one of several disposition options available to a police officer whereby a juvenile is taken to the police station following a complaint, the contact is recorded, and the juvenile is given an official reprimand and then released to his or her parents or guardians

arrest citation fingerprinting gang unit juvenile officer Miranda v. Arizona police discretion police interrogation pretrial identification practices search and seizure station adjustment

Chapter 16: -______-_____ _______- corrections programs that include probation, residential and day treatment programs, and parole (after-care). The nature of the linkages between community programs and their social environments is the most distinguishing feature of community based corrections. As frequency, duration, and quality of community relationships increase, the programs become more community based -_______- a court sentence under which the juvenile's freedom in the community is continued or only briefly interrupted, but the person is subject to supervision by a probation officer and the conditions imposed by the court -_____ _____- an officer of the court who is expected to provide social history investigations, to supervise individuals who have been placed on probation, to maintain case files, to advise probationers on the conditions of their sentences, to perform any other probationary services that a judge may request, and to inform the court when persons on probation have violated the terms of that probation -_____ _____ _____- a written report of a juvenile's social background that probation officers prepare for a juvenile judge to assist that court in making a disposition of a youth who has been ruled delinquent -_______- the observation of probationers by probation officers, intended to ensure that probationers comply with the conditions of probation and that they do not break the law -______- court-ordered repayment to the victim; often used together with community service as a condition of juvenile probation -_____ ______ ______- court-required restitution in which a juvenile spends a certain number of hours working in a community project

community-based corrections probation probation officer social history report surveillance restitution community service project

-_______- a charge made to an intake officer of the juvenile court that an offense has been committed -_____ ______- an attempt to handle a youthful offender outside of the formal structures of the juvenile justice system -______ ______- an arrangement in which, instead of being adjudicated as a delinquent and place on probation, a youth is informally assigned to the supervision of a probation officer -_____ _____- a formal agreement between a juvenile and the court in which the juvenile is placed under the court's supervision without a formal finding of delinquency -_____ ____- criminal courts that hear the cases of adults charged with crimes, and to which juveniles who are accused of having committed serious offenses can be waived (transferred). In some states, adult criminal courts have jurisdiction over juveniles who are accused of committing certain specified offenses -_____ ______- the procedure of relinquishing the processing of a particular juvenile case to adult criminal court; also known as certifying or binding over to the adult court -_____ _____- the process of transferring (also called certifying) juveniles to adult criminal court It takes place after a judicial hearing on a juvenile's amenability to treatment or his or her threat to public safety -______ ______- legislative action that narrows juvenile court jurisdiction, excluding from juvenile courts those youths charged with certain offenses -_____ _____- provisions that permit a juvenile who is being prosecuted as an adult in criminal court to petition to have the case transferred to juvenile court for adjudication or disposition -______ _______- the imposition of juvenile and/or adult correctional sanctions on serious and violent juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated in juvenile court or convicted in criminal court

complaint informal adjustment informal probation concept decree adult court judicial waiver binding over legislative waiver reverse waiver blended sentencing

Adjudication - Trial: -use different terms on purpose - avoid stigma -True, Not True; Guilty, Not Guilty -Judge trial not bench trial -children held in custody before trial more likely to be ______ -be held in detention look at - juvenile delinquent history, type of offense, if protection of juvenile is needed Schools and Delinquency: -schools don't function the same as they did in the past - more lenient -schools in modern era - more complex crimes than in the past while at the same time society expects the school to take a role in the socialization of the child -schools more violent today -schools socialize children in appropriate and inappropriate behavior -counseling services expected at schools, entertainment as well as instruction in the classroom on topic they're taking -_______- in the context of education, is the practice of placing students with special education needs in a general education classroom during specific time periods based on their skills --highly criticized by some as the focus goes on the children w/ special needs than those w/o special needs - lack of resources -educational failure related to behavior disorders -schools are poorly prepared to deal w/ violence and other forms of misbehavior Juvenile Courts: -Established in 1899 Cook County, Illinois -designed to act as an advocate for child's rights and saviors - not really that successful and started waiting people to adult court -overreaction to youths who engage in status offenses - should not be put in detention facilities

convicted, mainstreaming

Transfer to Adult Court: -1 of the consequences of modern court system for juveniles - constant changes in JJ system and juvenile courts have lost a lot of their jurisdiction (been taken away) -types of cases where judge will oversee abuse and neglect cases which is different form adult court -a lot of irregularities in sentencing -> want to change this Juvenile Detention (Stages in Juvenile Justice Process) -______ is a decision that has to be made by a judge otherwise police can only keep them for a limited time -to detain they look at seriousness of the act, protection of the child, diagnostic evaluation, nature of the offense - this decision is commonly made by a ______ _____ Intake Screening: -most adult courts don't have this, how a juvenile makes their way through the system -sometimes referred to as a filter to help meet the child's needs and society's needs -a lot of facilities don't have enough personnel or a physical plan to do a good job -various levels of JJ process, a very small % of cases make it to juvenile court -court intake officer - job is important for due process and assessing the strength of the case; they can file a petition: delinquency, treat as status offender, abused, neglected, and/or dependency - all ways to get into juvenile court --is suppose to weigh equally the needs of the child w/ the legal demands presented by the police --intake decision can be formal or informal --not unusual for them to not file a formal petition with the court --screen of individual occurs - background check -informal does not involve the court as much; formal involves the court -informal adjustments can be viewed negatively if the person recidivates

detention, probation officer

-not uncommon for an intake officer to not file charges/formal petition -pre-adjudication conferences - like plea bargain - determine continuation of case or not -Trial True or Not True not Guilty or Not Guilty -disposition must be heard in front of judge - _______ _______ -500,000 youths held in detention facilities prior to adjudication -17.4 days on average - typical time juveniles spend in detention facilities -90% do not get a disposition -detention decision based on crime juvenile committed Disposition of Cases: -"disposed" of -court acts in best interest of the child; protect right of child even if they are not aware of them -courts for juveniles are less formal and more like social work -sex crimes worst recidivism rate -status offenses only apply in juvenile court -far more options for diversion w/ juveniles and much larger focus on social services -DARE establishes a relationship between youths and the police Structure of the Modern Juvenile Court: -a lot more cases where they are not wanting to sent juveniles to detention facilities or institutions as it makes it worse -juvenile court organized independently of other court structures -a lot of resources in community for juveniles -want a restructuring of the Juvenile court and to bring it into a body of unified judiciary - young people would experience more fairness, predictability, and would serve the needs of juveniles beyond the court room (little success w/ this)

dispositional hearing

-Juveniles today generally demonstrate a better attitude toward the police than in the past, and police officers today are typically more positive about the handling of juveniles, showing that efforts to enhance police-juvenile relations have been at least partly successful. -The most important elements in understanding police-juvenile relations today may be the public's expectation that the police should address the problems of juvenile crime and prevent youth crime in rich and poor communities alike. -Today's police have wide discretion toward juvenile lawbreakers, and several studies have found that 80 to 90 percent of police-juvenile encounters result in ______ from official processing by the juvenile justice system. -Although a number of factors influence how police officers respond to juvenile offenders, the most important element influencing police discretion and disposition of the juvenile offender is the nature of the offense committed. -Over time, juveniles have been granted a number of significant due process rights by the courts, and those rights have placed increased requirements on the police for the proper handling of juveniles. -Of special concern today is the need for the police to deal with the problem of violent youth crime--a challenge made all the more difficult by the fact that many juveniles possess handguns, gangs are widespread, juvenile drug abuse remains at significant levels, and some juveniles have become involved in hate crimes.

diversion

needs to be reform in juvenile court especially w/ status offenders - status offenses (truancy, under age drinking, curfew) -juvenile court more like adult court at present - punitive instead of treatment/rehabilitative -status offenders normally handled by non-court agencies -court been accused of abandoning its child saving orientation -abuse and neglect cases are handled through the courts as opposed to adult courts - Physical, emotional, SA -burden of proof is preponderance of the evidence - much less strict than beyond a responsible doubt in adult courts -processed in juvenile court cannot be tried again in adult court 4 rights Juveniles don't have but adults do: -right to bail, public trial, jury trial, and protection from pretrial detention Stages in JJ Process (Adjudication): -someone fills a report that explains why the case should be viewed in a particular way - held in detention depends on seriousness of crime or if they need protection -often times will go on _______ -probation officers very active during in take process -charges filed are normally reduced or dropped -Intake screening - screen process of juveniles - usually handled by probation officer and person devoted to JJ court who is still trying to act in the best interest of the child - generally decides whether or not continue w/ case (officer does) -offense - dependency, abuse, neglect -sentence - restitution, community service, counseling - informal adjustments (focused towards diversion) -a lot of the time victims are not interested in restitution -diversion extremely important in juvenile court

diversion

-_____ ______- correctional facilities where residents usually do conservation work in state parks, including cleaning up, cutting grass and weeds, and general maintenance -____ _____- a military-style facility used as an alternative to prison in order to deal w/ prison crowding and public demands for severe punishment -______ _____ ______- training schools that operate under private auspices; the county or state generally pays the school a per diem rate for the care of youths committed to these facilities -_____ ______ _____- the social hierarchy that is established by residents in an institution -_____ _____ ____ _____- correctional facility for long-term placement of adjudicated female juvenile delinquents -____ ____ _____- the entitlement of a juvenile who has been committed to a training school to receive any needed services (i.e., therapy, education, etc.) -_____ _______- the supervision of juveniles who are released from correctional institutions so that they can make an optimal adjustment to community living -______ ______- procedures for transferring a youth on probation or aftercare/parole from one state to another -_____ ______- a residential setting for adjudicated delinquents, usually those who need a period of readjustment to the community following institutional confinement -______ ____ ______- cancellation of parole and return of the offender to an institution; takes effect if a juvenile on aftercare commits another offense or violates the conditions of parole

forestry camps boot camp private juvenile placements residential social system training schools for girls right to treatment juvenile aftercare interstate compact halfway house revocation of aftercare

Chapter 15: -____ ___- any court that has jurisdiction over matters involving juveniles -___________- the name given to a group of 20th century reforms who advocated that juveniles deserve due process protections when they appear before the juvenile court -_____ vs. ____- 1966 USSC decision on the matter of transfer; the first decision in which the Supreme Court dealt w/ a juvenile court case -__ ____ ____- 1967 USSC case that brought due process and constitutional procedures into juvenile courts -___ ___ ____- 1970 case in which the USSC decided that juveniles are entitled to proof beyond a reasonable doubt during adjudication proceedings -______ v. ________- 1971 USSC case that denied juveniles the right to trial by jury -_____ v. ______- 1975 double jeopardy case in which the USSC ruled that a juvenile court cannot adjudicate a case and then transfer the case over to the criminal court for adult processing of the same offense -______- the process of certifying a youth over to adult criminal court; takes place by judicial waiver and legislative waiver -______ _____ _____ _____- a legal standard establishing the degree of proof needed for a juvenile to be adjudicated a delinquent by the juvenile court during the adjudicatory stage of the court's proceedings -____ ______- a common law and constitutional prohibition against a second trial for the same offense -____ _____- a judicial approach similar to that of a Muslim judge who sits in the marketplace and makes decisions without any apparent reference to established or traditional rules and norms -______- a juvenile justice worker who may or may not be a member of the bar. In many juvenile courts they assist judges in processing youths through the juvenile court system

juvenile court constitutionalists Kent v. US In re Gault In re Winship McKeiver v. Pennsylvania Breed v. Jones transfer beyond a reasonable doubt double jeopardy kadi justice referee

Chapter 14 Review: This chapter has focused on the relationship between the police and juveniles in U.S. society. Policing juveniles is similar in some ways to policing adults, yet in other ways it is quite different. It is important to note that: -Because the police usually represent the first contact a juvenile has with the justice system, effective police-juvenile relations are vitally important. -In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the policing of juveniles came to be viewed differently than the policing of adults. This change, which coincided with reforms in the community-based and institutional care of delinquents, emphasized the importance of delinquency _______. -Specialized police units were soon created in many of our country's large cities and charged with delinquency prevention and the apprehension of juveniles who broke the law. -In the late 1970s and early 1980s, budgetary constraints led to reduced police involvement in delinquency prevention and in diversionary programs for juveniles. -By the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, a rise in juvenile violence, growing juvenile drug abuse, and the proliferation of youth gangs again led to an expanded police emphasis on delinquency prevention and to an examination of the problems faced by juveniles.

prevention

-_______- the representative of the state in court proceedings. Also called county's attorney, district attorney, or state attorney -____ ______- a court process in which the defense counsel and the prosecution agree that the defendant will plead guilty, usually in exchange for a reduction of charges or a lessened sentence -______ ______- a hearing, usually conducted by an intake officer of the juvenile court, during which the decision is made as to whether a juvenile will be released to his or her parents or guardians or be detained in a detention facility -_____ _____- a facility that provides custodial care for juveniles during juvenile court proceedings. Also called juvenile halls and detention homes, detention centers were established at the end of the 19th century as an alternative to jails for juveniles -____ _____- facilities that are used primarily to provide short-term care for status offenders and for dependent or neglected children -____- a police lockup or county holding facility for adult offenders. They have few services to offer juveniles -____ ______- house arrest. A form of detention that is used in some jurisdictions in which an adjudicated juvenile remains at home under the supervision of juvenile probation officers -_____ _____- an innovative form of detention facility, found in several locations across the nation, that is characterized by an open setting -_____- the money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody. Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to bail as do adults -_____- the first stage of juvenile court proceedings, in which the decision is made whether to divert the juvenile being referred or to file a formal petition in juvenile court

prosecutor plea bargaining detention hearing detention center shelter care jail home detention attention home bail intake

-______ _____ _____- the use of electronic equipment to verify that an offender is at home or in a community correctional center during specified hours, or to track his and or her whereabouts. Also called electronic monitoring -_____ _______- the use of unpaid adult community members to assist probation officers in a variety of ways -______ ______- an individual who donates his or her time to work with delinquents in the community -____ ____- a placement for youths who have been adjudicated by the court--called a group residence, halfway house, or attention home--that serves a group of about 13-25 youths as an alternative to institutionalization -_____ _____ _____- a form of community-based residential program that has had some success with youthful offenders -_____ _____ ______ _____- a community-based residential program that has had some success with delinquent youths -_____ _____- a home setting for juveniles who are lawfully removed from their birth parents' homes -_____ ______ _____- court-mandated, community-based corrections programs that juveniles attend in the morning and afternoon. They return home in the evening -_______ _____- a wilderness-type survival program that is popular in many states as an alternative for the institutionalization of juveniles -______ _____ ______ ______- facilities where juveniles who have been committed to correctional institutions frequently are first sent; these centers diagnose youths' problems and develop institutionalized treatment plans -_______- public and private juvenile correctional institutions that, like forestry camps, are usually less secure than training schools and have a more normalizing atmosphere

remote location monitoring volunteer program community volunteer group home group home model teaching family group model foster care day treatment program Outward Bound reception and diagnostic centers ranches

-most criminal courts will not adjudicate crime for 7 years olds and under w/ the belief that children that are are not able to form Mens area (criminal intent) -14-19 yr old ages for adjudication usually -person can be transferred to adult court --_____ ______- Many jurisdictions exclude certain offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction based on the charges, the age of the youth, and/or the youth's prior record. This means that the youth is treated as an adult from the inception of the case; by law --____ ______- occurs when a juvenile court judge transfers a case from juvenile to adult court in order to deny the juvenile the protections that juvenile jurisdictions provide; by choice -transfer to adult courts are controversial, but will have waiver hearings, psych eval, parents notified, judge must also provide a written document justifying the transfer to adult court -court waives its jurisdiction - very serious call they are making - most juveniles do not need to be/are not waived -juvenile court can only hold (sentence) until age of majority - 18/19 -______ v. ______- law enforcement officers pursuing an unarmed suspect may use deadly force to prevent escape only if the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others. Elements of a Crime: Corpus delicti consists of: -Criminal Act - ______ _____ --Crimes may be acts of commission, or acts of omission, or even attempted acts. -Mental State - _____ ____ --Intent is required to establish guilt of a crime. Intent includes elements of purpose, knowledge, negligence, and recklessness. -_______ - The guilty act and the guilty intent must occur together.

statutory waiver judicial waiver Tennesse v. Gardner Actus reus Mens rea Mens rea Concurrence

Courts Juvenile: -structure and function vary somewhat between different states and vary based upon the type of court and where it exists --makes a unified judiciary desirable - people want this for adult and juvenile court systems -juvenile system sometimes exists as a family court (sometimes separate/different systems) --avoid stigmas on children that are young -not unusual for juvenile court to be organized as the branch of the general trial court -juvenile court can be organized independently Court Restructuring: -1 goal of American Justice system - creation of a ______ judiciary (has not happened yet) -unified making trying cases easier and more organized/fair -individuals within the juvenile court structure deal w/ traffic cases, probation cases, and non-serious cases (spend a lot of time on busy work) Court Jurisdiction: -geographic, administrative, oriented around rehabilitation, legal (type of offense) -a lot of diversion at this level juvenile court focuses on rehabilitation and adult court focuses on punitive - _____ is a major factor for this difference -most state courts want to avoid criminalizing juvenile behavior -disposition = sentence; adjudication = trial -______ ______- Latin for "parent of the nation". In law, it refers to the public policy power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent, legal guardian, or informal caretaker, and to act as the parent of any child, individual or animal who is in need of protection. -___ ____ ______- Latin for "in the place of a parent" refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent. Originally derived from English common law, the doctrine is applied in two separate areas of the la

unified age parens patriae in loco parentis