KAAP chap 13

Diencephalon

Connection between cerebrum and rest of nervous system, anything involving the thalamus (through brain because action potentials pass through it)

spinal nerves

Contain both sensory and motor

basal nuclei

Control of movement

Midbrain

Coordinates sensory representations

Thalamus

Relays information between cerebral cortex and periphery spinal cord or brain stem, processes information while passing it to cortex, cerebrum sends info to thalamus to communicate motor commands

Central sulcus function

Separates frontal and parietal lobe (runs medially and laterally from an upper view)

lateral sulcus function

Separates temporal lobe from parietal

Brain stem

The midbrain and hindbrain are referred to as the brainstem, cerebellum is attached

Piba mater

Thin fibrous membrane that follows convolutions of the gyro and sulcus in the cerebral cortex

hypoglossal cranial nerve

Tongue movement

The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve.

Vestibulocochlear

Brodmann's areas

Earliest rendering of our understanding of the brain

Tegmentum

Part of the midbrain that is continuous with Gray matter of the brain stem it receives and sends information through cranial nerves and to and from regions that regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function

inferiorcolliculus

Perception of sound

superior colliculus

Perception of space (orienting eyes to sound or touch stimuli)

parietal lobe function

Perception of stimuli (touch and mechanical ques)

Meninges

Protective tissues of the brain (afferent, ascending pathways)

Medulla

Regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention, heart rate and breathing

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

both more complex and less crucial to visceral functions.

Where does the spinal cord begin?

brain stem

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

cerebral aqueduct

The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm.

cervical

Sypathetic Nervous System

fight or flight also called thoraco lumbar system

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges that form loose sac around CNS

Anterior horn

motor signals (efferent, descending pathways)

vagus cranial nerve

movement, sensation, and abdominal organs

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

myelinated axons

Acessory Cranial Nerve

neck movement

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a

nerve plexus

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb

Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest also called cranial sacro system

The midbrain contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention

reticular activating system

number of coccygeal nerves

1 pair

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

11 thoracic spinal nerves

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

number of thoracic nerves

12 pairs

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments

31

number of lumbar nerves

5 pairs

number of sacral nerves

5 pairs

Number of cervical nerves

8 pairs

limbic cortex

Associated with memory and emotions (hippocampus and amigdyla)

Indirect (inhibitory) pathway

Begin in pre planning motor cortex disinhibits the striatum using glutamate, the striatum inhibits the globes pallidus external segment (GPI), the GPi sends GABA to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which activates GPi/SNr which promotes inhibition of the thalamus, end goal prevents movement.

Direct/excitatory pathway (basal nuclei)

Begins in pre planning cortex that sends Glutamate which (excitatory neurotransmitter) excites striatum, striatum inhibits using GABA(derivative of glutamate) , inhibits globus pallidus internus (GPi)/Substantia Nigra Reticulata (SNR) to inhibit the thalamus, thalamus fires glutamate to primary motor cortex that produce movement.

tectum

Composed of 4 bumps, strutted as pairs known as colliculi (found in the midbrain)

What is the bundle of nerves that terminate at the end of the spinal cord called?

Cauda Equina

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, VI (3,4,6)

Brain stem

Involuntary homeostasis is made up of midbrain, pons and medulla

Pons

Major connection between cerebellum and brain stem. (Continuation of tegmentum of midbrain)

nerve plexus

Merging network of neurons (Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral in the PNS)

Blood vessels traveling within ________ deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.

all three spinal meninges

Of the spinal meninges, the middle one is the ________ mater

arachnoid

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the

arbor vitae

All of the following are properly paired except

ascending tracts - carry motor information to the thalamus

basal forebrain nuclei

associated with memory and learning (in frontal lobe)

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas

association

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries cells are the

astrocytes

abducens cranial nerve

eye movement

trochlear cranial nerve

eye movement

oculomotor cranial nerve

eye movement and pupil reflex

facial cranial nerve

face movement and taste

trigeminal cranial nerve

facial sensations, chewing

temporal lobes function

hearing (one per hemisphere)

vestibulocochlear cranial nerve

hearing and balance

________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.

integrative

frontal lobe function

involved in motor function: problem solving, memory, judgment, impulse control

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

perineurium

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus

precentral gyrus function

primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

sensory nuclei

Posterior horn

sensory processing

Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is

shorter

olfactory cranial nerve

smell

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

throat sensation, taste, and swallowing

________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

ventricles

optic cranial nerve

vision