Kines 341 Exam 2
How does the NCAA Gender Equity Taskforce define gender equity?
"An athletics program can be considered gender equitable when the participants in both men's and women's sports programs would accept as fair and equitable the overall program of the other gender" in other words, if the men's and women's sports would swap funding, resources, coaching, etc. both sides would be satisfied
Law of Compensation
"That the negro is, in the truest sense, a race inferior to that of the white can be proved by many facts, and among these by the quickness of his automatic movements as compared with those of the white" The idea that "growth in one direction" necessarily "involves diminution in another" "an inverse relationship between mind and muscle, between athletic and intellectual development"
The Aspen Institute found the average amount of spending per child, per sport, and per year is _______
$692
For every 100 high school athletes, how many will receive a full-time athletic scholarship?
1
There are at least three possible reasons for why "being an athlete does have the potential to move the individual up in social class." What are those 3 reasons?
1. "Occupational sponsorship": male college athlete is a popular hero and is more likely to date and marry a woman of higher socioeconomic status which could lead to benefits in the business world. Also, well-placed alumni who offer former athletes positions in their business after graduation. 2. The selection process for many jobs requires the applicant to be "well-rounded". 3. Participation in highly competitive sports situations may lead to the development of attitudes and behavior patterns highly valued in the larger occupational world.
Kay and Jeanes argue that there have been 3 rationales given for opposing women's participation in sport.
1. Aesthetic: Women in sport are an unattractive spectacle 2. Social: Qualities and behaviors of sport are "unfeminine" 3. Medical: Women physiologically unsuited for sport; may be damaged by it
What are 7 problems with looking for biological explanations for the athletic "dominance" of a certain race?
1. Downplays effort, training, determination, etc. 2. Ignores impact social, cultural, & historical factors -Cultural channeling -Role models -Stereotypes & prejudice 3. Over-generalizes & ignores differences within race 4. Suggests "Law of Compensation" 5. Suggests "race" is a biological category 6. Codes other races as "unathletic" 7. Ignores white "dominance" in many sports
What are the 6 myths about social mobility through sport?
1. Sport provides free college education 2. Sport leads to a college degree 3. A professional sports career is possible 4. Sport is a way out of poverty, especially for racial minorities 5. Title IX has created many opportunities for upward mobility though sport for women 6. A professional sports career provides security for life
What is the 3-part test for compliance with Title IX?
1. Substantial proportionality: Opportunities for males and females are substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments 2. History and Continuing practice: Where one sex has been underrepresented, a history and continuing practice of program expansion responsive to the developing interests and abilities of that sex 3. Interests and abilities: Where one sex is underrepresented and cannot show a continuing practice of program expansion
Although 76% of Division I men's college basketball players believe they have a shot to play in the NBA, only _____ will be drafted. Although 52% of Division I men's college football players believe they have a shot to play in the NFL, only ____ will get to play.
1.2%, 1.6%
Authorities recomment that kids aged 5-17 get ____ minutes of physical activity every day. Only _____% of kids reach that goal.
60, 21
What proportion of American children are overweight
1/3
In a survey of African American males, ages 13-18, what proportion believe they can earn a living playing professional sports? How does this compare to young white males? What about their parents?
2/3 --> more than double the proportion of young white males
In 2010, how many FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) schools were there? How many of them made a profit?
20
"Indians didn't think of themselves as Indians until well into the ___________________.... They thought of themselves as members of their own individual ___________ and ____________
20th century, tribes and nations
At least __________________ school-aged children live in homes classified by the federal government as low income.
25 million
The Aspen Institute, through its Project Play initiative, looked at research from the Sports & Fitness Industry Association that found that in 2018, only _____ of kids aged 6 to 12 played team sports on a regular basis — down from _____ a decade earlier.
38%, 45%
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), less than ____ of schools require daily physical education.
4%
How many states require physical education in the US?
5
What is the average length of a professional career in a team sport?
5 years
What is the "racial divide" in American adults who support paying NCAA athletes?
54% of black Americans support paying NCAA athletes based on revenue they generate, whereas only 31% of white Americans support the concept
How much vigorous activity does the federal government recommend for kids ages 6-17? How many teenagers meet that standard?
60 minutes 1 in 5
____% of black kids have little to no swimming ability, compared to ____% of white kids. Black kids are _____ times more likely to drown in a swimming pool than white kids.
64, 40, 5.5
What % of kids drop out of organized sport by age 13? What's the #1 reason?
70% and the number #1 reason is that they were not having fun
_______ of intercollegiate football and basketball athletes will not go pro.
98.5%
In terms of the MLB team the Atlanta Braves, what does "braves" mean?
A native American warrior
What was the scandal at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill? How many penalties did the NCAA give UNC for the fraud?
Academic fraud, with over 50 papers in the African studies classes that got an A or B not ever going to class. Most athletes took them. UNC was not penalized by the NCAA.
As the cost of youth sport has "skyrocketed" what has happened to the physical activity levels of children from low-income backgrounds?
Activity levels have decreased among youth from low-income backgrounds.
Why do you think Powell ignores female athletes in this chapter?
Addressing sex and race are both controversial topics and he wanted to emphasize the problem with race in sports rather than distract with the problem of sex.
When were public swimming pools legally desegregated?
After WWII
Economist Andy Schwartz found 22 of 73 schools with top athletic programs had more women than men on campus. How many of these 73 schools spent more money on men's sports than on women's sports? How many violated the "theoretical requirements" (proportionality) of Title IX?
All 73 schools spent more on men's sports than women's sports. When looking at the percentage of sports scholarships in relationship to the percentage of the student population, 61 of the 73 major sports programs violated the "theoretical requirements" of Title IX
What is the "Olympic model" that the NCAA might adopt?
Athletes receiving sponsor money in exchange for use of their NILs
"More subtle" discrimination
Blacks may not be considered for coaching positions because they did not, as a result of stacking, play at high interactive positions requiring leadership and decision making. Example: Major league managers are usually catchers or infielders. African Americans, because of stacking, are typically in the outfield and do not possess the requisite infield experience that traditionally provides access to a manager position.
How did Bobbi Gibb enter the 1966 Boston Marathon? What did she wear? What was the response of the officials?
Bobbi Gibb received a disqualifying letter for the Boston marathon since she was a woman but she would not take no for an answer so she hid in a bush and hopped out when the race started. She wore a blue hooded sweatshirt at the start, a black bathing suit, shorts, and nurse's running shoes. The officials tried to kick her out.
How did a society (like Nazi Germany) reconcile black athletic success with its ideology of racial inferiority?
By conceding innate athletic superiority to African Amercians while denying them so-called civilized capacities.
Social Class
Categories of people with similar economic positions in society based on -income -wealth -education -occupation -social connections
What are the benefits of regular physical education in school?
Children are twice as likely to be active outside PE class and to remain active when they become adults. Physical education teaches children persistence, resilience, and positive thinking.
According to this article, what are the physical, mental, and financial risks associated with physical inactivity — "the new smoking"?
Children will lead shorter lifespans than their parents. Exercise provides mental and cognitive benefits, enhances learning, imrpoves emotional health, and aids social development. Also, overweight individual's lifetime medical expenses related to his or her excess weight average $62,331 and lost wages around $93,100, roughly double the cost for a person of healthy weight.
How does the "law of compensation" and stereotypes about the "necessities" to lead influence coaching in the NFL?
Coaching in the NFL is dominated by whites, while a majority of the players are black
What does confirmation bias means? How do you see it at work in today's sports?
Confirmation bias is hearing about a stereotype and then seeing an example where that stereotype reigns to be true so then you start to believe the stereotype.
Play Days
Different women's schools get together, mingle, and play sports. Goal was to prevent the games from becoming competitive.
True or false: Title IX is only about athletics.
FALSE It applies to all public and private educational institutions that receive federal funds and addresses ten atleas, including higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology
True or False: Among college athletes, men are more likely to graduate than women.
FALSE Women are more likely to graduate
True or false: The IOC Medical Commission's special report of 2002 found that sports injuries to the uterus or ovaries are fairly common.
FALSE Injuries to uterus/ovaries are extremely rare
True or False: If athletic departments DO NOT DIRECTLY receive federal funding, they are exempt from Title IX.
FALSE, it they indirectly receive funding they are not exempt. If any program or student receives federal funds, the entire institution and all its programs must comply with Title IX
True or false: When the women's Olympic ice-skating champion turns professional, she receives less money than her male counterpart
FALSE: she receives more money
True or False: Title IX has increased athletic participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, but it also increased the percentage of women coaching women's teams.
False
True or false: If we pay college athletes a salary, instead of offering a scholarship, the athlete's salary would be tax exempt
False
True or false: Title IX directly states that it requires equal financial compensation beyond scholarships.
False
When the International Olympic Committee allowed professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games, the public became less interested in watching the Games.
False
True or false: Schools must give male and female students identical sports in which to participate
False, not identical sports but equal participation spots.
True or False: The NCAA penalized North Carolina for its academic fraud scandal.
False, the NCAA said no association rules were broken because the fraudulent classes were not available exclusively to athletes.
The NCAA currently has total control over all televised college football games.
False, the University of Oklahoma and University of Georgia sued to change the power structure. An appellate court and the Supreme Court upheld the lower court's decision that the NCAA's control over football TV contracts was illegal
True or false: Title IX was enforced between 1984 and 1988. What happened between these years? How were wrestling and men & women's gymnastics affected during this time period?
False; only programs/activities receiving direct Federal assistance help to Title IX until 1988. In 1988 All educational institutions receiving any federal aid be bound by Title IX There was a drop in men's wrestling between 1984-1988. Women's gymnastics increased during 1984-1988. Insurance was lost?
In 2010, what % of the overall men's athletic budget did FBS schools spend on football and men's basketball? How much does that leave for the other men's sports?
Football: 59% Basketball: 19% Other sports: 22%
Head count scholarships
Full-ride scholarships
The "perception of black dominance" doesn't give black athletes enough credit. Why?
It ignores the hours and dedication and hard work that is put into becoming a great athlete. It does not give black athletes enough credit for their training and implies that blacks use brawn whereas whites use intelligence to get ahead in sports.
What was Baron de Coubertin's attitude toward women in the Olympic Games?
He believed female participation was "unpractical, uninteresting, and unaesthetic"
How do we racially identify Tiger Woods? How does he classify himself?
He is usually identified as black. He calls himself "Cablinasian" because he is Caucasian, black, indian, and Asian.
In 1988, Walter Byers stepped down as the head of the NCAA. A few years later he gave a speech at one of his last public appearances. What did he say about amateurism? What did he predict about the amateur philosophy?
He said it is an antiquated idea and sports have drastically changed since then. Amateurism does not work now as we defined it. He predicted the amateur code will not long stand the test of law.
What was St Louis Cardinals' pitched Ryan Helsley's objection to playing against the Braves in Atlanta?
Helsley believes the term Braves is a misrepresentation of the Cherokee people because it depicts them in a cave-man type way who aren't intellectual.
What do you think about the proposal to cut the number of scholarships in men's football (from 85 to 65) and redistribute them to other sports?
I think it is fair
"Average Annual Spending Per Sport, Per Child." What sport is most expensive? What sport is least expensive? What sport is average?
Ice hockey Track and field Baseball
Gertrude Ederle
In 1926, this female swimmer swam the English Channel, breaking the existing men's record by more than 2 hours.
What did the court rule against Kent Waldrep in the TCU case?
In favor of TCU and Waldrep received no compensation for his injury
In the clip from the Daily Show, Trevor Noah points out examples of racially-coded language used to describe NFL quarterbacks Peyton Manning and Cam Newton. What does that racially-coded language imply?
It implies that Peyton Manning is more suited to be a quarterback than Cam Newton because he is white
According to this article, why did Harvard start using interviews and recommendation letters when deciding which students to admit? Who was Harvard president Lawrence Lowell trying to keep out? Who was he trying to let in? How did this policy, adopted by other top schools, affect sport?
Interviews and recommendation letters allowed universities to select for "character" which rendered the process immune to criticism. Harvard president Lawrence Lowell was trying to keep out Jewish students. The number of Jewish students in the incoming school fell dramatically and it kneecapped the Ivies' ability to recruit and retain top basketball talent.
The author notes "a steady, not drastic, decline" in the number of African Americans in sports. To what does he attribute the decline?
It can be directly linked to the rise of the black middle classes.
How did the ideology of Victorian life influence women's physical culture? Why was the baby carriage seen as "sinister" and "evil"?
It gave women mobility. Women were able to travel farther faster and had more freedom.
Which population group "dominated" basketball in the years before World War II (before 1941)? Why? What stereotypes were attached to this group to explain their athletic accomplishments?
Jews dominated basketball in the years before WWII. The Jewish immigrants flooded off ships into the ghettos of NY, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Since basketball was a city game and the Jewish people were very dominant in the inner city, they dominated the game. People attached the stereotype that basketball sat well with the "temperament of the Jews" because it "places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging, and general smart alecness."
How did Kathrine Switzer enter the 1967 Boston Marathon? What was the response of the officials?
Katharine entered by only using her initials to register. The marathon organizer and tried to jump out and tackle her but her boyfriend fends him off.
What are the connections between the origins of ski jumping and manliness/masculinity?
Lieutenant in the Norwegian military launched himself 9.5 meters through the air "to show his soldiers what a courageous fellow he was". The sport that grew out of that jump was a test of manliness and was thought to be too dangerous for women.
Meritocracy Meritocratic
Meritocracy: The people who are successful, powerful, and privileged got that way on the basis of their own merit and not because of their social origins Meritocratic: social status is determined by achievement
Which girls and women are overrepresented in the U.S. Youth Development program and the U.S. college system?
Middle and upper class youth (the two major feeder systems of the WNT)
As Jennifer McGovern and Ester Wellman write in their study of the US Women's Soccer Team, regardless of which measure they used, ________ and _________-_________ women are overrepresented on the USWNT.
Middle, upper-class
What is one example of how the media treats men's and women's sports differently.
More attention to men's teams, uses better quality paper, includes more photographs and different types of photographs. Description of plays differ, with men much more likely to be characterized as aggressive.
How is sport a meritocracy?
More resources are available to talented athletes because they are more likely to be accepted into higher level and competitive organizations.
What was the basis for Ed O'Bannon's (UCLA basketball, national championship, 1995) lawsuit against the NCAA?
NCAA was selling video games of players who were no longer student athletes and they were arguing they are no longer student athletes so they should be paid.
What does NIL stand for?
Name, image, likeness
What are the major differences between "the Norwegian way" and how we do things in the U.S.?
No professionalizing kids so young no winners or losers in sports before age 12
In 1974, Kent Waldrep played football for Texas Christian University (TCU). He was injured in a game against the U of Alabama. Did TCU pay any of his medical costs?
No they did not
Does the use of Native mascots "honor" these individual tribes and nations, or does it offer a homogenized & stereotypical version of "Indianess"?
No, they do not confront the truth of the people they claim to be honoring. They are honoring their own notion of heritage, their own non-Indian version of history
Equivalency scholarships
Partial scholarships
What point does Powell make about slavery and "selective mating"?
Powell says that African American blood has been diluted since slavery and thereby destroys the assertion of selective mating. It is hard to find a black person in America with absolutely no white blood, making the argument based on race and genes alone hard to defend.
In what kinds of sports do children from families with limited economic resources tend to participate?
Sports that require little equipment and are publicly funded.
How did journalists and other observers explain the success of Jewish basketball players in the 1920s and 1930s?
Psychological: The game places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart aleckness. There are also cultural and social reasons.
Stacking
Racial minorities are underrepresented in central leadership and thinking positions and are overrepresented in physical, reactice positions Example: whites are much more likely to play on offense than defense
Why do many people declare the NFL Washington team name "Redskins" to be a racial slur?
Redkin refers to a bounty. The state would reward for dead Native Americans and referred to them as redskins. It is also defined as a racial slur in the dictionary.
Examples of the medical rationale
Reproduction: "violent movements of the body can cause a shift in the position and a loosening of the uterus as well as prolapse and bleeding, with resulting in sterility, thus defeating a woman's true purpose in life The Frailty Myth: Women could not be allowed to follow their own pursuits because every ounce of energy they could generate was needed for maintaining the reproductive process Vital Energy Theory: Women have a limited amount of energy; should be directed to creating healthy offspring, being good wives, and mothers
What Italian American Brooklyn Dodger once hit 40 home runs in a single season?
Roy Campanella This is important because at the time he was considered black because he was italian and had skin that wasn't completely white
What is the costliest element of youth sports?
Travel
Why did Walter Byers invent the term "student-athlete"?
Several states were agitating to classify football platers as state employee; threat posed to unviersities if they were "employees" & To give the NCAA leverage to reap benefits of athletes without having to balance obligating
Why is Title IX applicable to cases of sexual harassment and sexual violence? How is this discrimination?
Sexual harassment and sexual violence are forms of sex-based discrimination. These crimes can adversely affect students' physical and mental well-being and academic performance, and they can create a hostile or abusive education environment, thereby disturbing equal access to education and education activities.
Life chances
Similar odds for achieving economic success and gaining economic power in society
Originally, why did university presidents introduce the idea of athletic scholarships?
So athletes would be less likely to make money under the table
How does Norway fund the majority of community sport and recreation programs?
Sports gambling
Racially Coded Language
Substituting terms describing racial identity with seemingly race-neutral terms that disguise explicit and/or implicit racial animus.
In intercollegiate sport, what types of programs are dropping men's sports? Is this "Title IX's fault?"
Swimming, wrestling, football, water polo, and baseball programs are dropping in men's sports. No, it is not Title IX's fault but a consequence of those who make decisions about how to allocate sources
True or False: The United States is the only nation in the world where big money sports are played at institutions of higher learning.
TRUE
True or false: Before 1990, the US Golf Association and the Professional Golf Association regularly played tournaments at country clubs that did not allow people of color to be members.
TRUE
True or false: Even if the athletic department does not directly receive federal funds, it still must comply with Title IX.
TRUE
True or false: Most American children remain in the social class of their parents.
TRUE
True or false: That same report found that female reproductive organs are better protected from serious injury than male organs.
TRUE
True or false: The IOC Medical Commission's special report of 2002 found that female reproductive organs are better protected from serious injury than male organs.
TRUE
True or false: The Women's Olympic Games of the 1920s were successful and popular.
TRUE
True or false: Women's professional tennis has at least as much fan support as men's tennis
TRUE
True or false: women played sports at all-women's colleges?
TRUE
True or false: For kids aged 6 to 12, Norwegians do not keep score and do not rank kids. What happens after age 12?
TRUE after age 12, they can be ranked, can be worked with more
What does Powell argue is the "biggest misconception in sports"? How does he defend that position?
That blacks dominate the playing courts and playing fields while white people are stuck with supporting roles and crumbs from the sports dinner table. He defends this position by stating that black participating is either waning or stagnant
The use of Native American mascots, names, and imagery began in 1912 and, by the 1920s and 1930s, a number of high schools and colleges adopted similar representations. At the same time, the U.S. government still enacted so-called "civilization regulations." What did the regulations forbid? What is ironic about the simultaneous adoption of Native mascots and civilization regulations?
The "civilizations regulations" forbade Native Americans to speak their languages, practice their religions or leave their reservations. It is ironic that Native American mascots were adopted around the same time as civilization regulations because the teams used practices from Native American cultures as a part of their brand.
What are the differences between the stereotype of the "noble savage" and the "ignoble savage"? Which stereotype does the NFL's Washington team perpetuate?
The "noble savage" is athletic and brave and inhabits a mystical bond with nature. The ignoble savage is murderous and amoral and harbors malevolent nature. The NFL's Washington team offers versions of both myths, with a noble logo and ignoble team name (Redskins).
How does the salary compare to the scholarship for student purchasing power?
The $100,000 salary gives college sports "employee" an advantage of $720 per year, the difference between his net salary of $65,100 versus the scholarship player's net of $64,380. Not great news for the salaries player and bad news for the athletic department which paid $100,000 in salary rather than $65,000 in scholarship, driving up expenses $35,000.
Author Lindsay Gibbs argues, "ending amateurism would be a boost for male and female athletes, from revenue and non-revenue sports."
The NCAA could adopt an amateurism model which would allow student-athletes to profit off of their likeness, work with sponsors directly, have an agent, get paid for appearances, and other things the NCAA's ridiculous bylaws currently profit.
How does elite sport training, like that done at Bo Jackson's Elite Sports in Ohio, contribute to inequalities in youth sports? How does it affect not just sport participation, but health?
The more money you have, the better you'll be at sport b/c of year round training The kids with low incomes won't have opportunity to play, so will be stuck inside
What was the motto of Indian boarding schools? (Note: it was actually the motto of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania—the first Native boarding school in the US). How do you interpret the meaning of that motto?
The motto was "Kill the Indian and save the man". Students were told not to speak their languages, were forced to cut their hair short, and were taught Christianity. I interpret this motto as the school saying that Native Americans are not "man".
Why did Stanford University swimmer Katie Ledecky have to forfeit her amateur status?
The only way for her to make money from sponsors in the lead up to the 2020 Olympics was to turn pro and stop swimming for Stanford.
What is "ironic" about the sports with the greatest monetary awards for women?
The sports are those of the middle and upper class (the sports are expensive) Sport does not offer poor women, even in a very limited way, the potential for upward mobility.
How does the number of NCAA football scholarships compare with the number of scholarships in other men's sports?
There are about the same number of scholarships in football as there are in ALL OTHER men's sports.
Powell writes that "the notion of blacks as being better athletes is faulty purely by definition." Why?
There are so many different types of athletes and we know based on results that blacks do not dominate every single area of athletics. In addition, the continent of Africa is so diverse. The variables that go into producing and defining a great athlete are broad, complex, numerous and confusing. Greatness is not limited to genes and certainly not exclusively tied to race.
What marker identifies race?
There is no way to measure race. Classification is totally cultural
He argues that environment is a big factor in athletic success. What does he mean by this and what are 2 examples he gives?
They are victims of a long racist society. People who grow up poor, received education at some of the worst districts. If you put the same kid in the suburbs with the same advantages at home and in school as the white kids, test scores wouldn't be an issue. Racist and intelligence wise
What were the biological reasons for keeping women out of ski jumping for so long?
They believed female organs are super delicate. Too much exertion might weaken the muscles keeping the uterus in place. It was also thought that women have a limited store of vital energy
Although sprinters of West African ancestry are over-represented among the world's top performers, how many medals did West African nations win in the 2016 Olympic Games. Why is that significant?
They only won 3 medals in the 2016 Olympic Games. It shows that resources have a big impact. The top sprinters can be traced back to West Africa.
True or false: African American women played professional baseball. Explain.
They said they would consider signing black women if they were excellent athletes but they never actually did.
In 1939, the underclassmen on the University of Pittsburgh's football team went on strike. Why?
They went on strike because the upper classmen on the team were making more money.
Were the ancient Greek Olympians amateurs or professionals? Where did today's concept of amateurism develop? Who were people trying to keep out?
They were professionals. Today's concept of amateurism developed in England from the aristocrats to keep the working men/laborers out of sport so the rich people can be the athletes.
Suzanne Lenglen
This glamorous, super-star tennis player played with a dance-like style and lost her only match when someone "spiked" her flask with water.
What is "ironic" about the number and proportion of women coaches and athletic administrators since the passage of Title IX in 1972?
Title IX increased the participation rates of women so dramatically, there has been a decline in the number and proportion of women as coaches and athletic administrators. Men who coach women's teams make more than women who coach women's teams.
True or False: NCAA rules allow two-sport athletes to be paid professionals in one sport while competing in a different college sport.
True
True or False: The NCAA now lets schools provide unlimited meals to athletes.
True
True or False: Under current NCAA rules, US Olympians who also compete in college sports can earn money for their Olympic medals.
True
True or False: Under-the-table payments to players by coaches, financial advisors and shoe companies are common in the college sport
True
What happened when Waldrep sued TCU? What defense did TCU use against him?
Walter Byers was brought into the case, they used the "student-athlete" defense and that he sustained injuries doing an extracurricular activity so TCU was not liable for the injury
Overt discimination
When owners ignore competent blacks because of their prejudices or because they fear the negative reaction of fans to blacks in leadership positions. Example: College and university programs lag behind the professional leagues in hiring African Americans as head coaches
Over-representation
When the % of a race or ethnicity in one area is greater than their overall representation in the US population.
Under-representation
When the % of a race or ethnicity in one area is lower than their overall representation in the US population.
Skirt Theory
Women can play skirts they can wear long skirts in
How many women were on the GQ's list of the "25 Coolest Athletes of All Time"?
Zero
What method did Jennifer McGovern and Ester Wellman use to approximate the socioeconomic status of players' on the US National Women's National Team's (USWNT)?
Zip codes where players grew up and found hometowns' median income using the American Community Survey's five-year estimate. They examined how the women's hometown median income compared to the median of their home state. Only 7 of the 23 players were from hometowns that fell below the US median.
"The term student-athlete was deliberately _________________" Pulitzer Prize-winning author Taylor Branch wrote in The Atlantic in 2011.
ambiguous
Studies show that those who sustain concussions are twice as likely to ____________ ______________.
commit suicide
Inequality gap
distance between the wealthy and the poor
Diversification
engage in broad range of sports & activities For most sports, diversification = physical, psychological, and cognitive benefits
"The history of women's involvement in sport is therefore one of substantial _____________.
exclusion
In Norway, the purpose of youth sport is not about competition but about ___ and ___.
friendship, well-being
Title IX has helped girls and women's sport, but...
funding for woman and girls still lags behind men. Participation does not translate into coaching.
he Aspen Institute found that children from low-income families are _______ as likely to play sports as children from homes with higher incomes.
half
What is the "professionalization" of youth sport?
how society becomes so focused on college scholarships, going pro and becoming famous.
Buoyancy Myth
idea that black people can't swim because their bones are too dense
Athletes who specialize in one sport are 70-93% more likely to be ____________ than children who played multiple sports.
injured
The belief that sports is fair is a _________.
myth
In 1987, on the 4oth anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the color line in Major League Baseball, LA Dodgers Vice President appeared on an episode of Nightline. Host Ted Kopell asked Campanis why there were so few black executives in MLB. Campanis responded it was because "they may not have some of the ________________" to lead. Campanis kept going, arguing that there were few successful black swimmers because "they don't have the _________________."
necessities, buoyancy
Jackie Mitchell
one of the first female pitchers in professional baseball history, she struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in succession
What happened when Mt. Vernon, Indiana schools dropped their fees to play high school sports?
participation increased in sport predicted to lose revenues the district planned to rent out its facilities and solicit sponsorships
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
perhaps the greatest female athlete of all time: track and field, golf, football, basketball
According to Dean Cromwell, who was the track coach at the University of Southern California and the assistant coach of the 1936 Olympic team, "The Negro excels in the events he does because he is closer to the _____________ than the white man. It was not long ago that his ability to sprint and jump was a life-and-death matter to him in the ____________."
primitive, jungle
Children who specialize in one sport early in life were found to be the first to ________ their sport and ended up having higher _____________ rates as adults.
quit, inactivity
"It's not a crime or even _________ to acknowledge basic physical differences and characteristics among the races... The danger occurs when uninformed and unqualified people conclude that so-called superior physical human being translates into a limited human being _________________ wise."
racist, intelligence
Ironically, after Title IX brought wider participation in women's sports, control over the teams ___________________________.
shifted dramatically to men
Specialization
single sport, systematic, year-round training & competition Early specialization: by ages 5-7
Demby writes that the use of racial and ethnic stereotypes in sport "blind us to the complex mix of _______________, _______________, and ________________circumstances" that explain why certain populations seem to "dominate" certain sports.
sociological, economic, historical
Male Preserve
sport is reserved for men and there is no place for women in sport (part of social rationale)
The __________________ defense helped the NCAA win - and avoid - numerous liability cases through the years.
student-athlete
Men's sports have been cut since the passage of Title IX, but...
they don't have to be
The ability to move up socially—-to rise above one's original social class is called ______.
upward social mobility
"The medical consensus may have shifted away from the ________________ ____________ since then, but the underlying objection has remained the same: Biology presents an insuperable handicap."
wandering womb
