Kandell Chapter 18

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

ACTH

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

ACTH

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except

ACTH levels.

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis?

ADH

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

Which of these statements about the pineal gland is false?

It is controlled by adenohypophysis.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine levels are normal?

Lower than normal secretion of TSH

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus?

OXT

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

PTH

Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease?

Patients with hyperthyroidism often exhibit all of these signs.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones?

TSH

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is false?

The hormone release is triggered by a rise in blood calcium.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein.

Type II diabetes is characterized by:

a lack of response by target cells to insulin

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______.

adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone.

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

androgens

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

antagonists

Peptide hormones ___________.

are composed of amino acids

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

are produced by the suprarenal medulla

Which cells are correctly matched to the hormones they produce?

beta cells; insulin

In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false?

both are true

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't

build up bone

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

The suprarenal medulla produces

catecholamines.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

cushing's disease

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

The main targets for tropic hormones are:

endocrine glands

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

exposure to light stimulates production

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks glycogen down into its glucose subunits (freeing glucose-1-phoshate actually). Given this, which hormone listed below would you predict would increase glycogen phosphorylase activity?

glucagon

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids

Cushing disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

hypothyroidism

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except

increased urine production.

When blood glucose levels rise,

insulin is released.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin.

Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone?

iodine

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

liver cells

Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________.

lowering blood sugar by insulin

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are:

mineralocorticoids

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids.

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too

much androgen production.

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

osteoclasts

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?

oxytocin

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

prolactin; corticotropin

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.

synergists

When blood glucose levels are high

the pancrease releases insulin

Endocrine disruption is a potentially serious public health problem. Fortunately, we can accurately assess the potential of a given compound to interact with our endocrine system simply by examining its chemical structure.

this statement is false

The drug RU486 interferes with the maintenance of the uterine lining by blocking the receptor for the hormone referred to in the question above about this. Based on this action, RU 486 must not be able to cross the cell membrane.

this statement is false

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

zona reticularis.

Which of these is mismatched?

zone reticularis; norepinephrine

The hypophyseal portal system Check all that apply.

- is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. - has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. - carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

The hormone oxytocin

- is produced in the hypothalamus. -promotes uterine contractions. -triggers prostate gland contraction. -is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. **All of the answers are correct.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

-TSH. -ACTH. -GH. -FSH. **All of the answers are correct.

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,

-excessive thirst is shown. -a large excretion of urine occurs. -blood glucose levels are very high. -glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. **All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

-high blood levels of TSH. -hypothyroidism. -cretinism. -myxedema. **All of the answers are correct.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

-in some disease processes. -during fetal development. -in very young children. -during pregnancy. **All of the answers are correct.

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?

-increased loss of bone minerals -elevated blood calcium -osteopenia **All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release.

Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________.

-more rapidly acting -briefer in action -more localized in action **Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

-steroids. -eicosanoids. -peptides. -amino acid derivatives. **all of the above

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

-uterus -ductus deferens -mammary glands -prostate **All of the answers are correct.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together secrete how many hormones?

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