Kev Kev Mastering- lymphatics

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

B

Cancer cells would be attacked by which cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

Memory

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells.

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? --The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. --Lymph flows past dendritic cells. --Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. --The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum. --Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.

The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

How is lymph collected from the right leg introduced back into circulation?

The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the thoracic duct.

Which of these statements about lymphocytes is FALSE? --They occur as B, T, and NK types. --They are phagocytic. --They mostly occur in lymphoid tissues. --Some can produce antibodies.

They are phagocytic.

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it --reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. --activates B cells. --produces T cells. --lies in the anterior mediastinum. --involutes after puberty.

activates B cells.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity.

Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except --being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. --allowing nutrient and gas exchange. --being the smallest lymphatic vessels. --having shingle-like endothelial cells. --having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries.

allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

an antigenic determinant

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of

antibodies

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except --antibodies. --inflammation. --interferon. --complement. --the skin.

antibodies.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

antigen

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they --have only a tunica interna. --have no basement membrane. --have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. --are smaller in diameter. --are frequently irregular in shape.

are smaller in diameter.

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? (Figure 22-17)

artificially acquired active immunity

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.

artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? --appendix and spleen --spleen and thymus --bone marrow and thymus --lymph nodes and tonsils

bone marrow and thymus

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except: --movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. --chemotaxis of phagocytes. --heat of the inflamed tissue. --swelling of the inflamed tissue. --redness of the inflamed tissue.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except --secretions. --epithelium. --body hair. --basement membranes. --complement.

complement

Lymphatic capillaries are not found in

cornea of the eye

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

cytoxic; helper

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both external and internal threats.

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called

dendritic cells.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.

germinal center

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

helper T

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

humoral immunity

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

immunosuppressive drugs.

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except --stimulation of inflammation. --opsonization. --inhibition of the immune response. --chemotaxis. --destruction of target cell plasma membranes.

inhibition of the immune response.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

innate internal defenses

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called

interferons

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called

interleukins

Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?

lymph nodes

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema

Which cell type is essential to the immune response?

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found in?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen? (Figure 22-8)

lymphocytes; red blood cells

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? --suppressor T cells --memory T cells --plasma cells --NK cells --macrophages

macrophages

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunization.

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

plasma

What cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except --tolerance. --versatility. --specificity. --present at birth. --memory.

present at birth.

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

produce a fever.

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

red bone marrow

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

red bone marrow.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except --remove excess nutrients from the lymph. --produce antibodies through B cells. --accumulate cancer cells. --remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. --monitor the contents of lymph.

remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Which of these body regions does NOT drain its lymph into the thoracic duct? --right leg --left leg --right arm --left arm

right arm

In general, lymphocytes

spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the

subclavian veins

The primary lymphoid tissues include

the bone marrow and thymus.

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except --lymph node organs. --the brain. --the thymus. --the spleen. --lymphatic nodules.

the brain.

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? --spleen --thymus --tonsils --lymph nodes --MALT

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Autoimmune disorders result from a failure of what property of immunity?

tolerance

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

tonsillitis

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

tonsils

The lymphatic system does all of the following except: --transports lipids from the digestive tract. --fights infection. --eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. --transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. --helps maintain normal blood volume.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called

tumor necrosis factors

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show

tumor-specific antigens.

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction? (Figure 22-3)

valves

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? --white pulp of the spleen --Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus --red pulp of the spleen --germinal centers of the lymph nodes

white pulp of the spleen