kin 2530 chapter 13

Corporate sponsorships of sports are primarily motivated by corporate interest in A. promoting a way of life based on consumption and consumerism. B. developing a single worldwide standard of living. C. findings new ways to train workers who will produce their goods. D. building sports that bring the world together in large competitive events.

a

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, it is noted that the current method of selling media broadcasting rights to the Olympic Games A. subverts Olympic ideals. B. promotes Olympism. C. benefits small nations. D. decreases coverage seen by Americans.

a

Sports in recent years have become framed in new terms. Which of the following best describes this change? A. Commercial interests have become increasingly important. B. National loyalties and national identities are no longer important. C. Events are now athletic-political rather than athletic-economic. D. Politicians arrange most events today for personal purposes.

a

The main point of the chapter is that A. sports and politics cannot be kept separate. B. sports and politics must be kept separate. C. international sports should be abolished because of politics. D. politics in sports have decreased in recent years.

a

A problem associated with using sports to bridge diplomatic and cultural gaps between peoples of the world is that sports may A. force economically powerful nations to develop poor nations. B. encourage developing nations to depend more on wealthy nations. C. enable powerless nations to take unfair advantage of powerful nations. D. lead to global migration patterns that upset the stability of all nations.

b

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, the author explains that the Olympics is now designed primarily to A. promote international peace and understanding. B. help people understand and accept differences between cultures. C. help people in the television audience visualize forms of global community. D. promote the commercial interests of corporate sponsors.

d

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, the suggestions for reforming the Olympic Games include A. selecting a permanent site for the Olympic Games. B. eliminating all medals and individual awards during the Olympics. C. promoting the Olympics as "wars without weapons." D. replacing the current Olympic motto.

d

Sport programs created for young people who are described as "at risk" often claim to focus on development but the primary focus is on A. building sport skills. B. organizing communities. C. fostering political action. D. creating a form of social control.

d

When government involvement in sports is intended to promote identity and unity, it A. succeeds only when funding is provided. B. often leads to deadly forms of class conflict. C. also creates strong international relationships. D. usually benefits some people more than others.

d

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, it is noted that the major advantage for using multiple sites for each Olympic Games would be to A. increase the value of stocks for major worldwide airlines. B. discourage wealthy nations from submitting bids to host the Games. C. enable corporate sponsors to influence more people around the world. D. make it possible for poorer nations to host Olympic events.

a

Research shows that if maintaining health and fitness is the goal, a nation should sponsor sports that are A. noncompetitive and have aerobic benefits. B. based on a power and performance model. C. attractive to spectators as well as active participants. D. competitive and have important rewards for winners.

a

Research suggests that the impact of successful teams on feelings of national pride and identity A. is minimal in well-established nations. B. occurs most strongly among women and immigrants. C. leads to major economic changes in a country. D. is the only thing that sustains patriotism in most countries.

a

Sports are likely to foster meaningful cultural exchanges between nations when A. people share information equally and develop mutual understanding. B. athletes from developing nations win more medals in international events. C. sports produce "cultural converts" to the lifestyles of powerful nations. D. people in traditional cultures abandon folk games and play modern sports.

a

Data on connections between sports and international relations suggests that sports A. shape important negotiations related to vital national interests in global politics. B. are most often used as forms of public diplomacy. C. only influence political relationships when nations have little power. D. are unrelated to all aspects of international relations.

b

Government involvement in sports is usually connected with A. the sport experiences of political officials. B. the dynamics of power relations in a society or community. C. the need for politicians to appear physically fit in the eyes of voters. D. the unique interests of powerless people in a society or community.

b

Governments become involved in sports because they often are the only organizations with A. the authority to pay high salaries to athletes. B. the power and capital needed to sponsor events and build major facilities. C. officials who do not have conflicts of interests related to sports. D. the legal connections needed to deal with national sports leagues.

b

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, the author suggests that the Olympic motto, "Citius, Altius, Fortius," should be replaced by new motto that emphasizes A. a spirit of patriotism and nationalism. B. health, unity, and peace. C. the problems associated with corporate capitalism. D. the interests of the best athletes in the world.

b

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, the table showing total medal counts from 1896 to 2004 indicates that when the size of nations is taken into account A. large Asian nations are rated very highly. B. the United States is not rated in the top 25. C. Cuba is rated number 1. D. Scandinavian nations are rated very low.

b

Many governments pay cash rewards to athletes who win Olympic medals because A. athletes need money to be competitive with people from other countries. B. wins by athletes brings prestige and other benefits to the whole country. C. athletes who get paid become more patriotic and supportive of government. D. every medal won by a country increases per capita income in that country.

b

The International Olympic Committee does not accept a sort for the Olympic Games unless it is officially sponsored and played in a certain number of nations. This "definition" of sport A. creates an incentive for National Olympic Committees to fund many sports. B. favors nations that colonized other nations and brought their sports with them. C. allows the IOC to choose new sports in terms of their health benefits. D. favors nations that have large numbers of emigrants.

b

The author distinguishes between power and authority. Power refers to the ability to influence people and achieve goals, whereas authority refers to A. duties associated with formal positions held by members of organizations. B. a form of power that comes with a formal office of position. C. a person who has gained control over the lives of others. D. a form of power enabling a person to influence others.

b

The images and messages presented by the sponsors of major sport events tend to A. dictate what people think. B. influence what people think about. C. be ignored by nearly all spectators. D. discourage consumption-based lifestyles.

b

When athletes move from one country to another, it raises important issues. Which of the following is NOT one of those issues? A. A "sport talent drain" in certain countries. B. A lack of appropriate medical care when athletes are injured. C. The impact of athlete migration on national identity formation. D. The rights of athletes as workers.

b

When governments sponsor sports and political officials associate themselves with sports, their primary purpose is often to A. increase their power in international politics. B. increase their legitimacy in the eyes of citizens. C. show voters that sports are connected with politics. D. gain political credibility among journalists.

b

When the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights clarified the meaning of Americans with Disabilities Act by saying that schools had to provide equal opportunities for students with disabilities to play sports, it was an example of government involvement meant to A. build the reputations of public schools. B. ensure fairness and protect human rights. C. create new jobs for special education teachers. D. force coaches to be certified through a coaching education program.

b

Changes in global politics over the past three decades have made international sports A. less important than in the Cold War era of the past. B. more important as political events than as commercial events. C. important stages for commercial displays by transnational corporations. D. less profitable for all sponsors, including corporate sponsors

c

Government officials are most likely to use sports as a diplomatic tool when A. vital national interests are at stake. B. they are negotiating crucial national and international policies. C. there is a need for public expressions of unity between different nations. D. national teams are strong and can dominate teams from other nations.

c

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, Bruce Kidd, a former Olympian and now a physical educator, suggests that the Olympics be changed so that A. the personal tragedies and experiences of athletes are highlighted more. B. athletes are selected to compete on the basis of athletic skills only. C. the service of athletes is central in athlete selection and media coverage. D. the needs of corporate sponsors are presented in more human terms.

c

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, the author endorses the elimination of national medal counts because such counts tend to A. encourage large nations to boycott the Olympics. B. provide corporations with marketing advantages. C. intensify nationalism and political differences between countries. D. focus too much on the achievements of individual athletes.

c

In the box, Olympism and the Olympic Games, which of the following is NOT a change recommended for reforming the Olympic Games? A. Add demonstration sports native to the culture of the host nation. B. Do away with national uniforms. C. Eliminate the opening and closing ceremonies. D. Integrate the Olympics and Paralympics.

c

Nationalistic themes in media coverage of international sports are now accompanied and sometimes obscured by images and narratives that promote A. social justice and human rights. B. political differences between nations. C. corporate interests and products. D. the patriotism of athletes and coaches.

c

Politics are part of sports and sport organizations. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of sports that involves political processes? A. Deciding where sport events will take place. B. Making and enforcing rules governing competition. C. Setting goals and motivating athletes and coaches. D. Determining who is eligible to participate in certain sports.

c

Politics refers primarily to A. disagreements that occur in social relationship. B. all actions of government officials. C. processes of organizing power. D. efforts to influence people through official actions.

c

Sports bring people together and create "emotional unity," but a sociological understanding of the significance of this unity requires that we ask questions about A. the characteristics of the athletes who create this unity. B. how the unity affects the performance of sport teams. C. the long term political consequences of the unity. D. the different types of unity created by men's and women's sports.

c

The belief that participation in competitive sports lowers health care costs is A. consistently supported by data from college and pro sports in the U.S. B. promoted by corporate executives who have little concern for workers. C. challenged by research on actual consequences of sport participation. D. valid only in countries where overall working conditions are poor.

c

The history of sports, especially the Olympic Games, shows that the main purpose underlying participation in international sports by most nations has been to A. promote international understanding. B. control the lives of citizens in repressive ways. C. promoting national political interests. D. create new political leaders.

c

To make sense of complex new political realities around the world we should A. assume that sports are becoming modernized and Americanized. B. ignore global processes and focus on studying local processes. C. study changes on both the global and local levels. D. focus attention on sport forms that have existed for more than 100 years.

c

When government organizations regulate access to sport facilities and make rules about who can play sports under what circumstances, the intent is to A. improve fitness and health among disadvantaged people. B. increase the legitimacy of their control over people. C. safeguard the public order. D. promote community integration and solidarity.

c

Which of the following statements related to globalization and athlete migration is NOT true? A. More U.S.-born basketball players play outside the U.S. than in the NBA. B. 80% of the player in the National Hockey League are born outside the U.S. C. Athletes from the U.S. seldom play professionally in other countries. D. Olympic swimmer Missy Franklin is eligible for Canada's Olympic team.

c

As corporations sponsor more of the media coverage of international sports, sports events have become vehicles for presenting messages A. to spectator-citizens. B. on behalf of environmental groups. C. in the interest of worldwide socialism. D. to spectator-consumers.

d

As globalization has occurred, professional sport teams are A. being moved from one continent to another without considering fans. B. hiring fewer players who are not citizens of the team's country. C. losing fans in their home countries. D. increasingly owned by investors who are not citizens in the team's country.

d