KAAP chap 13
Diencephalon
Connection between cerebrum and rest of nervous system, anything involving the thalamus (through brain because action potentials pass through it)
spinal nerves
Contain both sensory and motor
basal nuclei
Control of movement
Midbrain
Coordinates sensory representations
Thalamus
Relays information between cerebral cortex and periphery spinal cord or brain stem, processes information while passing it to cortex, cerebrum sends info to thalamus to communicate motor commands
Central sulcus function
Separates frontal and parietal lobe (runs medially and laterally from an upper view)
lateral sulcus function
Separates temporal lobe from parietal
Brain stem
The midbrain and hindbrain are referred to as the brainstem, cerebellum is attached
Piba mater
Thin fibrous membrane that follows convolutions of the gyro and sulcus in the cerebral cortex
hypoglossal cranial nerve
Tongue movement
The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve.
Vestibulocochlear
Brodmann's areas
Earliest rendering of our understanding of the brain
Tegmentum
Part of the midbrain that is continuous with Gray matter of the brain stem it receives and sends information through cranial nerves and to and from regions that regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function
inferiorcolliculus
Perception of sound
superior colliculus
Perception of space (orienting eyes to sound or touch stimuli)
parietal lobe function
Perception of stimuli (touch and mechanical ques)
Meninges
Protective tissues of the brain (afferent, ascending pathways)
Medulla
Regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention, heart rate and breathing
As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become
both more complex and less crucial to visceral functions.
Where does the spinal cord begin?
brain stem
The posterior root ganglia mainly contain
cell bodies of sensory neurons
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
cerebellum
The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the
cerebral aqueduct
The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm.
cervical
Sypathetic Nervous System
fight or flight also called thoraco lumbar system
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges that form loose sac around CNS
Anterior horn
motor signals (efferent, descending pathways)
vagus cranial nerve
movement, sensation, and abdominal organs
The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
myelinated axons
Acessory Cranial Nerve
neck movement
A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a
nerve plexus
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the
olfactory bulb
Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?
prosencephalon
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest also called cranial sacro system
The midbrain contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention
reticular activating system
number of coccygeal nerves
1 pair
Which of the following associations is incorrect?
11 thoracic spinal nerves
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
number of thoracic nerves
12 pairs
The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments
31
number of lumbar nerves
5 pairs
number of sacral nerves
5 pairs
Number of cervical nerves
8 pairs
limbic cortex
Associated with memory and emotions (hippocampus and amigdyla)
Indirect (inhibitory) pathway
Begin in pre planning motor cortex disinhibits the striatum using glutamate, the striatum inhibits the globes pallidus external segment (GPI), the GPi sends GABA to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which activates GPi/SNr which promotes inhibition of the thalamus, end goal prevents movement.
Direct/excitatory pathway (basal nuclei)
Begins in pre planning cortex that sends Glutamate which (excitatory neurotransmitter) excites striatum, striatum inhibits using GABA(derivative of glutamate) , inhibits globus pallidus internus (GPi)/Substantia Nigra Reticulata (SNR) to inhibit the thalamus, thalamus fires glutamate to primary motor cortex that produce movement.
tectum
Composed of 4 bumps, strutted as pairs known as colliculi (found in the midbrain)
What is the bundle of nerves that terminate at the end of the spinal cord called?
Cauda Equina
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
III, IV, VI (3,4,6)
Brain stem
Involuntary homeostasis is made up of midbrain, pons and medulla
Pons
Major connection between cerebellum and brain stem. (Continuation of tegmentum of midbrain)
nerve plexus
Merging network of neurons (Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral in the PNS)
Blood vessels traveling within ________ deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.
all three spinal meninges
Of the spinal meninges, the middle one is the ________ mater
arachnoid
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the
arbor vitae
All of the following are properly paired except
ascending tracts - carry motor information to the thalamus
basal forebrain nuclei
associated with memory and learning (in frontal lobe)
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas
association
The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS capillaries cells are the
astrocytes
abducens cranial nerve
eye movement
trochlear cranial nerve
eye movement
oculomotor cranial nerve
eye movement and pupil reflex
facial cranial nerve
face movement and taste
trigeminal cranial nerve
facial sensations, chewing
temporal lobes function
hearing (one per hemisphere)
vestibulocochlear cranial nerve
hearing and balance
________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
integrative
frontal lobe function
involved in motor function: problem solving, memory, judgment, impulse control
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the
perineurium
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the
precentral gyrus
precentral gyrus function
primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
sensory nuclei
Posterior horn
sensory processing
Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is
shorter
olfactory cranial nerve
smell
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the
thalamus
The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
Cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
Dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve
throat sensation, taste, and swallowing
________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
ventricles
optic cranial nerve
vision