Kinesiology - Hip, Knee, Ankle, Back (Chapters 8-11)
Define extension
- Increasing the angle of a joint - Straightening a joint
What is the Linia alba?
- Midian line that divides the abdominal muscles from left to right - Goes from the xyphoid process to the hip
Why are women more likely to tear their ACL?
- More prone to Valgus knees (inward) - This puts more pressure on the inside of the knee
Define Flexion
- bending a joint - decreasing the angle of a joint
What is spinal stenosis?
- narrowing of the spinal canal - Can cause pain due to pressure being placed upon the spinal cord
How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
How many pairs of false ribs?
2
How many pairs of floating ribs?
3
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many pairs of true ribs?
7
What is the most common injury to the knee?
ACL tear
What are the connective ligaments of the knee?
ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL
What does ACL stand for?
Anterior cruciate ligament
The insertion of the tensor fasciae latae muscle is one-fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract, which in turn inserts onto Gerdy's tubercle of the _____ tibial condyle.
Anterolateral
What are the names given to the C1 and C2 vertebrae?
Atlas / Axis
- There are more than 10 in the knee - Acts to absorb shock and reduce friction between the bones
Bursa
inflammation of bursa(s)
Bursitis
The primary movers in cervical spine extension (against resistance) are the:
Erector spinae
An ankle sprain is a common injury that involves the stretching or tearing of one or more tendons. (true/false)
False
Both the tibialis posterior muscle and the flexor digitorum longus muscle are innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2). (true/false)
False
Hip flexion refers to the movement of the femur in the frontal plane laterally to the side away from the midline. (true/false)
False
Immediately prior to and during normal toe-off, the foot should be in pronation and the leg should be in external rotation. (true/false)
False
Kyphosis is increased posterior concavity of the thoracic curve of the vertebral column. (true/false)
False
Six pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum via a separate costal cartilage. (true/false)
False
The Acetabular femoral joint is reinforced by an extremely weak ligamentous capsule and the stability of this joint is attributed to the surrounding musculature. (true/false)
False
The cuboid bone is located medially with respect to the navicular bone. (true/false)
False
The extensor digitorum longus muscle in innervated by the tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2). (true/false)
False
The femoral condyles articulate with the fibular condyles during flexion of the knee. (true/false)
False
The hamstring muscles function as a decelerator of the knee when decreasing speed to change direction and especially when landing from a jump. (true/false)
False
The horizontal indentations that transect the rectus abdominis muscle, giving it a segmented appearance, are the linea alba. (true/false)
False
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is more frequently injured than other knee joint ligaments. (true/false)
False
The lateral collateral ligament originates on the lateral femoral condyle distally to the popliteus muscle origin and inserts on the fibular head. (true/false)
False
The semimembranosus muscle inserts anteromedially on the medial tibial condyle. (true/false)
False
The semitendinosus muscle is located laterally and internally rotates the knee. (true/false)
False
The spinous processes are located anterior with respect to the vertebral bodies. (true/false)
False
The vertebral column has 32 pairs of spinal nerves. (true/false)
False
What are the main bones of the knee joint?
Femur and Tibia
The gluteus maximus muscle is stretched in the supine position with full hip flexion to the ipsilateral axilla and then to the contralateral axilla with the knee in _____.
Flexion
What muscle can perform flexion of the great toe when concentrically contracting?
Flexor hallucis longus
Which way does the transverse arch of the foot run?
From one side of the foot to the other (medial to lateral side)
What muscle can perform knee flexion when concentrically contracting?
Gastrocnemius
The _____ is best stretched by moving the hip into extreme adduction in front of the opposite extremity and then behind it, and weakness in this muscle can result in a Trendelenburg gait.
Gluteus Medius muscle
Define internal rotation
Inward, towards midline rotation
What are Vargus knees?
Knees that drift laterally
What are valgus knees?
Knees that drift toward the midline
The _____ vertebrae serve as a link between the pelvic girdle and the thoracic spine rib cage.
Lumbar
What does MCL stand for?
Medial collateral ligament
- Circular rim of fibrocartilage - Forms a cushion between bones
Meniscus
- Biceps femoris - Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus
Muscles of the Hamstring
- Rectus Femoris - Vastus Intermedius - Vastus Lateralis - Vastus Medialis
Muscles of the Quad
- Gastrocnemius - Soleus
Muscles of the lower leg
Define external rotation
Outward, away from midline rotation
What is one of the muscles that is included in the anterior compartment?
Peroneus tertius
What muscle originates on the distal third of the anterior fibula?
Peroneus tertius
What does PCL stand for?
Posterior cruciate ligament
Define pronation
Rotation so that the palm or sole is directed downwards.
Define supination
Rotation so that the palm or sole is directed upwards.
- Acts in flexion and internal rotation of the knee - Origin on the hip, so acts as a "hip flexor"
Sartorius muscle
What is a muscle that internally rotates the knee?
Semimembranosus
What is a muscle that only performs plantar flexion?
Soleus
The vastus medialis provides a(n) _____ pull on the patella when contracting concentrically.
Superomedial
What is not considered to be a large abdominal muscle?
The lateral abdominis
In the context of the pelvic girdle motions, which of the following statements is true of the right lateral pelvic rotation?
The right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to the left pelvis in the frontal plane.
What is a muscle that when contracting concentrically causes cervical flexion, left cervical rotation, and right cervical lateral flexion?
The right sternocleidomastoid
Of the four abdominal muscles, which is not a prime mover in lateral pelvic rotation from a hanging overhead by the hands position?
The transverse abdominis
Which way do the longitudinal arches of the foot run? (Medial/Lateral)
They run from the heal to the heads of the five metatarsals
The most prominent tendon crossing the ankle anteromedially and the easiest to palpate is the _____.
Tibialis anterior
What is a muscle that can perform inversion of the foot when concentrically contracting?
Tibialis anterior
A sideward deviation of the spine is known as scoliosis. (true/false)
True
Articular cartilage is located on the surfaces of both the femur and tibia. (true/false)
True
As the knee approaches full extension, the tibia must externally rotate approximately 10 degrees to achieve proper alignment of the tibial and femoral condyles. (true/false)
True
Functions of the abdominal muscles include assisting in spinal stabilization and respiration. (true/false)
True
Functions of the acetabular femoral joint include weight bearing and locomotion. (true/false)
True
Increased pressure on the spinal nerves may result from a herniated lumbar disc and may result in radiating pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the lower extremity. (true/false)
True
Motions of the metatarsophalangeal joints of toes include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. (true/false)
True
Reduction of the spine is defined as a return movement from lateral flexion to a neutral position. (true/false)
True
Severe injuries at the tibiofibular joint can involve the posterior tibiofibular ligament, interosseus ligament, and interosseus membrane. (true/false)
True
The distal malleoli of the tibia and fibula serve as pulleys for the posterior tendons to increase the mechanical advantage of the respective muscles in performing inversion and eversion actions. (true/false)
True
The erector spinae iliocostalis muscles are considered to be agonist muscles during extension of the spine. (true/false)
True
The extensor hallucis longus muscle can perform weak inversion of the foot. (true/false)
True
The femoral nerve arises from the posterior division of the lumbar plexus and innervates the anterior muscles of the thigh. (true/false)
True
The fibula is not part of the ginglymus articulation of the knee joint (true/false)
True
The flexor hallucis longus muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2). (true/false)
True
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that consists of the head of the femur connecting with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle. (true/false)
True
The iliotibial tract of the tensor fasciae latae muscle inserts on Gerdy's tubercle. (true/false)
True
The linea alba runs vertically from the xiphoid process through the umbilicus to the pubis and divides the rectus abdominis muscle. (true/false)
True
The normal curves of the cervical and lumbar portions of the spine are lordotic.
True
The only muscle involved in extending all of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the four lesser toes is the extensor digitorum longus. (true/false)
True
The pelvic girdle consists of a right and left pelvic bone joined together posteriorly by the sacrum. (true/false)
True
The pubofemoral ligament is located anteromedially and inferiorly and limits excessive extension and abduction. (true/false)
True
The rectus abdominis muscle can control the tilt of the pelvis when contracting. (true/false)
True
The sartorius, the gracilis, and the semitendinosus muscles insert on the anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle. (true/false)
True
The tibialis anterior muscle performs dorsiflexion of the ankle in the sagittal plane. (true/false)
True
The vertebral column has 24 articulating vertebrae. (true/false)
True
The external oblique abdominal muscle inserts on the _____.
anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, and fascia of rectus abdominis at the lower front
Define Hyperextension
continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Define plantar flexion
depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
Define Hyperflexion
flexion beyond normal range
What muscle can perform flexion of the four lesser toes when concentrically contracting?
flexor digitorum longus
Proximal interphalangeal joint motion occurs about the _____ axis.
frontal
Triceps surae refers to the _____.
gastrocnemius and soleus
What does LCL stand for?
lateral collateral ligament
Define Dorsiflexion
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
Define abduction
movement away from the midline
Define adduction
movement toward the midline
From the medial to the lateral, the erector spinae muscles are the _____.
spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis
What muscles would be the most effective in performing anterior pelvic rotation?
the erector spinae
The "Tom, Dick, and Harry" phrase refers to the _____, respectively.
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus