Journalism Chpts. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 Test

List the Questioning Techniques and their Logical Order.

-Icebreakers -1st Moves - lead to the subject at hand -Filter Questions - hunt for qualifications through questions -Routine Factual Questions - 5 Ws and "How?" ("Tell me about..." / "You must have been [emotion] when...") -Numerically Defining Questions - get concrete and dynamic statistics -Conceptually Defining Questions - The "Why?" -Probes - explain, elaborate -Soliciting Quotes, Anecdotes - swap stories with the source ("When I was 6, I remember...") in order to receive stories in return -Creative Questions - form a hypothesis, possible explanation, drop into the conversation ("What was your morning like?" / "If I was to ... you would ...?")

Why are anecdotal ledes used?

-To set a scene -To introduce a character -To introduce a situation -To relate a story with an anecdote

What are the types of interviews? Define them.

1. *Informative Interview* - reports details that the source can provide because of his or her expertise 2. *Opinion Interview* - reveals attitudes or viewpoints that are significant because they come from prominent people or authorities, or are interesting because they are unusual or well-phrased 3. *Personality Interview* - tries to bring out the essence of an individual by looking at details that make up an image of that person

What six steps can guide an reporter in preparing for an interview?

1. Choose someone to interview. 2. Set up an appointment. 3. Identify yourself. (Specify who you are, what the purpose of your article is, and how much time you anticipate the interview to take.) 4. Research the source. 5. Research the topic. 6. Prepare questions in advance.

What story structures exist?

1. Inverted Pyramid 2. Chronological 3. Storytelling Pattern 4. Mulshine Model :)

What three things MUST an interviewer do during an interview, in regards to their source(s)?

1. LISTEN to the source. 2. REACT to their answers. 3. FOLLOW UP with appropriate questions.

Poise during interviews include...

1. Meeting the subject and using conversational icebreakers 2. Getting down to business 3. Establishing rapport 4. In rare, cases asking the "bomb" (critical question(s) that are typically tough) 5. Recovering from the "bomb" 6. Concluding the interview, usually with a "thank you"

Briefly explain levels of attribution. If a source does not allow their name to be used, what is often used in its place?

1. On-the-record: Everything the interviewee says can be printed as is, backed by their name and any info about them. 2. Off-the-record: NOTHING may be used, but the info can be used as a tip. 3. On background: The source's quote and info may be used without their name. Only information about their background (ex. " said a worker in the aquarium") may be used to back their info. 4. On deep background: The source's quote and info may be used without their name OR background. Pseudonyms (fake, made-up names) can be used in place of real names.

An obituary can be written in which two formats?

1. Straight-Up News 2. Feature Obituary

What are the steps to writing an impact lede?

1. Write a summary lede in your head 2. Determine the people/person most affected 3. Rewrite as an impact lede, including the 5 Ws in the 2nd clause of the sentence

What is another name for a Personality Story?

A Profile

Give an example of a good, appropriate question lede.

A USA Today question lede: LEDE: "Should people be paid to behave responsibly? Some cities believe so." NUT GRAF: "New York wants poor people to save money, so it is offering a big incentive to encourage them to do so: a 50% match of up to $250 if they put money from their federal earned-income tax credit into a savings account and keep it there for a year."

Give an example of a Surprise-Ending Story.

A boy who tries out for the musical only to appease his parents but winds up being cast in the lead role. The discovery that your school's star quarterback attends your school illegally.

What is an impact lede? Give an example.

A lede best for government stories (SGA, Soph Council, big clubs). To tell the leaders the effect the action has on them and not only the 5 Ws (The "Who" = whoever is affected. this can be a number of people who you choose from) Ex: Performers will face tougher auditions today, following the SGA vote to limit the number of Coffeehouse performers. (This is a fictitious example!)

What is an anecdotal lede?

A lede that paints a pictures and accompanies a nut graf (in which the 5 Ws are including lower than the 1st sentence).

What is a question lede?

A lede that poses a question for the readers. It is best to avoid these most of the time.

What is a quote lede?

A lede that starts the story with a compelling/powerful quote that causes the reader to want to read more (despite being dropped into the story) and often sums up the main points. This is a DANGEROUS lede since readers want info rather than to be dropped into a story.

What is a summary lede?

A lede that sums up the story and contains the 5 Ws in the first sentence.

What is a press conference?

A meeting at which the press is invited to ask questions of a source, who may begin with a specific announcement.

What is the crop test?

A method for testing whether an article is written in true inverted pyramid style.

What is an inquiring reporter story?

A person-on-the-street interview in which several people, often chosen randomly, are asked what they think about a topic.

What is a Quote Story?

A person-on-the-street interview turned into a story. Relies heavily on quotes

What is a Survey Results Story?

A story that recounts the results of a survey!

What is a Meeting Story?

A story written on a meeting that occurred, focusing not on the occurrence of the meeting but rather the key issues that affect your readers

What is a direct news lede? What is this also known as?

A traditional opening graf for inverted pyramid news story. Includes as many 5 Ws and H as possible. Aka Summary lede AP summary lede

When is an Action Story written?

After the event has occurred. This is usually in chronological order.

What is a feature lede? What is it also known as?

Aka a delayed or anecdotal lede. Feature lede = an opening that delays getting to the main point of the story, beginning instead with an anecdote.

What things can an interview focus on? (Hint: The types of interviews are names for these focuses)

An interview can focus on a source's... Information Opinions Personality

What is Q & A interview?

An interview story in the question-answer format; an edited version of the interview transcript.

What is a profile?

An interview that goes beyond talking just to the subject by including information from others about him or her.

Give an example of an ADDITIONS transition.

And Also Another Next Additionally Besides Furthermore

Give another name for an anecdotal lede.

Anecdotal... Feature lede Soft lede Teaser lede Indirect lede Storytelling lede

What is an Academic Story?

Anything that goes on in the classroom

What two approaches exist in regard to asking "the bomb?"

Approach 1: Get right to it. Start with "the bomb." Approach 2: Work your way to it. Ask other questions before you ask/drop "the bomb." FEEL IT OUT to decide which approach is best for your interviewee.

What does it mean for a lede to be "deductive?"

Approaching a topic with a general statement followed by specific examples.

What does it mean for a lede to be "inductive?"

Approaching a topic with a specific examples followed by a general statement.

Give an example of a LOCATION transition.

By Near Here There At

What is an interview?

Dialogue between a journalist and one or more sources for the specific purpose of gathering information for a news or feature story.

Establishing a rapport between yourself, the reporter, and the interviewee is important because... Describe ways to establish rapport.

Establishing a rapport between yourself, the reporter, and the interviewee is important because... Rapport opens the interviewee up to questioning. Ways to establish rapport include: -starting with icebreakers -interviewing sources in their own environments -phrasing questions to avoid yes/no answers -listening to answers -pouncing on new information and being fearless in pursing it -taking notes that reflect your subject's words -reviewing your notes at the end of an interview and asking if you can contact them, if necessary

What is editorializing?

Expressing opinion in a story when objectivity is preferred. This is avoid in news stories and in journalism in general (the textbook says this is less so avoided in feature stories, but I believe Mrs. Mulshine wouldn't agree with that).

What is the FORK Method of organizing a story?

F = Focus: lede or nut graf (Answer "What's this story about" in one or two sentences) O = Order: decide what info to include, consider organizing according to main topics, decide the ending R = Repetition: repeat key words to smooth transitions from one idea/graf to another K = Kiss-off: finish with a source/idea and "kiss it off" by moving onto the next

List five reasons people may not want to be interviewed. Similarly, what are some common interviewing problems?

Five reasons people avoid interviews: 1.*Time.* - Often the reason public figures decline interviews. Reporters are vying for time in very busy days. 2. *Guilt.* - Sources may feel that they'll say something they don't intend to say during an interview. 3. *Anxiety.* - Typically the reason shy people "shy" away from interviews. 4. *Protection.* - Interviewees may want to avoid endangering, condemning or embarrassing themselves or a person connected to them. 5. *Ignorance.* - An interviewee may not want to admit that they know very little on a subject. 6. * Embarrassment.* - An interviewee may feel the subject of the interview is humiliating, tasteless, or too intimate. 7. *Tragedy.* - Distraught people, such as those in mourning, often choose to refrain from discussing personal catastrophes with the public. Common interviewing problems: 1. Lack of preparation. 2. Failure to state the purpose for an interview. 3. Insensitivity, aimlessness, filibustering, vagueness 4. Failure to listen, preconceived notions, failure to probe beyond the answers, too many abstract questions

Give an example of a COMPARISON/CONTRAST transition.

However On the other hand In contrast Like But Or

Fry's Writing Process is a linear process, although no real writing can be written in such a linear way. What does this process include?

Idea --> Report --> Organize --> Draft --> Revise

Describe the inverted pyramid story structure.

In descending order of importance and can be put to test with the crop test. Starts with the 5 Ws and ends with the least important details. Looks like an upside down triangle, with the base at the top.

Interviews are really just _____; they are not ______.

Interviews are really just conversations; they are not Question-and-Answer sessions.

Which format does a news story typically follow? Define this format.

Inverted pyramid - news story structure that puts the most important points first

Describe the structure of the storytelling pattern story structure.

Lede --> Nut graf --> Circle Kicker that relates back to the lede All with facts in between

Give an example of a TIME transition.

Meanwhile Then Later After Before Afterward Now Previously

Are interviews strictly one type? Explain.

No; many interviews are a mix of these three types. Still, the reporter needs not include senseless details in their story such as the shade of lipstick a teacher wore when they were interviewed regarding their opinions on block scheduling.

What is body language?

Nonverbal gestures and mannerisms that reveal attitudes such as boredom, fear, amusement.

What increases readability?

Short sentences Short grafs

Describe the chronological order story structure.

Story uses time in some way to organize the story. Lede (literary, without the 5 Ws) --> Foreshadowing --> Chronological Storytelling --> Climax at the End

All news stories should be written in which point of view?

THIRD PERSON

Describe the "narrative" interview format.

Telling a journalistic story in chronological form with a distinct middle, beginning and end

Which graf is most important?

The nut graf

What is a lede?

The opening of any piece of journalistic writing.

What is attribution?

The process of crediting sources within the text of the story. Gives the story credibility.

What is a Follow-Up Story?

The story written as a follow-up to an advance story. Advance Story --> Event Occurs --> Follow-Up Story

Give an example of a LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS transition.

Therefore So Because Consequently Thus For Example

Describe the Mulshine Model.

This is another storytelling model. Lede Nut graf Story Ending

What is hard news?

Urgent, timely stories about events or conflicts. Has strong effect on readers; may emphasize events more than people.

What is written in a Speech Story?

What is said in a speech

In what circumstance would you write an Advance News Story?

When an event has yet to occur, but people need to know about it.

When conducting an interview, should you ask a maximum or minimum number of questions? Explain.

When conducting an interview, you should ask a MINIMUM number of questions Tip: In an interview, never ask a question/only ask 1-2! Instead, prompt the person being interviewed with phrases such as "Describe..." and "Tell me about..."

Describe the Straight-Up News Obituary

all written in the same formulaic way. Lists the facts in paragraph form.

Describe the Feature Obituary

contains a feature lede narrative style some biographical information, but it is written as a profile placed around the well written story usually contains a red thread/an overriding theme