Joint Movement

Ligaments

-Connect bone to bone; provide stability to joints. -have limited elasticity and range of motion.

Pronation

-Internal rotation of the forearm, causing the palm to face posteriorily. -simultaneous ankle eversion, dorsiflexion and forefoot abduction.

Cartilage

-Provides a frictionless surface in a joint. -cushions and prevents wear on articular surfaces (eg menisci, intervertebral discs)

Circumduction

-a body part moves in a full circular path -combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequential order

Fascia

-a layer of fibrous material under the skin or covering, separating or joining muscles.

Extension

-adjacent bones move apart thjereby increasing angle between them -can be described as the return of body parts to anatomical position

Flexion

-adjacent bones move together, thereby decreasing the angle between them

Tendons

-connect muscle to bone and are located outside of articular capsule -Have minnimal elasticity -not all muscles have vthese attachments. (eg muscle fibre of the gluteus maximus trapezius and deltoid group)

Suppination

-external rotation of the forearm, causing the palm to face anteriority -simultaneous ankle inversion, plantar flexion and forefoot adduction

superior/cranial

-situated above or towards the head. -a structure that lies above another.

Inferior/caudal

-situated below or away from the head -a structure that lies below another

Superficial

External; located close to or on the body surface

Deep

Internal; located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structure

Cervical

Regional term referring to the neck.

Frontal, transverse, sagittal

The body's planes of motion

Proximal

The end of a structure located closest to the trunk

Distal

The end of a structure located farthest from the trunk

Rotation

a body part moves around its own axis

Adduction

a body segment moves towards the midline of the body

circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction allowing a body part to move in a full circular path.

Hyperflexion

a flexion movement is continued beyond normal range of motion.

abduction

a movement away from the midline of the body

hyperflexion

a movement is continued beyond normal range of motion

Medial

a structure closer to the midline of the body or movement toward the midline

Lateral

a structure further away from the midline of the body or movement away from the midline of the body

Hyperextension

an adjacent movement continued beyond anatomical position

Abduction

arms or legs move away from the midline of the body.

hyperextension

continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

flexion

decrease in the angle between two articulating bones

supination

external rotation of the forearm, allowing the palm to face anteriorly or superiorly.

Lateral flexion

head or torse bends to the side (laterally)

extension

increase in the angle between two articulating bones. return to anatomical position

Protraction

lateral movement on a plane parallel to the ground, (abduction of the scapula).

Retraction

medial movement on a plane parallel to the ground, (adduction of the scapula)

horizontal abduction

movement away from the midline, starting from 90o flexion.

rotation

movement of a bone along its own longitudinal axis.

Horizontal Abduction

movement of the humerus in the transverse plane from the midline of the body.

Horizontal Adduction

movement of the humerus in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body.

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body.

horizontal adduction

movement toward the midline, starting from 90o abduction

Depression

moving to an inferior position (scapula) dropping the shoulder.

Elevation

moving to superior position (scapula), ie shrugging the shoulders.

Posterior/dorsal

the back of the body or structure

Anterior/ventral

the front of the body or structure

Inversion

the sole of the foot faces inwards, (lift the medial border of the foot)

Eversion

the sole of the foot faces outwards, (lift the lateral border of the foot)

Plantar Flexion

the top of the foot moves away from the shin. ie pointing the toes

Dorsiflexion

the top of the foot moves towards the shin, ie pulling foot and toes toward foreleg