Kingdom Protista

Protozoans that propel themselves with a whip-like structure are called ______.

Zooflagellates

What is Sporozoan's characteristics?

Do not move on their own Habitat: mostly common in tropical areas Reproduction: by forming spores Usually parasitic Some causes malaria (blood cell disease) to humans by female mosquitos. Humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito

The shells of these protists are used as polishing agents in toothpaste.

Diatoms

Which group of plant-like protists has 2-part glassy shells and is referred to as the "jewels of the sea"?

Diatoms

Which group of plant-like protists causes red-tides?

Dinoflagellates

Red tides

a discoloration of seawater caused by a bloom of toxic dinoflagellates.

Red tides

absorbed dinoflagellates Kills fish After encountering and absorbing a red tide, a sting ray becomes disoriented. They have the appearance of not being able to see or control what they are doing. Eventually the ray will stay at the surface lying horizontally and die.

Plant-like protists are commonly called ______.

algae

An organism that can make its own food is called ______

autotroph

Dinoflagellates produce _____ or poisons that kill other organisms in the oceans.

toxins

What is amoeba's characteristics?

Unicellular Just visible to the naked eye Comes from Greek word, means "change" Moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape Aquatic: lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams Can cause disease-amoebic dysentery Ingest small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans Feeding sequence: pseudopodia surround and engulf food particle process called phagocytosis

Amoeba

Unicellular, has a nucleus, digestive & contractile vacuoles Contractile vacuoles: a structure that collects extra water then squirts it out from the cell Move by pseudopods which stream in different directions to make it move Pseudopods surround food and engulf it Reproduce by mitosis (asexual)

What is Paramecium's characteristics?

Unicellular, slipper-shaped Move by coordinated beating of many cilia Habitat: aquatic, mostly found in ponds and streams Usually do not cause diseases in humans Feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole Ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans Food to waste pathway Reproduction: binary fission (asexual) or conjugation (sexual) Form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

Which type of fungus-like protist caused the Irish Potato Famine?

Water Mold

Why fungus-like protists are not in fungi?

Because fungus-like protists can move at one point of their lives. On the other hand, fungi do not move.

Diatoms

1) unicellular algae, also called phytoplankton 2) contain chlorophyll, photosynthetic 3) cell wall made of silica used for abrasive in cleansers like toothpaste 4) lack flagella

Dino-flagellates, plant-like protist

1) an algae that is usually found in oceans 2) usually brown or red in color 3) have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments 4) move by two flagella

Diatom, plant-like protist

1) beautiful, one-called (unicellular) organism 2) come in many shapes: boats, rods, disks, triangles 3) is an important food source for water dwelling animals 4) cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts, as a box with a lid 5) cell coverings do not decay (when dead) 6) made of the same material as glass 7) used for toothpaste, scouring powders and filters

Sporozoans, animal-like protist

1) do not move on their own 2) mostly common in tropical areas 3) reproduction: by forming spores 4) usually parasitic 5) an organism named Plasmodium causes malaria by female mosquitos. Humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito

What are characteristics of plant-like protists?

1) have chlorophyll 2) make their own food 3) can live in 4 main environments: soil, tree bark, freshwater, and salt water 4) produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms 5) they are grouped according to color and structure into 5 main groups: a. diatoms b. Dino-flagellates c. euglena e. algae (golden, green, red, and brown)

What are special characteristics that distinguish ciliates from other protozoans/animal-like protists?

1) having cilia on the cell surface 2) having two different types of nuclei.

Golden algae/Chrysophyte

1) many unicellular, and some colonial algae 2) gold colored chloroplast

Euglena, plant-like protist

1) one-celled (unicellular) algae 2) move with one flagellum 3) live In freshwater 4) reproduces asexually 5) red eyespot near front end to find light (so that they can use light to make their own food thru photosynthesis) 6) have chlorophyll and can make their own food, autotrophs 7) contains disk-shaped chloroplasts organelle which is the site of photosynthesis 8) its name comes from the presence of the green pigments (chlorophyll)

Dinoflagellates

1) produce large numbers which turns the ocean red, responsible for "red tides" 2) produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish 3) human can become ill if they eat shell fish that have absorbed these chemicals 4) common off the coast of Florida or other warmer areas

Dinoflagellates

1) unicellular algae, covered by stiff plates, look like a suit of armor 2) have two flagella that propel them thru the water like a top 3) cell wall contains cellulose 4) contain chlorophyll, also have another pigment called carotenoid (orange color) 5) cause red tide due to overgrowth in the ocean 6) produce a toxin that is harmful to sea life and humans

Paramecium, animal-like protists

1) unicellular organism, slipper-shaped 2) move by coordinated beating of many cilia 3) aquatic, mostly found in ponds and streams 4) usually do not cause diseases in humans 5) feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole 6) ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans 7) food to waste pathway 8) reproduction: a. binary fission (asexual) b. conjugation (sexual), form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

In kingdom Protista, organisms separated based on feeding behaviors. What are they?

1. Autotrophs: make their own food, such as plant-like protists/algae, have chloroplasts, go thru photosynthesis, including: (1) multicellular algae: green, brown, red algae (2) unicellular algae: diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids 2. Heterotrophs: eating other organisms such as (1) animal-like protists including: Sarcodinians, Zooflagellates, Ciliates, and Sporozoans) (2) fungus-like protists including: plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, water molds

Paramecium

1. Move by short tiny hair-like cilia 2. Has two nuclei: 1 macro and 1 micro 3. Widespread in fresh water, brackish, pond, streams and marine environment. 4. Use cilia to sweep food into oral groove then digest in the gullet. It holds food with food vacuoles. Food vacuole breaks down food and sends thru cell 5. Use an anal pore to eject wasted and a contractile vacuole to release water

Animal-like protists/Protozoan's Habitat

1. Sarcodines (amoeba) live fresh and ocean/salt water 2. Zooflagellates (Giardia) live in streams, gut of termite, or parasite in human digestive tract 3. Ciliates (paramecium) live in ponds and streams 4. Sporozoans (Plasmodium) live in gut of mosquito or blood of humans

Animal-like protists/protozoans special characteristics

1. Sarcodines (amoeba): contractile vacuole/pump out excess water 2. Zooflagellates (Giardia): help digest cellulose 3. Ciliates (Paramecium): ingest food thru oral groove and gullet, have macro & micro nuclei 4. Sporozoans (Pkasmodium): produce spores-need intermediate host like mosquito

Animal-like protists/protozoans movement

1. Sarcodines (ex: Amoeba): use pseudopod (fake-foot) 2. Zooflagellates (ex: Giardia): use flagella (tails) 3. Ciliates (ex: paramecium): use short and tiny hair-like cilia 4. Sporozoans (ex: Plasmodium): produce spores

Phyla of protozoans includes

1. Sarcodines/Amoebas: move by pseudopod, cause Amoebic dysentery disease (intestine/bowel illness) 2. Zooflagellates/Giardia: move by flagella, cause Giardiasis/Giardia infection especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water 3. Ciliates/Paramecium: move by cilia, cause no disease in humans 4. Sporozoans/Plasmodium: no motile, spore-forming, cause malaria (infected blood cell) by infected mosquitoes

Protist diversity

200,000 species come in different sizes, shapes, and colors All are eukaryotes: have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Can be unicellular or multicellular Reproduce sexually or asexually

Amoebic dysentery/Entamoeba histolytica

A parasite infection of the colon The most common in tropical areas with untreated water. It spreads thru drinking or eating uncooked food, such as fruits, that may have been washed by contaminated local water

Plasmodium

A parasite that cause malaria

Zooflagellates

A type of protozoans, animal-like protist Move by means of flagella, long whip-like part (1) Parasitic forms live in the intestine or bloodstream of the host can cause harmful diseases like diarrhea (Giardiasis) (2) other flagellates live as plankton in both salt and fresh water (3) some live in gut of termite Ex: Euglena, Giardia (diarrhea), Trichonympha (termites), Trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness)

Sarcodinians

A type of protozoans, animal-like protist Move by using pseudopods (lobes of cytoplasm used to move) Live in fresh and ocean/salt water Ex: Amoeba (dysentery) Some have hard shells - forams (foraminifera) - leave chalk deposits on cliffs around the sea

Ciliaphorans/ciliates

A type of protozoans, animal-like protist Move with short tiny hair-like projections called cilia Have a unusual system of 2 nuclei: a small nucleus contains the full genome (for reproduction), and a larger nucleus plays active role in cellular regulation. The larger nucleus is regenerated from the smaller nucleus thru a process of gene amplification and gene editing. Can reproduce asexually/mitosis or sexually/conjugation Ex: Paramecium

What is another name for plant-like protists?

Algae

Euglena

Algae/plant-like protist, green, unicellular, live in fresh water Can do photosynthesis (autotrophs) and digest food (heterotrophs) under certain conditions Has an eyespot which helps detect light so it can swim towards it to photosynthesize Have a flagella for movement Pellicle-thick outer

Animal-like protists

All heterotrophs Classified by the 4 ways they move: (1) cilia: tiny beating hair-like structures, coordinated movement between individual cilia (2) flagellum: whip-like tails, back and forth wave motion (3) pseudopodia: projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot ("false foot") (4) sessile: no locomotion movement, spore-forming

What animal-like protists use pseudopod or "false feet" to move?

Amoeba

Plankton

An organism is carried by tides and currents, and can not swim well enough to move against these fore, so it floats in the water.

Protozoans

Animal-like protists Have movement Heterotrophs Unicellular 4 types: Sarcodinians (amoeba), Zooflagellates (Giardia), Ciliaphorans (paramecium) and Sporozoans/parasites (plasmodium)

Which organisms have feeding behavior of heterotrophs?

Animal-like protists (also called protozoans) include: Amoeba, Ciliates, Zoo-flagellates, Sporozoans Fungus-like protists (also called Slime Molds) include: Plasmodial slime molds, Cellular slime molds, Water molds/mildew

Sporozoans

Animal-like protists/protozoans Unicellular, Spore-forming, no motile Ex: Plasmodium

What are 3 main groups of protists?

Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like

Which structured allow plant-like protists to make their own food?

Chloroplast

What group of animal-like protists whose members are propelled by hair-like cilia?

Ciliates Ex: Paranecium

What are algae/plant-like protist?

Colonial protist: made of one more than one cells, but can live singularly Photosynthesis: make their own food No root, stem, or leaves Each has chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments

algae/plant-like protists include:

Euglena, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, green, red, and brown algae Can be unicellular or multicellular

Phyla of algae

Euglenoids Diatoms Dino-flagellates Red, brown, green algae

Which group of plant-like protists has a flagellum and an eyespot?

Euglenoids or Euglena

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic (have nucleus, DNA is found in a nucleus, have bounded-membrane organelles) unicellular or multicellular Live in moist environments Three phyla: animal-like (protozoans), plan-like (algae) and fungus-like (slime molds)

Red algae

Ex: Seaweeds Marine organisms Have red and blue pigments

Protists

Important in the food chain, feed on bacteria, yeast and algae Can be scavengers (decomposers) and parasite

Protozoans that are parasites

Feed on the cells/body fluids of their host.

What is the name of the whip-like tails of some protists?

Flagella

Phytoflagellates vs. Zooflagellates

Flagellates are commonly identified by whether they have chloroplasts or not Flagellates with chloroplasts are called phytoflagellates as Dinoflagellates, plant-like protist which goes thru photosynthesis, and flagellates w/o chloroplasts are called zooflagellates

Plasmodial slime molds

Form a mass of cytoplasm called a plasmodium Live around rocks and logs Can become dormant when conditions are unfavorable Sexual reproduction

Volvox

Freshwater green algae Forms spherical colonies that contain some 500 to 60,000 cells embedded in a gelatinous wall that that are often just visible with the naked eye

List the three main (groups) phyla of protists?

Fungus-like Plant-like Animal-like

Which group of protists are eukaryotic and have a cell wall?

Fungus-like protists

How Sporozoans reproduce by a complex process that involves in both asexual and sexual reproduction?

In the asexual phase (schizogony), the identical daughter cells are produced by multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm to form separate masses around each smaller nucleus In the second phase, a sexual form known as sporogony, involve the production of spores

Water molds/downy mildew

Includes: mildews and shower mold

What is the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that live in moist environments?

Kingdom Protista

Fungus-like protists

Like animal, they are Heterotrophs Like plant, they have cell wall They reproduce by spores (tiny cells that can grow into a new organism) Live in moist soil and on decaying plants and trees All can move at some point in their lives Important decomposers Include: Plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, water molds/downy mildew

Cellular slime molds

Live in fresh water and wet soil

Water mold/downy mildew

Live in water/moist places Ex: water mold that killed Irish potato crops (1845, 1846)

Protozoa/animal-like protist

Made of single-called (unicellular), means the "first animal" in Greek Heterotrophs: eat other organisms or dead matter Classified by how they move Can reproduce asexually: one parent for reproduction called binary fission (divides into two identical individuals)

Which human disease is caused by a protozoan and is transmitted by a mosquito?

Malaria

Giardia

Move by flagella Usually from contaminated water Can cause giardiasis Called backpackers' diarrhea

Which organisms have feeding behavior of autotrophs (plant-like protists/algae)?

Multicellular includes Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae Unicellular includes: Diatoms, Dino-flagellates, Euglenoids, golden algae

_______ is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

Mutualism

Why is kingdom Protista called most diverse compare to other kingdoms?

Organisms of this kingdom demonstrate: 1) animal, plant, and fungus-like characteristics 2) feeding behaviors of both autotrophs (using light/photosynthesis to make own food) and heterotrophs (ingest other plants and animals as food)

Green algae

Phylum Chlorophyta Can be unicellular or multicellular Live mostly in fresh water Ex1: Spirogyra is multicellular green algae. They have a filamentous and branched vegetative structure. They are free-floating in fresh water habitats such as ponds, lakes, ... known as water silk or pond silk Ex2: Volvox is a colonial green algae

Red algae

Phylum Rhodophyta Mostly are multicellular seaweeds Live mostly in warm saltwater, marine seaweed Have no root, stem or leaf. Main structure called a thallus Have chlorophyll and other pigments that trap light at deep depth

Which Sporozoans cause Malaria to humans (bitten by infected mosquitos)?

Plasmodium

Phyla fungus-like protists

Plasmodium Slime molds Cellular slime molds Water molds/Downy mildew

_______ evolved from a symbiotic relationship: 1 prokaryote engulfed another (like a mitochondria or chloroplast like cell) called endosymbiosis

Protista

What is another name for animal-like protists?

Protozoans

List the 3 structures protozoan use for locomotion

Pseudopod, flagella and cilia

Animals vs. animal-like protists

Similarity: both are heterotrophs Difference: animal-like protists are unicellular, and animals are multicellular

What is another name for fungus-like protists?

Slime Molds

Which fungus-like protist produces a fruiting body that contains spores?

Slime mold

Algae/plant-like protists

Some are unicellular, some are multicellular or colonial Phytoplankton (floating organisms which have chloroplasts): Perform photosynthesis/autotrophs. Contain chlorophyll or other pigment They are important because they provide other marine organisms food and oxygen thru photosynthesis

Plasmodium

Spore-forming protist Causes malaria Lives in gut of mosquito. When mosquito bites human, it injects some spores-they germinate and live in the blood

Sporozoans

Spore-forming protozoans, animal-like protist One-celled/unicellular, non-motile (the only animal-like protist does not move), parasitic, and spore-forming (the only animal-like protist forms spores) Covered by thick, spore-like walls Most of them have an alternation of asexual and sexual stages in their life cycle. Ex: Plasmodium- causes malaria

What is the group of protozoans that are almost all parasites?

Sporozoans

_______ is the relationship between two organisms that live in close contact and at least one benefits.

Symbiosis

Amoebas

The blobs No cell wall Move using pseudopods plasma extensions or "fake" feet Engulf bits of food by phagocytosis

Diatom

The golden ones Have shells made of silica (glass) Photosynthetic pigment called carotenoids which give them a golden color

Ciliates

The hairy ones Move with cilia-tiny beating hairs

Flagellates/zooflagellates

The motorboats Use a flagella, a whip-like tail to move Some cause disease as diarrhea (Giardia)

Sporozoans

The parasite Non-motive: do not move Live inside the host One type causes malaria (red blood cell)

Dino-flagellates

The spinning ones Spin around using two flagella Responsible for red tides Create toxins can kill animals and sometimes people

Euglenoids

The survivors Aquatic Move around like animals Can ingest food from surroundings when light is not available

An organism that lives on or in a host and harms, it is called a _____. Relationship when one partner harms another (it's host).

parasite

Trypanosoma

parasite zooflagellate protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness in humans