KIN 2500 Exam 6 questions
Pigmented nuclei in the midbrain called substantia nigra control subconscious muscle activities. a. True b. False
a
What neuroglial cell wraps around the axons in the peripheral nervous system forming a myelin sheath? a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) c. satellite cells d. astrocytes
b
What type of neural circuit is this? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. diverging circuit c. reverberating circuit d. converging circuit
b
What would you find in the gray matter of the central nervous system? a. myelinated and unmyelinated axons b. cell bodies of neurons c. oligodendrocytes d. neurolemma
b
Which cell functions as a phagocyte with in the brain? a. astrocyte b. microglia c. Schwann cell d. oligodendrocyte e. ependymal cell
b
Which is a function of the vagus (X) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
b
A midsagittal section of the brain would pass through which of the following? a. longitudinal fissure b. corpus callosum c. falx cerebri d. all of these choices
d
About half of the volume of the CNS is made up of cells other than neurons. These cells are called_________. a. Purkinje cells b. motor neurons c. pyramidal cells d. neuroglia e. afferent neurons
d
Cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges in a space called the ____. a. epidural space b. subdural space c. subpial space d. subarachnoid space
d
Damage to a motor neuron would cause which of the following problem(s)? 1. muscle weakness 2. decreased sensation 3. decreased gland output a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 3 only
d
From which plexus does the great auricular nerve arise? a. thoracic b. brachial c. sacral d. cervical e. lumbar
d
From which plexus does the superior gluteal nerve arise? a. thoracic b. brachial c. lumbar d. sacral e. cervical
d
From which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? a. cervical b. sacral c. thoracic d. brachial e. lumbar
d
In the figure shown, which principal branch of the spinal nerve is indicated? HINT: axons from this structure form plexuses. a. posterior (dorsal) ramus b. rami communicantes c. meningeal branch d. anterior (ventral) ramus e. posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
d
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the motor speech area (Broca's area)? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
d
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary motor area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
d
In what part of the brain would you find the corpus striatum? a. midbrain b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
d
In what part of the brain would you find the insula? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
d
A broad region where gray matter and white matter show a netlike arrangement in the brain stem and the inferior part of the diencephalon, and whose function is to influence muscle tone and to cause arousal from sleep are collectively referred to as the ____. a. reticular formation b. medial lemniscus c. cerebral peduncles d. cerebellar peduncles
a
A cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS is known as ____. a. nucleus b. ganglion c. plexus d. division
a
A dermatome is an area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve. a. True b. False
a
Another name for sensory neuron is ________________ neuron. a. afferent b. motor c. descending d. efferent e. somatic
a
Cell bodies compose this region, giving it its color. a. true b. false
a
Cell bodies of motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands via the autonomic nervous system can be found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. a. true b. false
a
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____. a. ependymal cells b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes e. microglia
a
Except for T2-T12, all anterior (ventral) rami form nerve plexuses. a. true b. false
a
From which plexus does the femoral nerve arise? a. lumbar b. thoracic c. sacral d. brachial e. cervical
a
From which plexus does the phrenic nerve arise? a. cervical b. sacral c. lumbar d. brachial e. thoracic
a
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called the ____. a. nodes of Ranvier b. trigger zone c. neuromuscular junction d. axon hillock e. axon terminal
a
In the PNS, if the cell body is undamaged, axons may re-grow. a. True b. False
a
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary visual area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
a
In what part of the brain would you find the cerebral peduncles? a. midbrain b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
a
In what part of the brain would you find the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
a
Injury to this nerve, even from an intramuscular injection, could cause wrist drop. What is the name of this injured nerve? a. radial b. ulnar c. median d. sciatic e. tibial
a
Loss of taste in the anterior region of the tongue may be an indication of damage to which cranial nerve? a. facial VII b. trigeminal V c. glossopharyngeal IX d. vagus X
a
Neurons in the CNS fail to re-grow because of inhibition of growth by the ______. a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes c. axons d. cell bodies e. astrocytes
a
Neurons that carry information away from the central nervous system are called ________ neurons. a. motor b. sensory c. unipolar d. preganglionic
a
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and most anesthetics readily pass through the blood-brain barrier. a. True b. False
a
Select the muscle(s) served by the femoral nerve. a. extensor muscles of knee joint b. gluteus maximus c. gastrocnemius and soleus muscles d. tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles e. adductor muscles of thigh
a
The conus medullaris is ____. a. the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement. b. the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section. c. the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord. d. the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord.
a
The denticulate ligaments and the filum terminale are both structures that help to anchor the spinal cord and protect it against sudden displacement. a. true b. false
a
The epidural space found between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue. a. true b. false
a
The hypothalamic mammillary bodies serve as relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell. a. True b. False
a
The meninx indicated by #4 is the ____. a. arachnoid mater b. dura mater c. pia mater
a
The nerves to and from the lower limbs arise from the: a. lumbar enlargement b. gray commissure c. cauda equina d. filum terminale e. conus medullaris
a
The part of the spinal cord indicated by the highlighted portion is the ____. a. anterior (ventral) root b. posterior (dorsal) root c. spinal nerve d. rami communicantes
a
The postcentral gyrus is in the _____ lobe of the cortex; it contains the primary _____ area. a. parietal, somatosensory b. parietal, motor c. frontal, somatosensory d. frontal, motor
a
The regions of the brain stem involved in the control of respiration are the ____. a. medulla and pons. b. pons and midbrain. c. midbrain and medulla. d. midbrain, pons, and medulla.
a
The senses of pain and temperature are conveyed to the brain by ____. a. lateral spinothalamic tracts. b. indirect tracts. c. direct tracts. d. posterior columns.
a
The thin transparent spinal meninx called pia mater separates the spinal cord from the surround cerebrospinal fluid. a. true b. false
a
The transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. a. True b. False
a
The two main routes for motor information traveling down the spinal cord are ____ pathways and ____ pathways. a. direct, indirect b. gracilis fasciculus, cuneate fasciculus c. anterior spinocerebellar, posterior spinocerebellar d. corticospinal, posterior column
a
These nerve tracts consist of axons conducting impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. What are they called? a. sensory pathways b. descending pathways c. motor pathways d. efferent pathways e. congenital pathways
a
This structure carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron. a. axon b. neurolemmocyte c. Schwann cell d. dendrite e. oligodendrocyte
a
This structure contains cerebrospinal fluid within the spinal cord. What is it called? a. central canal b. subdural space c. subpial space d. epidural space e. vertebral canal
a
What does a posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contain? a. cell bodies of sensory neurons b. cell bodies of interneurons c. cell bodies of motor neurons d. both sensory and motor information e. cell bodies of sensory neurons, and sensory and motor information, are correct
a
What is the best description of the dura mater? a. meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column b. between arachnoid mater and pia mater c. contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord d. between pia mater and spinal cord e. consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
a
What is the best description of the pia mater? a. contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord b. consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels c. contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue d. thick strong layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue e. most superficial meninx
a
What is the effector of the somatic motor neurons? a. skeletal muscles b. smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands c. cardiac muscle only d. glands only e. smooth muscles, glands, and endocrine cells of the GI tract
a
What is the name of this portion of the spinal cord? a. gray matter b. white matter
a
What type of neural circuit involves a small number of presynaptic neurons influencing a large number of postsynaptic neurons? a. divergent circuit b. convergent circuit c. reverberating circuit d. none of these choices
a
What type of neural circuit is this? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. diverging circuit c. reverberating circuit d. converging circuit
a
What type of neuron has many processes extending from the cell body? a. multipolar b. bipolar c. unipolar d. Purkinje cell
a
What type of neuron is this? a. multipolar b. unipolar c. bipolar d. tripolar
a
Which is NOT found in the CNS as a support cell? a. Schwann cell or neurolemmocyte b. astrocyte c. microglia d. oligodendrocyte e. ependymal cells
a
Which is a function of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
a
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve? a. conveys nerve impulses related to smell b. conveys nerve impulses related to vision c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball; constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
a
Which is a function of the trigeminal (V) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball; constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via superior oblique muscle
a
Which lobe(s) of the cerebellum controls subconscious movement of skeletal muscles? a. anterior and posterior b. flocculonodular c. anterior and flocculonodular d. posterior and flocculonodular
a
Which of the following contain cell bodies of interneurons? a. posterior (dorsal) gray horns b. anterior (ventral) gray horns c. posterior (dorsal) root ganglia d. all of these choices
a
Which of the following statements is FALSE for spinal nerves? a. Every pair of spinal nerves exits through the intervertebral foramina above the vertebra that has the same name and number as the nerves. b. The outer covering of a spinal nerve is the epineurium. c. The two largest branches of a spinal nerve are the anterior (ventral) ramus and the posterior (dorsal) ramus. d. All spinal nerves are mixed nerves.
a
A block of which nerve would provide anesthesia to the lower teeth and chin? a. maxillary branch of cranial nerve V b. mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve c. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) d. cranial nerve VII
b
A perception is done only in the _______________. a. spinal cord b. brain c. peripheral nervous system d. cranial nerves e. plexuses
b
A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1. sensory neuron 2. motor neuron 3. sensory receptor 4. integrating center 5. effector The correct order is: a. 3, 4, 2, 5 b. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 c. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 d. 3, 2, 1, 5
b
Axons and dendrites that are surrounded by a multilayered coating of lipid and protein are said to be _____. a. nodefied b. myelinated c. demylinated d. unmyelinated e. saturated
b
Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to ____. a. facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles. b. monitor the chemical composition of the blood. c. secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles. d. all of these choices.
b
From which plexus does the axillary nerve arise? a. cervical b. brachial c. lumbar d. sacral d. thoracic
b
From which plexus does the pudendal nerve arise? a. thoracic b. sacral c. brachial d. lumbar e. cervical
b
In the figure shown, which tract is indicated? HINT: this tract conveys nerve impulses which originate in the cerebral cortex and lead to precise, voluntary contractions of skeletal muscles. a. anterior corticospinal tract b. lateral corticospinal tract c. anterior spinalthalamic tract d. posterior column e. lateral spinothalamic tract
b
In what lobe of the cerebrum would you find the primary auditory area? a. occipital lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. frontal lobe
b
In what part of the brain would you find the hippocampus? a. thalamus b. limbic system c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum
b
In what part of the brain would you find the oval shaped swellings called olives? a. midbrain b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
b
Motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles have cell bodies in _____ gray horns of the spinal cord, and their axons exit the cord via a/an _____ root. a. anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal) b. anterior (ventral), anterior (ventral) c. posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral) d. posterior (dorsal), posterior (dorsal)
b
Select the muscle(s) served by the tibial nerve. a. anterior muscles of thigh (quadriceps and sartorius) b. gastrocnemius and soleus muscles c. adductor muscles of thigh d. gluteus maximus e. tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles
b
Select the structure(s) served by the axillary nerve. a. extensors of the wrist b. deltoid muscle c. flexors of the wrist d. biceps brachii e. diaphragm
b
Select the structure(s) served by the median nerve. a. extensors of the wrist b. flexors of the wrist c. quadriceps femoris muscle d. skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder e. diaphragm
b
Small openings in the roof of the third ventricle allow passage of CSF into the subarachnoid space. a. True b. False
b
Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that ____. a. they are autonomic nerves. b. the anterior (ventral) rami do not contribute to a plexus. c. the posterior (dorsal) rami form a plexus. d. they do not branch to form rami.
b
The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions: ________ and ____________. a. motor and sensory b. sympathetic and parasympathetic c. afferent and efferent d. central and peripheral e. myelinated and unmyelinated
b
The corpus callosum allows information to travel between cerebral hemispheres. Therefore the corpus callosum contains _____ tracts. a. association b. commissural c. projection d. all of these choices
b
The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____. a. conus medullaris b. filum terminale c. cauda equina d. denticulate ligament
b
The meninx indicated by #3 is the ____. a. dura mater b. pia mater c. arachnoid mater
b
The meninx indicated by #5 is the ____. a. arachnoid mater b. dura mater c. pia mater
b
The structure(s) indicated by the arrows is/are the ____. a. posterior (dorsal) root b. rami communicantes c. anterior (ventral) ramus d. posterior (dorsal) ramus
b
The white matter of the spinal cord ____. a. is surrounded by gray matter. b. contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts. c. is subdivided into regions called horns. d. all of these choices.
b
These structures connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands in all parts of the body. What are they called? a. afferent nerves b. spinal nerves c. efferent nerves d. cranial nerves e. dural nerves
b
This neurotransmitter is a simple gas and has been suggested to play a role in learning and memory. What is it called? a. acetylcholine b. nitric oxide c. glycine d. norepinephrine e. gamma aminobutyric acid
b
What is the best description of the arachnoid mater? a. contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord b. consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels c. meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column d. between subarachnoid space and pia mater e. contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue
b
What is the best description of the epidural space? a. between arachnoid mater and pia mater b. contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue c. between dura mater and arachnoid mater d. contains interstitial fluid e. contains cerebrospinal fluid
b
What is the function of the circled cells? a. producesthe myelin covering of the neurons b. act as a phagocyte c. may influence the formation of synapses d. destroy neurotransmitters
b
What is the name of this portion of the spinal cord? a. gray matter b. white matter
b
Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY? a. anterior (ventral) root b. posterior (dorsal) root c. anterior (ventral) ramus d. posterior (dorsal) ramus
b
Which of the following is TRUE of the somatic nervous system? a. The structures of the somatic nervous system are located in the brain and spinal cord. b. The somatic sensory pathways are involved in the input of information to the CNS. c. The somatic nervous system includes extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of the gastrointestinal organs. d. All of these choices are TRUE.
b
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The site of communication between two neurons is called an axon hillock. b. Dendrites are the receiving or input portion of a neuron. c. The cytoplasm of an axon is called the axolemma. d. The presynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse. e. The plasma membrane of an axon is called the axoplasm.
b
Which of the following is not a division of the peripheral nervous system? a. somatic nervous system b. splanchnic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. enteric nervous system
b
Which of the following statements about the basal nuclei is/are TRUE? a. The caudate nucleus consists of the globus pallidus and the putamen. b. The corpus striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. c. The putamen and caudate nucleus regulate muscle tone required for specific movements. d. All of these choices.
b
Which peripheral nerves are responsible for cutaneous sensation from the skin of the anterior abdominal wall as well as motor innervation to anterior abdominal wall muscles? a. sciatic and sural nerves b. intercostal (thoracic) nerves c. inferior and superior gluteal nerves d. median and musculocutaneous nerves
b
Within the spinal cord, which structure forms the crossbar of the H? a. lumbar enlargement b. gray commissure c. cauda equina d. filum terminale e. conus medullaris
b
The union between a nerve and a muscle is called a trigger zone. a. True b. False
b (Correction: NMJ)
The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the posterior median sulcus. a. true b. false
b (Correction: POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS is shallower and narrower than the ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE)
Complete paralysis of the diaphragm occurs if the spinal cord is crushed or destroyed just below the C5 region. a. true b. false
b (correction: C3 or higher)
All segments of the spinal cord contain lateral, posterior (dorsal), and anterior (ventral) gray horns. a. true b. false
b (correction: Lateral gray horns are only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments)
The cells which line the ventricles in the brain , produce and regulate composition of cerebrospinal fluid are astrocytes. a. True b. False
b (correction: ependymal cells)
The pineal gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. a. True b. False
b (correction: pituitary gland)
The lateral cerebral sulcus primarily separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe. a. True b. False
b (correction: separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe)
All cranial nerves are mixed nerves. a. True b. False
b (correction: some)
Complete anesthesia of a dermatome typically requires blocking of only one pair of spinal nerves because there is never overlap between neighboring dermatomes. a. true b. false
b (correction: there is overlap)
The femoral nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. a. true b. false
b (corrections: The femoral nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus // the tibial nerve and peroneal nerve are branches of the sciatic nerve)
Choroid plexuses are specialized capillaries in the CNS that 1. are covered by ependymal cells. 2. are located in the walls of the ventricles. 3. are located in the dural venous sinuses. 4. are the sites for reabsorption of CSF. 5. are derived from the arachnoid layer of the meninges. a. 3, 4, 5 b. 1, 2, 4, 5 c. 1, 2 d. 2, 3, 4
c
From which plexus does the iliohypogastric nerve arise? a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. brachial e. sacral
c
In the figure shown, which of the following are found in the indicated region of the spinal cord? a. cell bodies of sensory neurons b. cell bodies of somatic motor neurons c. cell bodies of interneurons d. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons e. axons of somatic motor neurons
c
In what part of the brain would you find the arbor vitae? a. thalamus b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. pons
c
Lateral gray horns are present in ALL segments of the _____ region of the spinal cord. a. lumbar b. cervical c. thoracic d. all of these choices
c
Motor impulses that help maintain muscle tone and posture are conveyed from the brain through the spinal cord by the ____. a. posterior columns. b. spinothalamic tracts. c. indirect pathways. d. direct pathways.
c
The two main routes for sensory information traveling up the spinal cord to the brain are ____ tracts and ____ columns. a. reticulospinal, vestibulospinal b. direct, indirect c. spinothalamic, posterior d. corticospinal, corticobulbar
c
Select the structure(s) served by the phrenic nerve. a. flexors of the wrist b. skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder c. diaphragm d. quadriceps femoris muscle e. adductor muscles of thigh
c
Select the structure(s) served by the supraclavicular nerve. a. extensors of the wrist b. flexors of the wrist c. skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder d. diaphragm e. quadriceps femoris muscle
c
The Central Nervous System is composed of the __________ and __________? a. neuron and cell body b. spinal cord and spinal nerves c. brain and spinal cord d. sensory and motor neurons only e. cranial nerves and spinal nerves
c
The _____ plexus serves the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest. a.brachial b. lumbar c. cervical d. thoracic
c
The adult spinal cord extends from the ____ of the brain inferiorly to the superior border of the ____ lumbar vertebrae. a. medulla oblongata, 4th b. pons, 3rd c. medulla oblongata, 2nd d. midbrain, 1st
c
The anterior (ventral) rootlets carry ___________ impulses to the spinal nerves. a. sensory b. mixed c. motor d. afferent e. both motor and sensory
c
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier ____. a. is the same thing as the blood-brain barrier. b. is due mainly to tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the brain tissue. c. protects the neurons of the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful substances in the blood. d. is another name for cranial meninges.
c
The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the center of the ____. a. anterior (ventral) gray horns. b. posterior (dorsal) white columns. c. gray commissure. d. anterior (ventral) white commissure.
c
The connective tissue covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is called the _____. a. epidural covering b. transparent covering c. meninges d. neurolemma e. neuroglia
c
The infundibulum is the anatomical link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and therefore it is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems. Structures contained in the infundibulum consist of which of the following? a. A tract that transports hormones from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary. b. Small blood vessels that transport regulating hormones from the median eminence of the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. c. Both choices are correct. d. Neither choice is correct.
c
The main plexuses formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves are ____. a. cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. b. thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. c. cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral. d. cervical, lumbar, sacral, and inguinal.
c
The myelin sheath of central nervous system neurons is produced by ____. a. ependymal cells b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes e. microglia
c
The myelination of neurons in the PNS is done by ______. a. astrocytes b. oligodendrocytes c. Schwann cell or neurolemmocyte d. pyramidal cells e. Purkinje cells
c
The part of the spinal cord indicated by the highlighted portion is the ____. a. anterior (ventral) root b. anterior (ventral) ramus c. posterior (dorsal) root d. posterior (dorsal) ramus
c
The roots of which spinal nerves make up the cauda equina? 1. thoracic 2. lumbar 3. sacral 4. coccygeal a. 3 & 4 only b. 4 only c. 2, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4
c
The sciatic nerve is actually made of two nerves bound together by a common sheath of connective tissue. Which two nerves make up the sciatic nerve? a. femoral and obturator b. pudendal and superficial fibular c. tibial and common fibular d. tibial and superior gluteal e. femoral and common fibular
c
The spinal cord in the adult normally extends to which vertebral level? a. C5 b. T7 c. L2 d. S5 e. Co1
c
This loop of nerve fibers has a superior and inferior root, and runs with the hypoglossal nerve. What is this structure called? a. great auricular branch b. lesser occipital branch c. ansa cervicalis d. suprascapular e. phrenic
c
What is the best description of the subarachnoid space? a. contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue b. between dura mater and arachnoid mater c. between arachnoid mater and pia mater d. contains interstitial fluid e. between dura mater and the wall of vertebral canal
c
What is the function of the neurolemma? a. production of new neurons b. protects the axons of the CNS c. aids regeneration of injured axons in the PNS d. transmits action potentials
c
What type of neural circuit is this? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. diverging circuit c. reverberating circuit d. converging circuit
c
What type of neural circuit is this? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. diverging circuit c. simple series circuit d. converging circuit
c
What type of neuron is this? a. multipolar b. unipolar c. bipolar d. tripolar
c
Which division of the nervous system communicates with the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the smooth muscles and glands? a. somatic b. intestinal c. enteric d. autonomic
c
Which is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
c
Which is a function of the facial (VII) nerve? a. conveys nerve impulses related to smell b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d. conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
c
Which of the following contain cell bodies of sensory neurons? a. anterior (ventral) gray horns b. posterior (dorsal) gray horns c. posterior (dorsal) root ganglia d. lateral gray horns
c
Which of the following could serve as an effector for a somatic reflex? a. gland b. smooth or cardiac muscle. c. skeletal muscle. d. all of these choices
c
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve? a. mandibular b. ophthalmic c. temporal d. maxillary
c
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the location of the brachial plexus? a. extends inferiorly and laterally on either side of the last few cervical and first thoracic vertebrae b. passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle c. on the neck alongside the first four cervical vertebrae d. enters the axilla
c
Which of the following is NOT an extension of the dura mater? a. falx cerebri b. tentorium cerebelli c. epidural space d. falx cerebelli
c
Which of the following is a correct pathway for a reflex arc? a. sensory receptor → motor neuron → effector → sensory neuron → integrating center b. integrating center → sensory receptor → motor neuron → sensory neuron → effector c. sensory receptor → sensory neuron → integrating center → motor neuron → effector d. sensory neuron → sensory receptor → motor neuron → integrating center → effector e. effector → motor neuron → integrating center → sensory neuron → sensory receptor
c
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about a feature of the medulla oblongata? a. The inferior cerebellar peduncles are fiber tracts that connect the olives of the medulla to the cerebellum. b. The vestibular nuclear complex is found mostly in the medulla. c. Pyramids contain the main sensory tracts that pass through the brain stem from the spinal cord; they are visible on the dorsal surface of the medulla. d. Vital reflex centers for control of heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are located in the medulla.
c
Which of the following is incorrectly matched regarding the midbrain? a. Inferior colliculi; reflex centers for sudden movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli b. Superior colliculi; reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli c. Red nucleus; origin of the tectospinal tract d. Substantia nigra; production of the neurotransmitter dopamine
c
Which of the following nerves arise from the brachial plexus? 1. ulnar nerve 2. femoral nerve 3. median nerve 4. obturator nerve 5. axillary nerve 6. musculocutaneous nerve 7. sciatic nerve 8. radial nerve 9. tibial nerve 10. common fibular nerve a. 1-10 b. 2, 4, 7, 9, and 10 c. 1, 3, 5, 6, and 8 d. 3, 4, 6, 8 e. 2, 5, 7, 8
c
Which of the following neurotransmitters is/are inhibitory? a. glutamate b. aspartate c. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction e. both glutamate and aspartate are inhibitory
c
Which spinal nerves DO NOT participate in forming a plexus? a. C1-C5 b. C5-T1 c. T2-T12 d. L1-L4 e. L4-S4
c
Which type of neuron functions to integrate (process) sensory information? a. efferent neuron b. sensory neuron c. interneuron d. motor neuron e. afferent neuron
c
White matter is denoted as containing a large amount of _____. a. snow-flake like structures b. demeylination c. myelin d. unmyelinated Nissel bodies e. cell bodies
c
Inability to control eyeball movement may indicate damage to which cranial nerve(s)? 1. trochlear IV 2. optic II 3. oculomotor III 4. trigeminal V 5. abducens VI a. 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c. 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 3, 5
d
One function of ____ is to maintain the composition of the interstitial environment of the CNS. a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) c. satellite cells d. astrocytes
d
Select the muscle(s) served by the common fibular nerve. a. gluteus maximus b. gastrocnemius and soleus muscles c. anterior muscles of thigh (quadriceps and sartorius) d. tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles e. adductor muscles of thigh
d
Select the muscle(s) served by the obturator nerve. a. anterior muscles of thigh (quadriceps and sartorius) b. tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles c. gastrocnemius and soleus muscles d. adductor muscles of thigh e. gluteus maximus
d
Select the structure(s) served by the radial nerve. a. diaphragm b. flexors of the wrist c. deltoid muscle d. triceps brachii e. skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder
d
The ______________ is/are composed of all the nervous structures outside of the CNS. a. plexuses b. spinal cord c. cranial nerves d. peripheral nervous system e. autonomic nervous system
d
The cerebellar peduncles conduct information into and out of the cerebellum. The correct statement is ____. a. the superior cerebellar peduncles conduct only sensory information. b. the inferior cerebellar peduncles contain only motor fibers. c. the middle cerebellar peduncles contain only afferent (sensory) fibers. d. none of these choices.
d
The complete transection of the spinal cord at the C4 or C5 vertebral level would normally result in _____. a. hemiplegia b. paraplegia c. monoplegia d. quadriplegia e. death by respiratory failure
d
The cranial nerve which conveys parasympathetic control of most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities is ____. a. accessory (XI) nerve b. glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve c. facial (VII) nerve d. vagus (X) nerve
d
The gray matter of the spinal cord ____. a. contains neuronal cell bodies. b. is surrounded by white matter. c. is subdivided into regions called horn d. all of these choices
d
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into which three functional components? a. parasympathetic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems b. sympathetic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems c. parasympathetic, sympathetic nervous systems and the spinal cord d. somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems
d
The space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal, which is normally filled with a cushion of fat and connective tissue, is called the _________ space. a. arachnoid b. cerebrospinal c. endodural d. epidural e. subarachnoid
d
The spinal cord is protected by which of the following? a. meninges b. cerebrospinal fluid c. vertebral column d. all of these choices
d
The tectum of the midbrain bears four rounded elevations ____. a. called substantia nigra. b. that control all subconscious muscle activities. c. that transmit all sensory and motor information between the upper and lower brain regions. d. that control reflex movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
d
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves, consisting of the following groups: _____ pairs of cervical, _____ pairs of thoracic, _____ pairs of lumbar, _____ pairs of sacral, and _____ pair of coccygeal spinal nerves. a.. 41, 8, 13, 6, 6, 2 b. 24, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3 c. 31, 7, 12, 5, 5, 1 d. 31, 8, 12, 5, 5, 1
d
This neuron is found in the cerebellum and is named after a noted histologist who first described this cell. What is it called? a. Oligodendrocyte b. Schwann cell c. Astrocyte d. Purkinje cell e. Ependymal cell
d
What type of neural circuit is this? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. diverging circuit c. reverberating circuit d. converging circuit
d
Which is a function of the abducens (VI) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball medially via medial rectus muscle c. causes movement of eyelid and eyeball, constriction of pupil d. causes movement of eyeball via lateral rectus muscle
d
Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve? a. conveys impulses from taste buds on the posterior one-third of the tongue b. conveys impulses to visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscles c. conveys motor impulses to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles d. controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
d
Which is a function of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve? a. conveys sensory impulses from the facial region and anterior scalp b. turns eyeball laterally via lateral rectus muscle c. conveys impulses from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d. conveys impulses associated with hearing and equilibrium
d
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the sciatic nerve? a. It splits at about the level of the knee into tibial and common fibular nerves. b. It is the largest nerve in the body. c. It sends branches to the hamstring muscles. d. It arises from the lumbar plexus.
d
Which of the following is FALSE? 1. Each nerve fiber sits in a loose connective tissue called the endoneurium. 2. The axon and its associated glial cells form the nerve fiber. 3. The perineurium packages groups of nerve fibers together into bundles called fasiculi. 4. The epineurium is the innermost connective tissue covering. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 4 only e. both 1 and 2 are correct
d
Which of the following is FALSE? a. Vertebrae and vertebral ligaments protect the spinal cord. b. The meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. c. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space. d. Between the dura mater and the skull is the subdural space. e. All of these choices are correct.
d
Which of the following is NOT a branch of a spinal nerve? a. ramus communicans (plural: rami communicantes) b. meningeal branch c. anterior (ventral) ramus d. lateral ramus
d
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the location of the lumbar plexus? a. between the two heads of the psoas major muscle b. lateral to the first four lumbar vertebrae c. none of these choices d. posterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle
d
Which of the following is NOT part of the hypothalamus? a. preoptic region b. tuberal region c. supraoptic region d. intermediate mass
d
Which of the following nerves is NOT from the brachial plexus? a. musculocutaneous b. radial c. axillary d. sciatic e. ulnar
d
From which plexus does the long thoracic nerve arise? a. lumbar b. cervical c. sacral d. thoracic e. brachial
e
In the figure show, what is the structure indicated in red? HINT: this is the inferior end of the spinal cord. a. lumbar enlargement b. gray commissure c. cauda equina d. filum terminale e. conus medullaris
e
Select the muscle(s) served by the inferior gluteal nerve. a. gastrocnemius and soleus muscles b. anterior muscles of thigh (quadriceps and sartorius) c. adductor muscles of thigh d. tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles e. gluteus maximus
e
The efferent neurons carry information to the ____________ and ____________. a. thalamus and hypothalamus of the brain b. sensory and special senses cortex of the brain c. central and peripheral nervous systems only d. autonomic and enteric nervous systems only e. muscles and glands
e
The junction of one neuron to another neuron is called a _________________. a. dendrite b. axon hillock c. axon d. perikaryon e. synapse
e
The most superficial and dense of the three meningeal layers is called the ____ layer. a. pia b. epidural c. arachnoid d. subdural e. dura
e
The structure shown with the arrow is the ____. a. anterior sulcus b. posterior column c. lateral gray horn d. posterior (dorsal) root ganglion e. anterior rootlet
e
This neurotransmitter is released at many PNS and some CNS neurons. What is it called? a. gamma aminobutyric acid b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. glycine e. acetylcholine
e
What component of the stretch reflex arc carries information about the over-stretching of a muscle to the CNS? a. effector b. sensory receptor c. motor neuron d. interneuron e. sensory neuron
e
What is the name of the nerve that has its origins in the C3, C4, and C5 roots of the cervical plexus? a. lesser occipital b. transverse cervical c. hypoglossal d. supraclavicular e. phrenic
e
What type of neuron is this STRUCTURALLY? a. multipolar neuron b. pyramidal cell c. bipolar neuron d. Purkinje cell e. unipolar neuron
e
Which of the following are structures of the nervous system? a. spinal cord b. ganglia c. sensory receptors d. enteric plexuses e. all of these choices are structures of the nervous system
e
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the spinal cord? a. Hemisection is a partial transection of the spinal cord. b. Spinal shock is an immediate response to spinal cord injury characterized by temporary areflexia (loss of reflex function). c. Hemiplegia is paralysis of the upper limb, trunk and lower limb on one side of the body. d. Paraplegia is paralysis of both lower limbs. e. All of these choices are correct.
e
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is located outside the brain and spinal cord. b. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. c. A nerve is a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) that lies outside the brain and spinal cord. d. Ganglia are small masses consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord. e. All of these choices are correct.
e
