KIN 2500: Chapter 17: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
femoral
The arrow is pointing to the N part of the VAN (vein, artery, nerve) structures of the anterior thigh. What is this nerve called?
anterior plexi
axons from the ______ rami of spinal nerves, except for thoracic nerves T2-T12, form _____ on both left and right sides of the body
anterior ramus
bigger ramus; muscles of upper and lower limbs; ____ and lateral trunk
proprioception
body awareness in space in relation to other things and itself
integrating center
component of reflex arc where processing is held in either spinal cord or brain (CNS)
spinal nerves
connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body
spinal cord
contains neural circuits that control some of your quickest reactions to env.al changes
spinal cord
continuous with the brain and together constitute CNS
anterior median fissure (THINK: looks like butt)
deep indentation and how you tell its the ventral side
radial
Injury to this nerve, even from an intramuscular injection, could cause wrist drop. What is the name of this injured nerve?
dermatoomes
areas of skin that provide sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves; related to nerve roots
sensory
ascending tracts
motor
The anterior (ventral) rootlets carry ___________ impulses to the spinal nerves.
axillary
Brachial plexus: part of posterior cord connected to deltoid and teres minor allowing for shoulder ABduction
long thoracic
Brachial plexus: runs along side of rib cage and goes to serratus anterior; allows for shoulder protraction
subarachnoid space
*where CSF is located*
direct and indirect pathways
2 parts of motor tracts
lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts posterior columns
2 parts of sensory tracts
vertebral column and meninges
2 protective structures of spina cord
epidural dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
4 types of meninges
spinal cranial somatic autonomic
4 types of reflexes
sensory receptor sensory neuron integrating center motor neuron effector
5 components of reflex arc
protective
Almost all spinal reflexes are ______________ in their function.
roots trunks divisions cords branches
Brachial Plexus: Real Texans Drink Cold Beer
ulnar
Brachial plexus: medial part of M that runs behind medial epicondyle (funny bone); flexor carpi ulnaris (wrist flexors), hand and pinky and ring fingers
musculocutaneous
Brachial plexus: most lateral part of the M goes to bicep brachii and brachialis
median
Brachial plexus: part of middle cord → goes to radius and ulna; wrist flexors
radial
Brachial plexus: part of posterior cord and runs to back of the arml; triceps, anconeus, and wrist entensors
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
From the most superficial to deep, the spinal meninges are
anterior
Gray horns: cell bodies for motor neurons, mostly skeletal muscle; VOL
lateral
Gray horns: help regulate autonomic motor nuclei; INvoluntary
posterior
Gray horns: somatic and autonomic sensory info
rootlets
How is a spinal nerve connected to the spinal cord?
long thoracic
Injury of which nerve could cause paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle?
real texans drink cold beer
Mnemonic for Brachial plexus
true
T/F: roots → trunks → divisions → cords → branches
quadriplegia
The complete transection of the spinal cord at the C4 or C5 vertebral level would normally result in ________________.
meninges
The connective tissue covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is called the ___________________.
tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement
The conus medullaris is: - the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord. - the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement. - the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section. - the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord.
dura
The most superficial and dense of the three meningeal layers is called the ___________ layer.
lumbar enlargement
The nerves to and from the lower limbs arise from the:
tibial and common fibular
The sciatic nerve is actually made of two nerves bound together by a common sheath of connective tissue. Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
epidural
The space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal, which is normally filled with a cushion of fat and connective tissue, is called the _________ space.
L2
The spinal cord in the adult normally extends to which vertebral level?
cervical
The superior enlargement of the spinal cord is the
sensory pathways
These nerve tracts consist of axons conducting impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. What are they called?
spinal nerves
These structures connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands in all parts of the body. What are they called?
obturator
This nerve supplies the adductor muscles of the hip and medial skin of the thigh. What is it called?
dermatomes
This pattern of sensory nerve distribution of the skin of the body is called _____________.
central canal
This structure contains cerebrospinal fluid within the spinal cord. What is it called?
dura and arachnoid maters
What 2 meninges have sub-____ spaces?
convey nerve impulses for sensing pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, and deep pressure, and a crude, poorly localized sense of touch
What are the functions of the anterior spinothalamic tract?
cell bodies of sensory neurons
What does a posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contain? cell bodies of sensory neurons cell bodies of interneurons cell bodies of motor neurons both sensory and motor information cell bodies of sensory neurons, and sensory and motor information, are correct
horns = gray columns = white
What term goes with gray matter? White? horns columns
activating quads and inhibiting hamstrings
When doc hits your knee, 2 motor signals are sent to do what and where?
phrenic
Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?
posterior gray horns
Which of the following contain cell bodies of interneurons? - anterior (ventral) gray horns - posterior (dorsal) gray horns - posterior (dorsal) root ganglia
Between the dura mater and the skull is the subdural space.
Which of the following is FALSE? Vertebrae and vertebral ligaments protect the spinal cord. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space. Between the dura mater and the skull is the subdural space. All of these choices are correct.
sensory receptor → sensory neuron → integrating center → motor neuron → effector
Which of the following is a correct pathway for a reflex arc?
1 3 5 6 8
Which of the following nerves arise from the brachial plexus? 1. ulnar nerve 2. femoral nerve 3. median nerve 4. obturator nerve 5. axillary nerve 6. musculocutaneous nerve 7. sciatic nerve 8. radial nerve 9. tibial nerve 10. common fibular nerve
T2-T12
Which spinal nerves DO NOT participate in forming a plexus?
bc contain both motor and sensory neurons
Why are spinal nerves classified as mixed nerves?
gray commissure
Within the spinal cord, which structure forms the crossbar of the H?
denticulate
_______ ligament that attaches pia mater to arachnoid mater
ventral
anterior/front
motor
descending tracts
plexus
each network of nerves
lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts (sensory tracts)
from spinal cord to thalamus; Pain, warmth and coolness (temp), deep pressure, itching and tickling, and crude touch (not localized)
cervical enlargement
goes wider bc have lots of nerves coming off
femoral
nerve of a combination of L3 and L4 in the lumbar plexus comes down thigh, right next to its vein
thoracic
nerves go to serratus anterior
plexus
network of nerves
central canal
hole in the middle of gray commissure that's a continuation from brain and goes through whole spinal cord; CSF goes through
meningitis
inflammation of menginges
spinal cord
is the site for integration of neuronal stimulation
dermatome
knowing which spinal cord segments supply each _________ makes it possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord
spinal cord injury
lose function for everything below where get injury
dura mater
most superficial/outer layer and is the whole length of the spinal cord → from magnum to sacrum
phrenic nerve
nerve going to diaphragm, one on each side involved with C5 stay alive
accessory
nerve going to trapezius
sciatic nerve
nerve in butt, made up of tibial (medial) and common fibular (lat) nerves
sciatic
only nerve need to know from sacral and coccygeal plexus
indirect
pathways of motor tracts that are for automatic movement, help maintain muscle tone (posture muscles), and equilibrium
direct
pathways of motor tracts that are for really precise voluntary skeletal movements
lumbar
plexus form L1-L5
conus medullaris
point where spinal cord ends
dorsal
posterior/back
posterior columns (sensory tracts)
proprioception, discriminated of touch, light pressure and vibration
meninges
protective coverings of spinal cord
somatic
reflex: doc hitting your knee
autonomic (visceral)
reflex: from smooth muscle glands and cardiac
cranial
reflex: pupils opening/closing
spinal cord
relays sensory nerve impulses
anterior/ventral
roots with motor info
posterior/dorsal
roots with sensory info
posterior median sulcus
small indentation on dorsal side
posterior ramus
smaller ramus; deep muscles _____ trunk
epidural
space btw vertebral column and spinal cord
medullar to L2
spinal cord length = 16-18 inches. Stretches from _____ to _____.
meningitis or baby has high fever
spinal taps are used for...
C5
stay alive!! (ventilator vs. no ventilator)
arachnoid mater
thin avascular covering
pia mater
thin, adhered to surface of brain and spinal cord; actually attached to spine itself
piriformis
this muscle sits on top of sciatic nerve
vinyl terminale
thread in the middle of cauda equina; anchors spinal cord to coccyx
gray commissure (THINK: butterfly)
where horns connected in the middle
cauda equina
where spinal cord nerves hang off
intervertebral foramen
where spinal nerves exit
spinal nerve trunk
where ventral and dorsal roots combine