Kaplan Practice Test 6
Which of the following aldehydes would be an appropriate starting substrate for the production of valine (the R group of which is (CH3)2-CH) using the strecker synthesis method? "identity of aldehyde will decide amino acid that results"
(CH3)2-CH-COH
After observing a linguistic coach, a study measured the amount of time it took participants to pronounce "four" in English. .3500 measurements yielded a normal distribution with mean of 0.33 s and standard deviation of +/- 0.06 s. Which of the following is the best approximation of the 10th percentile in this data?
0.25s NOT 0.21 because answer should be between .27 and .21 because this is between 69% and 95%
According to the passage, if the adenine + guanine cleavage reaction were allowed to continue to completion, how would this affect the appearance of the developed autoradiogram of the gel electrophoresis?
A smaller number of distinct bands would appear in the A + G lane NOT greater number. DNA fragement would cleave many times and the fragments would have small molecular weights. gel electrophoresis separates by weight so many small weighted fragments would not be distinctive
Which of the following examples of a type of communication is LEAST likely to be evolutionarily stable? A. Gazelles pronk, leaping high into the air just out of reach of potential predators in order to signal their strength and speed B. Meerkats call out to their group to signal nearby predators, sometimes resulting in the exposure and death of the signaller C. A species of fly with black and yellow warning stripes that mimic those of a wasp migrate to an area where wasps do not nest D. Fiddler crabs display a large claw to demostrate strength, but some crabs "bluff" with a much weaker but similarly sized claw
A species of fly with black and yellow warning stripes that mimic those of a wasp migrate to an area where wasps do not nest honest signals will always be more stable than dishonest, and their has to be some level of truth in the environment for it to be effective
Which of these statements regarding Glu-1749 in lactase is most likely to be true?
After replacing Glu-1749 with aspartic acid, lactase would have less catalytic than the wild type would NOT preserve full catalytic acitivity, likely somewhat affected because of geometry change
The "second sickness" is defined as the exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice. Which of the following is the best example of "the second sickness" as it pertains to the outbreak of HIV/AIDS in Kinshasha? A. Amongst affected individuals, the colonized people had shorter life expectancy than the colonizers B. Primary healthcare providers were one of the most likely sources of infection due to the use of unsterilized needles C. Secondary infections were often lethal due to immunodeficiency conferred by the HIV/AIDS virus D. The high volume railway system enable the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS to secondarily affected regions
Amongst affected individuals, the colonized people had shorter life expectancy than the colonizers only answers that implies social injustice
When ACh binds to its receptor, which of the following ions is released from the muscle cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Ca2+ you know that this is what causing sliding action of muscles
65% of foreign investment in India is reinvested by large businesses outside of its border due to antiquated labor laws. Which of the following is best supported by the above statement? A. conflict theory predicts a decreasing power differential between businesses and workers in India B. Prevention of global investment into India's businesses would help to solve a problem currently faced by India C. Conflict theory predicts increased unrest among the labor class in India D. Globalization is promoting economic growth as a result of the savings businesses are able to generate
Conflict theory predicts increased unrest among the labor class in India globalization is linked to stagnation as said in passage. NOT economic growth there. also, the fact that two answers are about conflict theory should give a good idea
Rats and hormone release in dark reading The results of the experiments described in the passage provide the most support for which of the following conclusions? "dopamine high in light and low in dark" "dopamine treated rats had decreased sensitivity to light"
Dopamine modulates the light sensitivity of the retina of the rat NOT norepinephrine and GABA have little effect on visual system bc even if it is not involved in light sensitivity of retina, it may still have an effect on other part of visual system
The author's analogy of the alleged actions of the Ford Motor Company to those of a person who knowingly drives with faulty brakes suggests that: A. Ford should have been convicted of the crime of manslaughter in the trial B. the Ford corporation was capable of understanding the moral concepts of right and wrong C. the problem with the safety engineering of the Pinto had to do specifically with its brakes D. Ford may have ignored the Pinto's defects because they would be too costly to correct
Ford may have ignored the Pinto's defects because they would be too costly to correct not B because it says corporations have no sense of right or wrong
An infection causes a blockage in a patient's canal of Schlemm. Which of the following is this patient at risk of developing?
Glaucoma canal of schlemm is inside the anterior chamber of eye and drains aqueous humor. If duct is blocked, pressure inside eye increases and patient is at risk for glaucoma
Chimpanzee language w ASL passage The author would be LEAST likely to agree with which of the following statements? A. humans are not the only animals that are capable of learning and using true language B. humans and chimpanzee differ in the degree to which they can learn and use language C. humans have the ability to learn language, but they require input from other humans in order to learn it D. Gorilla Sign Language is not a true language
Gorilla Sign Language is not a true language author never says this and ONLY says that great apes differ in the extent of their language use. Don't extrapolate too much
Based solely on information in the passage, it can be inferred that academics and collectors today consider the first cave paintings to be: I. folk art II. primitive art III. naive art
I and II only NOT naive art, because even if the definitions seem fairly similar, it should be known that the author did contrast the two. It was only folk and primitive that were said to be about the same
A researcher hydrolyzes disaccharide 1 from figure 2. The ring on the left and glucose are best classified as: I. Diastereomers II. Enantiomers III. Epimers
I and III Both diastereomers AND Epimers because of difference in only one carbon that is chiral
Which of the following can be concluded on the basis of the analysis in the passage? I. Even in scenarios of complete mutual interest, there exist payoff matrices without Nash equilibria II. Complete conflict of interest prohibits an evolutionarily stable communication strategy III. For cases in which Kr = 0, the signaler's strategy is completely irrelevant to his payoff
I and III only essentially, there are still scenarios when equilibrium can be reached, making II incorrect. graph shows that equilibrium is slightly above 0 when C is 0 (be careful with little things like this)
What is virtue passage Which of the following aspects of the passage directly bolster the author's assertion in the second paragraph that "human actions can go wrong"? I. reference to the nature of virtue as propositional knowledge II. the opinion of the writer III. additional explanation of the nature of human actions
II and III II is true because quote used in reading that adds to the assertion. Be careful and make sure to skim through again for these questions
Greek Olympic game truth passage For which of the following statements does the passage provide some evidence or explanation? I. Alexander united ancient Greece through a series of military conquests II. The divisions among Greek city-states were reflected in the Olympics III. The Olympic Games could not have occurred without a city-state system
II only III may be inferred, but it is not EXPLICITLY said or suggested that they were NECESSARY for the games
Which of the following shows the correct chronological arrangement of these developmental events? I. ovum completes meiosis II II. fertilization III. neurulation IV. blastula formation
II, I, IV, III remember that ovum frozen in meiosis II until after fertilization
Which of the following is most likely to consititute a significant potential flaw in the design of the experiments described in the passage? A. only four of the retina's many neurotransmitters were measured in the first experiment B. Pain from injections in the second experiments could have triggered light sensitivity behavior C. In the first experiment, rats were not exposed to levels of light within a normal range D. Neurotransmitter should have been injected into the veins in the second experiment, not the eye
In the first experiment, rats were not exposed to levels of light within a normal range extreme levels will affect the experiment
A pitcher draws back his arm 0.5 m and then pitches a 0.5 kg baseball at 40 m/s, releasing the ball 1 m in front of his body. What is the average force being applied by the pitcher?
KE = 1/2 (.5) (40)*2 = 400 KE = W F = W/d 400/1.5 = 267 N
Ammonium (Ka = 5.6 x 10^-10) is a waste product of metabolism in humans. What is the pH of a 5M ammonium solution?
Ka = [H+][NH3]/[NH4+] 5.6 x 10^-10 = x^2/5 M x = 5 x 10^-5 pH = -log(5 x 10^-5) = 4.5 approximately bc 5 - .5
Based on the results shown in Tables 1 and 2, which of the following must be true? AD patient memory performance with tables
Memory performance is positively correlated with identity formation in AD patients only similar trends support this answer. NOT memory worsened in both groups because control group had no significant difference
Membrane fluidity is a function of the membrane's components; the more likely a molecule is to be a solid, the less fluid the membrane will be. Which of the following triglycerides would confer the most fluidity to a membrane?
One containing three molecules of octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid question essentially asking which is least likely to be solid, thus just pick most unsaturated fatty acids because this this is liquid at room T
Carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen are some of the main organic constituents of life. If 100,000,000 atoms of each of these were packed together as tightly as possible, which would take u the smallest space?
Oxygen, NOT carbon. up and to the right is smaller atomic size on periodic table
Which of the following would potentially be the both effective treatment for NF?
RAS inhibitor disease of NF results from mutation in neurofibromas. thus, a good treatment is to have effect of wild type neurofibroma, which inhibits RAS. read carefully for NF vs neurofibroma when disease names similar like this
Beowulf origin theory passage Which of the following would most seriously WEAKEN the "Christians authorship theory?"
Recently discovered documents indicate that Beowulf is an English translation of a Germanic myth of earlier origin NOT the one about if a peasant wrote it because this is a much more minor point that wouldn't significantly weaken the theory
Suppose that the receiver discussed in the passage responds to S2 with A3. Which of the following best describes this response?
Spite this response means less payoff for both both parties, when could've chosen better payoff for both
Which of the following LEAST exemplifies a potential negative implication of paternalism in healthcare as it pertains to the situation described in the passage? A. The concerns of natives of Kinshasa over the reuse of needles in public health initiative were ignored by Belgian doctors B. Belgian health policy in Kinshasa was not modified after colonization despite local advisors identifying unique concerns presented by its location C. Doctors native to Kinshasa refused to acknowledge the concerns of immigrants patients regarding their standard of treatment for infectious diseases D. The Belgian doctors could not reconcile their differences in medical practice with the local doctors, leading to disjointed and ineffective public health policy
The Belgian doctors could not reconcile their differences in medical practice with the local doctors, leading to disjointed and ineffective public health policy paternalism is doctors know best mentality when dealing w patients or public. correct answer is more of a professional conflict
Which of the following is NOT a practical and testable hypothesis? A. Weber's Law does not hold true for patients under mild to moderate sedation B. The just noticeable difference in intensity between two tones of 440 Hz holds a constant ratio with the intensity of the first tone C. Increasing concentrations of certain airborne pheromones affects the magnitude of neuromuscular responses to mild electric shock D. Altering levels of certain airborne pheromones affects the ratio of just-noticeable difference to original stimulus
The just noticeable difference in intensity between two tones of 440 Hz holds a constant ratio with the intensity of the first tone experiments should be novel and relevant. testing weber's law in this manner is not novel(in hearing range)
A scientist is studying the effect of high calcium levels in liver cells. When he increases the intracellular [Ca2+] well above homeostatic levels, what will occur?
The mitochondrial membrane will depolarize and pro-apoptotic factors will be released into the cytosol NOT Ca2+/K_ pump activation and homeostasis. function described in correct answer is why specific range of intracellular calcium is important
A study measures the effect of socialization on various personal characteristics in individuals of different ethnic backgrounds. Participants were asked to report the influence (on a 10-point scale) of different agents on each characteristic. Which of the following is a correct statement?
There are exactly three controlled independent variables in this study and one dependent variable
Seduhepulose-7-phosphate is an intermediate in the NADPH-producing pentose phosphate pathway. It is derived from sedoheptulose, one of only a few ketoheptoses found in nature. What is the the relationship between D-sedoheptulose and L-sedoheptulose?
They are enantiomers and the 6th carbon has the R designation in D-septulose and the S designation in L-sedoheptulose D and L isomers of carbodydrates are enantiomers of each other, NOT diastereomers
In some apoptotic cells, DNA fragments of about 50,000 base pairs are observed; they are believed to result from enzymatic breakdown of DNA. Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication could most reasonable be responsible?
Topoisomerase NOT DNA Polymerase because it removes nucleotides, but does not alter template strand. Topoisomerase relaxes supercoiling of DNA and induces chemical change with cuts. also helicase does not induce chemical change
Lithium binds only to the enzyme-substrate complex, inositol monophosphate, and lower the Km and the Vmax. This is an example of what type of inhibition?
Uncompetitive lowering the Km AND Vmax by binding only to enzyme substrate complete is uncompetitive.
Based on the information in the passage, which of the following therapeutic agents will be LEAST effective in preventing or alleviating the effects of sickle cell anemia disorder? A. a drug that increases Hb-F and decreases Hb-S in erythrocytes B. Warfarin, an anticoagulant drug that prevents blood from clotting C. a drug that presents interactions between hemoglobin molecules D. vasopressin, a peptide that increases peripheral vascular resistance
Warfarin, an anticoagulant drug that prevents blood from clotting reading says dehydration initates sickling, so not vasopresin, which would increase water absorption and keep one hydrated. also, anti clotting agents prevent clot formed by blatelets and proteins but sickled red blood cells jam in blood vessels due to shape. thus sickle clotting has nothing to do with normal clotting response
Kohlberg conventional and such passage On the basis of the passage, which of the following would most likely constitute an example of a person in the "conventional" stage of moral reasoning? A. a driver who runs a red light in order to reach an appointment in good time B. A clerk who witness but does not report an impoverished woman's shoplifting C. a citizen who believes that police should use whatever means necessary to maintain order D. A counterfeit who flees the country when his scheme is brought to light
a citizen who believes that police should use whatever means necessary to maintain order reading mentioned learning good and bad, but also that this idea is based on laws. Thus, they would report someone for stealing
What is an acetal vs hemiacetal
acetal has 2 OR groups, an R group and an H atom. hemiacetal has OR group, OH group, instead of 2 OR groups
Sphingomyelins are a major component of the myelin sheath. Sphingomyelins differ from gangliosides, which are found in cell membranes, in that:
all gangliosides have an oligosaccharide as a head group, while not all sphingomyelins do
A scientist has embryos from ten vertebrate species from the same class available to study. Which of the following findings, if demonstrated to be true, would best support the idea that formation of methylcytosine can serve as a molecular clock?
all species have nearly identical CpG content during the blastula phase molecular marker as a molecular clock means studying the rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species diverged. if 10 species have a close common ancestor they should have similar rates of methylcystosine deanimation and this answer is consistent with that
Radiation therapy is also used to treat a multitude of cancers. Strontium-90 is used to produce particles weighing 4 amu that help kill cancerous cells. Strontium-90 is undergoing
alpha decay emitting an alpha particle of 2 protons and 2 neutrons is alpha decays
In patients with myasthenia gravis, the AcH receptor acts as a: A. substrate B. competitive inhibitor C. inducer D. antigen
antigen in autoimmune disorders, like this, it would be antigen. if antibodies formed against the receptors, as said in passage, has to be an antigen
Based only on the information in the passage, lidocaine injections are mostly likely painful because they are
basic NOT acidic. the structure has an amide and amino group capable of protonation, making it a base
Which of the following is correctly arranged in order of increasing reactivity toward nucleophilic attack? A. benzoic acid, benzamide, benzoic anhydride, benzyl benzoate B. benzamide, benzyl benzoate, benzoic anhydride, benzoic acid C. benzamide, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride D. benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid, benzamide, benzoic anhydride
benzamide, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride
The followig structure shows an embryonic structre and its cross section(hollow ball of cells). What is it?
blastula solid ball of cells is morula, which then becomes hollow blastula, which then turns into gastrula and then neurula
A paternal copy and a maternal copy of chromosome 1 in a X. laevis primary spermatogonium undergo recombination during meiosis I. A geneticist measures the methylation rate of each chromosome before and after recombination. The geneticist predicts that the methylation rate will be above 87 percent for:
both copies of chromosome 1 before and after recombination sperm is 92 percent (ignore egg) and reading says X. laevis ultimately adopts paternal patterns of methylation. Also equal methylation rates means recombination won't change results
The individual who would experience the highest amount of threat avoidance is a participants in the:
combat group sim group at Time 2 This group had the lowest threat bias score. lower scores meant more likely to react to neutral words, threat avoidance means reacting to neutral words and avoiding threatening ones. This group also stood out the most, make sure to pay attention to blatant differences and also what makes sense with the given information in a passage
What to note what curve 1 and 2 approach the same asymptote for v max vs Km graph
competitive inhibitor because vmax is not affected
A research team creates two mutant knockout strains of C. elegans: one fails to express ced-3, while the other fails to express ced-4. The two strains are mated, and 1000 offspring collected. The existence of offspring in which apoptosis occurs normally would: (both needed for apoptosis)
conform to the researcher's expected results, provided they account for the vast majority of the resulting offspring NOT focus on minority because most of the offspring would be expected to perform apoptosis normally due to sexual reproduction
Which type of cues would be most likely to use in forming an attribution regarding the behavior of the five students in class A who littered after the week-long experiment?(visitors said it was clean and students were clean)
consensus cues, leading us to form a dispositional attribution regarding the children's behavior consensus cues are when a person differs from others. if a person deviates from what is expected, likely to form dispositional attribution. NOT distinctiveness cues, which refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across different scenarios. if a persons behavior varies by scenario, leads to situational attribution
Which of the following, if true, would be the best explanation for why the proportion of CpG sequences tends to decrease over time? A. deamination of methylcytosine forms thymine while deamination of cytosine forms a uracil B. Deamination of methylcytosine forms uracil while deamination of cytosine forms thymine C. deamination of methylcytosine forms adenine while deamination of cytosine forms a molecules that is not used in nucleic acids D. deamination of cytosine forms adenine while deamination of methylcytosine forms a molecule that is not used in nucleic acids
deamination of methylcytosine forms thymine while deamination of cytosine forms a uracil essentially why methylcytosine can undergo deamination and unmethylated cytosine can't. essentially, cytosine is a pyrimidine and can;t lose an NH2 group to form purine. cytosine giving uracilm which isn't in DNA, allows easy detection and fix
Which of the following is LEAST likely to follow from increasing urbanization in modern India? A. decrease in average exposure to environmental hazards B. overcrowding of slums and ghettoization C. efflux of affluent families from city centers D. fewer individuals basing work decisions on familial obligations
decrease in average exposure to environmental hazards urbanization means many move away from cities and environmental hazards
Which of the following is NOT a basic premise underlying the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing method A. each of the four chemical treatments cleaves the DNA fragment before only one nitrogen base B. DNA contains the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine C. the lengths of small DNA fragments can be compared by standard biochemical means D. a single chemical treatment can produce labeled fragments of varying lengths
each of the four chemical treatments cleaves the DNA fragment before only one nitrogen base said in reading that cleaves before two different bases. make sure to remember the NOT in question stems, and double check that all answers match questions
That the sex-trade was able to flourish in 1920s Kinshasa most suggest that this society did NOT: A. hold the protection of women's rights as a prominent value B. effectively enforce a prohibition of prostitution C. hold as a common belief that the sex trade was harmful or immoral D. legislate against the sex trade
effectively enforce a prohibition of prostitution the rest either cannot be inferred or are not supported. makes most sense, gotta be careful with these kinds of questions
To test his hypothesis(body cells have special mechanism for folic acid uptake and are unaffected by sulfonamides) scientist 1 develops a method of delivering preformed folic acid into bacterial cells. He then subjects those cells to increasing amounts of sulfonamide. If his hypothesis is correct, then in order to maintain a constant level of THFA:
either greater amounts of PABA or folic acid will overcome the action of increasing sulfonamide concentrations MECHANISM very important here, because the passage says that sulfonamide competes with PABA for the enzyme in the passage. Thus, this answer best allows the bacteria to form the needed folic acid
When stereochemistry differs at the chiral carbon of a structure with one chiral carbon, they are
enantiomers
Understanding the regulation of PFK-2/F-2,6-BPase enzymes important for future research into: A. mitochondrial diseases that lead to liver failure B. metabolic effects of hypoxia due to lung disease C. enzyme deficiencies that cause hemolytic anemias D. glucose reabsorption in kidneys of diabetic patients
enzyme deficiencies that cause hemolytic anemias blood cells lack mitochondria and depend on glycolysis for ATP production
A student takes the lens from a laser and finds that an object placed 12 centimeters behind of the lens creates an image that is 48 centimeters behind the lens. The focal point for the light passing through the lens in this situation is located:
formula for focal point is: 1/o - 1/i = 1/f 1/12 - 1/48 = 1/f 16 cm in front of lens, NOT behind. positive
GABA (structure shown below) is most likely derived from the proteinogenic amino acid: (structure has NH2 and carboxylic acid)
glutamate, an acidic amino acid original R group was acid or base so must be acidic or basic amino acid for answer
What is a hemiketal vs ketal
hemiketal same as hemiacetal but has 2 R groups instead of an R group and an H atom ketal same as acetal but has 2 R groups instead of an R group and H atom
A woman finds it difficult to get any work done in the morning unless she has several cups of coffee. Which of the following structures contains receptors that detect the increase in osmolarity of her blood?
hypothalamus NOT kidney, as receptor for water in blood is in hypothalamus which then sends signal for response in kidneys
According to the passage, which of the following symptoms would an individual with AD experience? (affects cerebral cortex which affect ability of recall and higher order mental processes)
inability to read a clock this is a function of cerebral cortex via occipital lobe. NOT difficulty sleeping as this would be due to something wrong with brainstem
Based on the information in the passage, the pediatrician's instructions are: (painful reaction to injection by pH and used method of changing buffers. the SD is 3.5)
incorrect due to a flawed assumption changing buffer by a certain amount isn't effective when such a standard deviation is present
competitive inhibitors
increase Km but do nothing to Vmax(pay attention to axises on graphs and what the graph is actually saying)
In the experimental setup shown in Figure 1, when the voltage at the voltage source is increased passively by 20mV, the voltage at the probe will be approximately resting potential = -70 change in applied voltage is log deltaV/V0 = -x/2.30A x is 200um and A is 80um
log deltaV/Vo = -1 since log is -1, the ratio of delta V/Vo is 1/10 20 x 1/10 is 2. -70 + 2 is then -68 for the answer
Suppose the signaler in the example cited in the passage wished to maximize his payoff in response to environmental stage 3. Which message should the signaler send?
m1 m2 would be the best, but it is not even possible based on question. Then from there just look at chart and read what it is representing. Be sure to check figures and what they represent when confused, maybe leave for end
Based on the following graph (shows Energy input vs electrons removed and shows linear increase vertically and horizontally), the important physiologic electrolyte being studied is most likely: A. chlorine B. magnesium C. potassium D. selenium
magnesium this is an alkali earth metal, which the element must be because when 1 and 2 electrons removed it is a little bit of ionization energy. When the third removed though, it required more energy which means the third electron is from a stable shell
Which of the following esters would be the most appropriate for synthesizing alanine? "gabriel synthesis produces primary amines and made with malonic ester"
malonic esters are structures w 2 esters separated by a carbon
Based on information in the passage, which of the following cell types would be expected to have the lowest level of methylation in its DNA? A. mature erythrocytes B. neurons C. myocytes D. fibroblasts
mature erythrocytes fibroblasts are proliferative, however, mature erythrocytes contain no nucleus so there is not DNA to methylate
Which of the following would most weaken the contention that the nature of technological products is not determined by consumers and their needs and desires? A. most gadgets are now designed to have intuitive user interfaces. B. consumers are buying more technological products now than ever C. computers are upgrades so rapidly that new models are obsolete in a year D. a cell phone has come to be regarded as a necessity rather than a luxury
most gadgets are now designed to have intuitive user interfaces. Not phones necessary answer because this doesn't mean that they were designed with desires in mind
Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell? A. actin filaments B. myosin filaments C. microtubules D. intermediate filaments
myosin filaments cytoskeleton made of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
A mutation in which of the following embryonic structures could lead to a lack of myelination in the peripheral nervous system? A. mesoderm B. neural ectoderm C. neural crest D. endoderm
neural crest neural crest doe become many structures that include schwann cells
There are a number of ways in which the cellular electrolytes K+ and Cl- differ. On which of the following points are they most similar? A. number of occupied orbitals B. atomic size C. ionization energy D. number of protons and number of neutrons
number of occupied orbitals know that they are talking about ions(pay attention to charges)
cleaning fine passage The independent variable used in the study described in the passage is an example of what kind of manipulation?
operant conditioning feedback of correct and incorrect is operant conditioning, inspectors didn't show how to clean so NOT modeling
Two patients have similar gastric [HCl]. Patient A is given calcium carbonate while patient B is given magnesium hydroxide. After the treatments:
patient A's gastric pH will lower, since calcium carbonate is a weaker base than magnesium hydroxide
Opioids, which act primarily by activating the u opioid receptor, are frequently used for rapid relief of sever pain. Which of the following is a plausible mechanism of action for u opioid receptors? A. protein kinases open potassium channels, causing an efflux of potassium ions B. protein kinases open calcium channels, causing an influx of calcium ions C. deactivation of sodium ion channels causes an efflux of sodium ions D. deactivation of chloride ion channels causes an influx of chloride ions
protein kinases open potassium channels, causing an efflux of potassium ions remember that ions will move down their gradient with channels and that this would still cause hyperpolarization
Which of the following is likely to occur if an actively respiring muscle lowers the acidity of the environment in the vicinity of a nociceptive neuron to a pH value of 6.9
protons will facilitate the generation of action potentials in the nociceptive neurons in response to heat generated by the muscle NOT protons will generate action potentials. reading says protons can only directly activate at pH lower than 6 and that below 7 protons augment nociceptor activation by thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimulation. Make sure to read
The laser described in the passage is applied to the eye. Assuming an eyeball weighs 10 grams and is comprised solely of water, the temperature change in the eyeball if the laser is applied for 1 minute will be closest to: laser produces 2 joules per second
q=mcdeltaT 60 x 2 = 120 120 = 10 x 4.18 x deltaT delta T is approximately 3 degrees Celsius
Based on the information in the passage, what is the maximum pressure above atmospheric pressure that the biomedical engineer's device should be programmed to exert?
question wants device to not damage those with weakest lungs. Thus, we know that the high value in set was 111.9 and that the range is 44. simple math gets you 67 kPa approximately
Which of the following best reflects an indiviudal's ascribed status?
race (status from clearly identifiable characteristics. usually defined from birth)
Taxol makes it more difficult for microtubules to disassemble thus leading to interference in mitosis of cancerous cells. This is most likely caused by:
raising the activation energy needed to disassemble microtubule subunits NOT a change in enthalpy when disassembled w Taxol or w/out. Enthalpy stuff not mentioned so fine to just go with activation energy explanation
The researchers guided students in Class C to form what type of opinion regarding their classroom (told that room was messy because janitor not cleaning)
situational attributions regarding why their classroom was messy NOT dispositional because it is about the janitor and not them
Chimpanzee language w ASL passage Which of the following provides an example of symbolism, as defined in the passage? (sounds and characters have an arbitrary but conventional connection to the things they represent) a. stop signs in North America are octagonal in shape, but in Europe stop signs are round b. the word "meow" is a transliteration of the actual sound that a cat makes c. on a mercury thermometer, a longer stripe of mercury indicates a higher temperature d. young children's pictures are often unrecognizable as the thing or person the child is attempting to draw
stop signs in North America are octagonal in shape, but in Europe stop signs are round this shows that there is no inherent connection between shape and meaning
In the study described in the passage, researchers injected glyburide with diazoxide and pinacidil, most likely in order to
test if the antinociceptive effects of diazoxide and pinacidil could be relieved by blocking Katp NOT determine if glyburide augments diazoxide's and pinacidil's antinociceptive effects because augments means to add to/increase. this is the opposite of what would be expected. same general idea, but phrasing is important.
Which of the following is an alternative conclusion supported by the data and experiment parameters described in the passage? (cleaning fine passage)
the daily inspections gave the group a unique understanding of what sort of mess would and would not result in a fine correct answer should have alternative reason for difference in fine between groups. other answers either doesn't do this or aren't supported by text
Based on the information in the passage, which of the following drugs is NOT a good candidate for buffering? (small simple molecules that are not covalently altered by hydronium and hydroxide are good candidates for buffering) A. the influenza vaccine, a protein suspension B. Potassium hydroxide, an ionic solution C. Benzocaine, a carboxylic acid derivative D. Dexamethasone, a cholesterol-derived steroid
the influenza vaccine, a protein suspension proteins are large, complex molecules that undergo acid sensitive hydrolysis reactions
Beowulf origin theory passage According to the passage, a major distinction between the "tribal lay" and "growth by accretion" theorists is
their varied conceptions of the multiple authorship of Beowulf NOT the wat in which each group accounts for Beowulf's christian elements because one theory ignores christian undertones, meaning it isn't accounted for.
A pedestrian attempting to cross the street is distracted and does not see an oncoming cyclist. A bystander on the curb pulls the pedestrian directly backwards, narrowly avoiding a collision. Which of the following structures would first alert the pedestrian to this abrupt change in direction?
utricle the structures involved in vestibular sense are the semicircular canals, the utricle, and saccule
pressure vs volume graph shown. what is the Power in 4 seconds?
work is area under curve of P vs V so calculate this (pay attention to numbers on x and y axis). then divide this by t because W/t is power