Kinesiology Exam 2
skeletal muscles are responsible for movement of the body as a whole and movement within each of the joints of the body
true
some circumstances exist where movement is improved when the body tends to be unbalanced
true
statics is the study of systems that are in a constant state of motion
true
the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space is kinesthesis
true
the mass of an object affects the speed and acceleration of the object during movement
true
the term "action" refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs as a result from a concentric muscle contraction
true
the term "innervation" is used to describe a segment of nervous system and is defined as being responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle
true
the term "intrinsic" usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act
true
the term "isokinetics" describes a type of dynamic exercise that uses concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions
true
two different muscles may contract simultaneously at a joint and cause a motion that neither would cause if contracting alone
true
when antagonist muscles contract concentrically they perform the opposite joint motion of the agonist muscle
true
which of the following is not true regarding an eccentric muscle action?
typically called a positive type of muscle contraction
which of the following is a possible advantage of a wheel axle mechanical arrangement?
increased range of motion
combined loads
- combination of bending and shear, most common
muscle contraction- eccentric
- greatest force, working with gravity - muscle lengthens - termed negative - ex: lowering down on bench press - pulling muscles apart -useful in exercise programs for weak or disabled EX: lower down on a pushup
general characteristics muscle fibers
- in men, fast twitch more hypertrophied - muscles vary in % of fast twitch and slow twitch - fiber % (FT to ST) may slightly change following long training - fast twitch may get 2x bigger than slow twitch following training - average adult is 50% slow twitch and 50% fast twitch - elite distance runners > 75% ST
proprioceptive dysfunction (difficulty with grading of movement)
1. always seems to be breaking objects and toys 2. plays with animals with too much force, often hurting them 3. may not understand the idea of "heavy" or "light", would not be able to hold two objects and tell you which weighs more 4. seems to do everything with too much force, walking, slamming doors
evaluating a concussion victim
1. question victim 2. test eye signs 3. test balance (romberg test) 4. finger to nose 5. babinski test (reflex hammer)
which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was slight movement of the object
2nd class with resistance arm of 10 and force arm of 20
which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your only objective was speed of the object's movement
3rd class with resistance arm of 20 and force arm of 10
regarding the angle of pull, a muscle would be the most effective in moving a joint when its angle of pull is at ___ degrees
84
example of somatosensory-hypo, olfactory-hyper
ADHD
example of proprioceptor-hypo
Developmental disability (DD)
lever equation
F x Fa= R x Ra know example
which of the following is the law of reaction?
For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction
Muscles are the main source of force that produces or changes movement of a body segment or the entire body
True
there are two major types of fiber arrangements which are parallel and pennate
True
lewy body dementia
affects acetylcholine, dopamine tied to parkinsons disease higher suicide
mistaken beliefs
believing size = strength, believing weight training will build endurance
force that act on the body
body mass friction air or water resistance muscles reaction forces- hitting the ground with each step
anencephaly
born without cerebrum
which of the following pairs of variables exhibits an inverse relationship?
both of the above statements exhibit an inverse relationship
kinetics
calculates motions its cause takes into account mass
vascular dementia
can happen from multiple concussions blows to the head high blood pressure, high cholestrol
which of the following is a true statement regarding agonist muscles?
causes a joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically
fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern
false
in a wheel axle mechanical arrangement only the radius of the wheel corresponds to the force arm
false
it is not possible for a muscle to cause more than one action in an associated joint
false
mass is effect of gravity on the amount of matter in the body
false
minor variations in the point of force application have no effect in determining the effective force of the muscle
false
the more sudden the activation of a myotatic relfex, the less significant the reflexive contraction
false
the resistance arm is the distance between the axis and the point of lever application
false
muscle compartments
fascia (thin envelope around muscles, not very elastic)
elbow extension where the triceps applies force to olecranon process in extending the non-supported forearm at the elbow is an example of which type of lever arrangement?
first class
hydrocephaly
fluid build up in the skull
counter movement
for jump training will facilitate the jump jump down from a height of 8-12 inches
Kinematics is the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except?
forces
types of drag
form drag: create stream line surface surface: smooth Air/water: water dense and air can slow down on bike wave: only affects when swimming
cerebrum
frontal- movement, judgement parietal- sensory info temporal- hearing occipital- vision
which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue?
golgi tendon organ
which of the following is not true with respect to an isometric muscle contraction?
is considered to be a dynamic contraction
which of the following is not true regarding the force arm of a lever?
is determined by multiplying the distance from the axis by the force
axis
joints
which of the following is a true statement regarding synergist muscles?
known as guiding muscles
characteristics of fast twitch
large diameter, high force and elasticity more O2 supply in IIa than B
mechanical advantage
length of force arm/length of resistance
which of the following types of machine is the most common in the musculoskeletal system arrangements of the human body
levers
multiple sclerosis
myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction
3rd class lever
paddling canoes, shoveling, bicep curl
fiber arrangement
parallel (A muscle with a common point of attachment, with fascicles running parallel to each other) pennate (A feather shaped muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (at an angle) to a central tendon)
example of olfactory gustatory-hypo
parkinsons
______ occurs when an antagonistic muscle becomes stretched to the point at which it can no longer lengthen and allow movement
passive insufficiency
which of the following is not a classification of neuron type?
peripheral
concussion grade 2
post-traumatic amnesia (dont remember after), retrograde amnesia (dont know how happened), brief loss of consciousness
power
power= (FxD)/Time
the subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is
proprioception
force= mass x acceleration
push or pull acting on a body characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application
which of the following is not a shape by which muscles are categorized?
radial
which of the following statements is false regarding forces
relative to the mass of an object
structure of a nerve
soma (cell body), dendrite, axon, synapse (space towards the bottom), terminal button (neural transmitters)
muscular strength
speed limited but strength gains continually possible
which of the following is an example of a type of friction
static and kinetic. BOTH
stretch-shortening cycle
storage of elastic energy in muscle and then recoil
which of the following do not result in the contraction of a muscle fibers in a particular motor unit
subthreshold stimulus
Bone: 2 mechanical forces
supports and protects forms system of levers
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
which of the following statements is true regarding isometric muscle actions?
tension is developed within a muscle but joint angles remain constant
which of the following is not among the general factors that positively affect the achievement of balance
the center of gravity falls outside the base of support
which of the following is true regarding an eccentric muscle action?
the force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance
which of the following is not considered to be a law of motion and physical acitivty?
there are three types of motion
weight training errors
too fast, too often, too much weight, grunting
Each muscle in the human body may be innervated by a single nerve or multiple nerves
true
a constant state of motion accurately describes a system when no motion is occurring
true
a football player in a four-point stance has more balance than the same football player in a three point stance
true
a person riding a bicycle in straight line at 7.5 miles an hour would be more balanced than the same person riding the bicycle 4.8 miles an hour in a straight line
true
all muscle contractions are classified as either isometric or isotonic
true
biomechanics is the study of mechanics related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems
true
dynamics is the study of systems in motion that are subjected to acceleration
true
examples of vestibular-hypo
down syndrome
muscles are usually named due to all of the following except?
nerve
efficiency
% efficiency= work performed/energy expanded x 100 affected by equipment design, environment, BW, learning, diet, fibertype
fiber size
- 1 (hands, feet, eyes) to 45 cm (legs) in length - 50-200 myofibrils per fiber - 75% H20, 5% inorganic salts, 20% protein - average capillary number per square mm
Muscle aging
- 10% muscle loss from 30 to 50 - 40% muscle loss from 50 to 80 - major decrease in flexibility (4 inch or more on S + R test) - 1% loss aerobic capacity, year after 30 - 15% a week muscle mass completely inactivity
muscle contraction- isokinetic
- contract a muscle under varying loads - resistance varies EX: biodex machine (resistance provided that varies throughout range of motion)
physiological concussion effects
- decreased cerebral blood flow, hyperglycolysis, glutamate induced excitotoxicty - decreased cerebral blood flow may not be seen until 2-3 days after injury and often persists > week
shear
- force acting against the width of an object - EX: squat where femur slides over
weight training- Weight machines vs free weights
- machines you lift more but pulleys/cables makes it easier to lift than free weights - W= FxD - Pulley= F(n) x D
Weight training- lift speed
- moving weight too fast is bad, do not want to overstress the muscle - count 1-2 on easier part - count 1-4 on lower down
muscle contraction- isotonic (concentric)
- muscle shortens with constant load - used to stabilize - considered positive work because fighting gravity EX: valsalva maneuver (BP goes up, blood shot eyes, damage, pressure to eyes)
weight training- set and rep #'s
- not much difference in strength gains when do 6 sets versus 3 sets - recommended 8-12 reps
tension
- pulling force - EX: muscle pulls on attached bone
kinematics
- trajectory of particles of bodies - doesn't take into account mass of particles - branch of math
Type I muscle fibers
-Slow Twitch -Slow Oxidative (SO) -Postural -Tonic -Red in color - Lots of mitochondria per muscle cell - Increased myoglobin (hemoglobin) - Fatigue resistant - produce less force
which of the following factors may enhance stability
-lowering the body's center of gravity within the base of support -moving the body's center of gravity closer to the center of the base of support BOTH
which of the following definitions are correct
-rolling friction is always less than static or kinetic friction -static equilibrium is when the body is at rest or completely motionless BOTH
Metabolic Equivalent (MET)
1 MET= to 3.5 ml O2/kg/min 1 MET= .0175 kcal/kg/min
concussion in athletes
1 concussion- out for game 2 concussions- sit out the season 3 concussions- quit playing that sport
Watts
1 horsepower- 745 watts 1 kcal per min= 69.8 watts
vestibular dysfunction (hypersensitivity to movement)
1. avoids/dislikes playground equipment (swings, slides, ladder). avoid taking risks 2. may appear terrified of falling even when no risk 3. avoids rapid or rotating movements 4. physically cling to adult they trust
Tactile dysfunction example (hypersensitivity to touch)
1. becomes fearful, anxious, aggressive with light or unexpected touch as an infant does not like to be held may arch back and pull away 2. avoids hugs, dislikes kisses 3. distressed by clothes rubbing on skin 4. may overreact to injuries like cuts or bruises or scrapes
vestibular dysfunction (hyposensitivity to movement)
1. loves fast intense scary rides 2. always running, jumping, hopping instead of walking 3. always jumping on furniture, trampolines, getting into upside down positions. 4. likes sudden quick movements, being tossed in the air
Tactile dysfunction (hyposensitivity to touch)
1. may crave touch, needs to touch everything and everyone 2. repeatedly touches surfaces or object that are soothing 3. craves vibrating and strong sensory input 4. is not bothered by injuries like cuts and bruises, shows no distress with shots
gustatory dysfunction (hyposensitivity to oral input)
1. may lick, taste, or chew on inedible objects 2. prefers food with intense flavor (spicy, sweet, sour, salty) 3. frequently chews on hair, shirt, fingers 4. loves vibrating toothbrushes and the dentist
gustatory dysfunction (hypersensitivity to oral input)
1. picky eater, often with extreme food preferences 2. may gag with textured foods 3. prefers bland foods 4. fearful of going to the dentist
proprioceptive dysfunction (sensory seeking behaviors)
1. seeks out jumping, bumping, crashing activities 2. loves to be tightly wrapped in many or weighted blankets 3. prefers tight clothes 4. enjoys bear hungsn
which of the following is the law of acceleration?
A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it
plyometric training
A form of exercise that requires forceful jumps or springing off the ground immediately after landing from a previous jump. no more than 2 days a week. only do it if can squat/leg press 66% of BW
Isokinetic muscle contractions involve a dynamic movement wherein the speed of movement is variable
false
Levers rotate about an axis of rotation as a result of a force being applied to cause movement in the same direction as the resistance.
false
The shape and arrangement of muscle fibers affect the muscle's ability to relax
false
ground reaction forces
G= vertical force F= Friction R= resultant: R^2= G^2 + F^2
Three types of muscle
Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, found in intestines, throat, uterus Skeletal: striated, voluntary, anchored by tendon to bone Cardiac: striated, involuntary, cardiac muscles shorter, pumps blood out of the heart
Velocity is how fast an object is moving, or the distance an object travels in a specific amount of time.
false
which of the following is Newton's law of inertia
a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force
motor unit
a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates each muscle fiber is only innervated by one neuron
which of the following is affected by the shape and size of a muscle?
ability of a muscle to produce force
Myofibril
actin- thin, components: troponin, tropomyosin myosin- thick, cross-bridges
which of the following could be done to reduce the amount of force needed to move a lever?
all of the above
which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between linear and angular motion?
angular motion of the joints produces linear motion
thigh compartments
anterior: quads Posterior: hamstrings medial: adductors
which of the following is a true statement regarding stabilizer muscles?
are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements
muscles provide all of the following except?
attachment points for other muscles
sensory unit
auditory, visual, proprioceptive (hand is behind you but you know where it is), somatosensory (touch, pressure, pain), vestibular (balance), gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell), interception (knowledge of our senses)
example of somatosensory-hyper
autism spectrum disorder
the point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions is the
center of gravity
example of vestibular- hyper
cerebral palsy
sections of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), brain stem
which of the following is not true regarding concentric muscle contractions?
commonly described as being a negative type of contraction
Cyclopia
congenital anomaly characterized by a single orbit
muscle contraction- isometric
constant state of contraction without movement EX: plank
which of the following is not a property of a skeletal muscle tissue that allows for force production and movement about joints?
constrictability
List the four properties of muscle tissue
contractility, irritability, extensibility, elasticity
which of the following is true regarding concentric muscle contractions?
contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance
which of the following is a type of linear motion?
curvilinear moion
force arm
distance from force application to axis
resistance arm
distance from resistance to axis
Sensory processing disorder (SPD)
dysfunction in the way of Nervous system receives messages, 1 in 20 americans, abnormal sympathetic and parasympathetic, integrating senses difficulty, input and reflex doesn't work
which of the types of muscle contraction is usually utilized in causing an object's deceleration
eccentric
example of somatosensory-hypo
emotional behavioral disorder (EBD)
types of connective tissue
endomysium: is the connective tissue that covers each single muscle fiber or myofiber or muscle cell. epimysium: the dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue perimysium: is the connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers
which of the following does not describe a way in which machines function
enhances force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance
angular displacement is the change in location of a linearly moving body
false
antagonist muscles are known as primary or prime movers or muscles most involved in a joint action
false
balance and aging
falls the leading cause of death over 65
assuming that the bat speed and pitched ball velocity were the same, the ball hit with the middle of the bat would travel further than the ball hit with the larger end of the bat
false
contractility is the ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force in the same direction as a resistive force when stimulated
false
during rapid running movement where inertia is high the center of gravity of the body must be raised in order to balance when stopping or changing direction
false
eccentric muscle "actions" result from isometric muscle contractions
false
eccentric muscle contractions are referred to as muscle actions instead of a contraction since the muscle is shortening as opposed to lengethening
false
the synergist muscle of an activity is considered to be the primary mover
false
the term "extensibility" refers to the ability of a muscle to return to its original length following stretching
false
compartment syndrome
if muscles are too large, may impinge on nerves and blood vessles. have to cut open and remove muscle tissue
forms of motion
linear: straight line angular: circular rectilinear: straight line curvilinear: baseball pitch
levers
long
concussion grade 3
loss of consciousness for more than 1 minute
which of the following is not a true statement regarding isokinetic exercise
muscular contraction occurs only through part f the movement
which of the following is the basic functional unit of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses?
neuron
concussion grade 1
no loss of consciousness
weight training- frequency
no more than 3-4x a week unless alternating body parts
For two objects in contact with each other which of the following would result in the greatest amount of friction?
one object sitting stationary on the other
1st class lever
only lever with axis in the middle, cervical extension
which of the following is not an example that results from excessive tissue deformation due to mechanical loading
straightening
Characteristics of slow twitch
slow contraction and relaxation low force and elasticity
types of friction
static- standing still kinetic- sliding on ice rolling- biking
bending
tension on one side, compression on the other fractured caused at tension side
which of the following statements is false regarding the proportional relationship between force components and resistance components?
the closer the force application is to the axis of rotation the greater the amount of resistance that can be moved
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
which of the following is not a true statement regarding antagonist muscles?
these muscles work against agonist muscles by contracting and preventing movement
the pennate type of muscle fiber arrangement may be classified by the following terms except?
tripennate
friction is the force that results from the resistance between the surfaces of two objects from moving one moving upon another
true
generally, as a muscle gets longer, its ability to exert force increases
true
in a first class lever arrangement the agonist and antagonist muscle groups may contract simultaneously on either side of a joint axis
true
in order for rotation to occur in objects with a fixed axis an eccentric force must be applied
true
isotonic contractions are described as either concentric or eccentric on basis of whether shortening or lengthening of the muscle occurs
true
joint movement may occur without any muscle contraction
true
linear displacement is the distance that a system moves along a straight line
true
overall the human leverage system is built for speed and range of movement at the expense of force generation
true
short force arms and long resistance arms require greater muscular force to produce movement as compared to longer force arms with a long resistance arm
true
excessive loading
varies on person, technique injury: compression- squeezing force, greatest at L5 vertebrae, standing vs laying
sarcomere
very elastic, 2 microns in length, contract 70% of length
epley equation
weight x (1 x (.033 x number of repetitions))
2nd class lever
wheel barrow, calf raise
involuntary motor movements- muscle spinacles
when overstretch, cause contraction
golgi tendon organ
when stimulated inhibit contraction
myostatin gene
when turned off muscles grow uncontrollably
proprioception
where things are located in space, bridge between vestibular and somatosensory
Type II muscle fibers
white, fast twitch type IIa: fast oxidative glycolytic type IIb: fast glycolytic, large diameter, fast, high force, elasticity type IIc: fast intermediate
alzheimers
women more common because live longer