MGT 322 Midterm

People with the learning style of ______________ focus on opportunity seeking and action a. Diverges b. Converges c. Assimilators d. Accommodators e. Investigators

d. Accommodators

__________ refers to the inability of human beings to process an unlimited amount of information, causing most decisions to be made in a partially irrational manner. a. Groupthink block b. Post-decision dissonance c. Suboptimizing d. Bounded rationality e. Satisficing

d. Bounded rationally

_____________diversity refers to differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources such as rank, pay, decision-making authority, and status a. Token b. Separation c. Variety d. Disparity e. Ethnocentrism

d. Disparity

A/an __________ locus of control is related to passivity and learned helplessness a. Undefined b. Unformed c. Initiative d. External e. Internal

d. External

Psychological contracts create ______________ promises and obligations between employees and the employer a. Unethical b. Explicit c. Ethical d. Implicit e. Absolute

d. Implicit

According to the Myers-Briggs inventory, __________________ people are decisive and like to plan a. Perceiving b. Sensing c. Feeling d. Judging e. Thinking

d. Judging

It is possible for the same decision to be __________ for an experienced manager and nonprogrammed for a more junior manager. a. Tactical b. Strategic c. Risky d. Programmed e. None are correct

d. Programming

An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called a. Self-reaction b. Escalation of commitment c. Group think d. Coalition e. Intuition

e. Intuition

Matching senior employees with diverse junior employees so that the employees can learn more about a different group in the workforce is a diversity management technique referred to as a. supervisory mentoring. b. cultural mentoring. c. diversity mentoring. d. generational mentoring. e. reciprocal mentoring.

e. Reciprocal meaning

When applying concepts of __________, the decision maker knowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome. a. Compromising b. Optimizing c. Satisficing d. Narrowing e. Suboptimizing

e. Suboptimizing

A ___________reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances a. Fixed interval b. Continuous c. Fixed ratio d. Variable interval e. Variable ratio

e. Variable ratio

situational perspective

suggests that in most organizations, situations and outcomes are influenced by other variables

To gain a competitive advantage, a company must offer a. Superior value for the price b. Most product options c. Superior customer service d. Lowest prices e. Fewest product options

a. Superior value for the price

What is the most important factor in maximizing the positive effects of a diverse workforce within an organization a. Top management support b. A clearly written policy manual c. Affirmative Action d. Support from lower-level management e. Labor unions

a. Top management support

People with high neuroticism often feel more valuable than others a. True b. False

a. True

The administrative model of decision making does not attempt to prescribe how managers should make decisions. a. True b. False

a. True

The practical approach to decision making combines elements of both the administrative and behavioral approaches. a. True b. False

a. True

Two basic perceptual processes are selective perception and stereotyping. a. True b. False

a. True

Applying a universal perspective, managers try to identify all of the possible ways to solve problems, based on the elements of the situation a. True b. False

b. False

Fredrick Taylor, the father of scientific management, believed people were motivated by the opportunity to contribute to the workplace a. True b. False

b. False

In most situations, the most effective group size is 30 or more members because more ideas are generated a. True b. False

b. False

Increasing group interaction will not usually affect the cohesiveness of the group a. True b. False

b. False

Job design involves how organization design work that is performed in a company, rather than how jobs are structured a. True b. False

b. False

Organizational consequences of stress include medical effects to employees, such as heart disease or headaches a. True b. False

b. False

Performance measurement with a judgmental orientation focuses on the future to improve performance a. True b. False

b. False

Stress is always caused by the same two factors: occupation and group pressures a. True b. False

b. False

The universal approach to organizational behavior suggests that elements of the situation should be evaluated to determine the best way to respond a. True b. False

b. False

Based on the descriptions in the Myers-Briggs inventory, the motto of _________________ would be "ready, aim, fire" a. Perceiver b. Introvert c. Judger d. Thinker e. Feeler

b. Introvert

Motivated behavior begins with one or more a. Behaviors b. Needs c. People d. Wants e. Motives

b. Needs

Another term for power distance is a. Teleology b. Orientation to authority c. Collectivism d. Deontology e. Individualism

b. Orientation to authority

Teams differ from groups in that teams a. Are usually temporary b. Place more emphasis on concerted action than group do c. Pursue multiple goals d. Are usually larger than groups e. Place little emphasis on common objects

b. Place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do

A _________ is a collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why two or more variables are related, and the conditions under which they should and should not relate a. Hypothesis b. Theory c. Fact d. Data set e. Statistic

b. Theory

In which stage is the group considered to be mature a. Control and organization b. Mutual acceptance c. Motivation d. Communication and decision-making e. Productivity

a. Control and organization

Nonprogrammed decisions require managers to use __________ rather than decision rules. a. Creativity b. Strategic thinking c. Strict rules d. Relaxed rules e. Ambiguity

a. Creativity

An organizational decision maker assesses conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk during the process of a. Evaluating alternatives b. Generating alternatives c. Stating situational goals d. Identifying problems e. Determining decision type

a. Evaluating alternatives

In a highly collectivist culture, performance appraisals should be focused on a. Group performance and feedback b. Competitive analysis of coworkers c. 360- degree feedback d. Individual efforts and results e. Accurate collection of information

a. Group performance and feedback

People tend to perceive things a. in different ways, but they assume that everyone perceives things in the same way. b. in the same way, but they assume that everyone perceives things differently. c. in complex ways, and they assume that everyone perceives things in the same way. d. in the same way, and they assume everyone perceives things in the same way. e. in different ways, and they assume that everyone perceives things differently.

a. In different ways, but they assume everyone perceives things in the same way

Managers should place individuals with a _______________ tolerance for ambiguity in well-defined and regulated tasks a. Low b. Medium c. High d. Any of these are correct e. All are correct

a. Low

A shortage of __________ factors in the workplace will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus even more on hygiene factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing. a. Motivation b. Surface c. Positive d. Lower e. Negative

a. Motivation

__________ is a reward system commonly found in team environments, where recipients are required to acquire a set of core abilities a. Skill-based pay b. Seniority-based pay c. Commission-based pay d. Annual profit-sharing e. Stock options

a. Skilled-based pay

Job satisfaction tends to __________________ over time a. Stay constant b. Decrease c. Increase d. Fluctuate randomly e. None are correct

a. Stay constant

Job rotation involves keeping the tasks the same but systematically rotating the employees who perform those tasks a. True b. False

a. True

Group composition is a. usually described in terms of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of group members. b. expected behavior or behavioral patterns. c. the sum of the activities of individuals. d. a set of expected behaviors associated with a position. e. two or more people interacting with and influencing each other.

a. usually described in terms of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of group members.

Organizational functions that are typically outsourced include all of the following EXCEPT a. Payroll b. Corporate governance c. Human resource training d. Food service tasks e. Facility maintenance

b. Corporate governance

Managers with a low tolerance for ambiguity tend to be more_____________ with their staff and do not empower them to make their own decision at work a. Flexible b. Directive c. Passive d. Open e. None of these are correct

b. Directive

A defining characteristic of a tiered workforce is a. Employees paid the same for same tasks b. Employees paid different for same tasks c. Employees who do same tasks work same hours/shifts d. Employees who do same tasks work different hours/shifts e. Non are correct

b. Employees paid different wages for same tasks

A decision about which company a conglomerate should buy is an example of a programmed decision. a. True b. False

b. False

All groups go through all four stages of group development before disbanding. a. True b. False

b. False

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, esteem needs refer to realizing one's full potential a. True b. False

b. False

Machiavellianism

behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others

Shortly after implementation, team performance often __________ before returning to previous levels. a. Fluctuates unpredictability b. Dramatically increases c. Declines d. Increases slightly e. Ceases completely

c. Declines

Scientific management achieved which of the following a. Saw wide use for more than a century b. Decreased monetary of work c. Increased productivity d. Gave workers control over the job

c. Increased productivity

The second step of the creative process a. Insight b. Verification c. Incubation d. Preparation e. Application

c. Incubation

A _______________ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization a. Demand b. Stressor c. Role d. Module e. Catalyst

c. Role

Any time a customer voices a complaint about the way the food tastes, the restaurant manager always offers a complimentary meal. This represents a. Nonprogrammed decision b. Standard decision c. Experience d. Cognitive dissonance e. A decision rule

e. A decision rule

People who are _____________ tend to be more likely to be bullied a. More introvert b. Less agreeable c. Less conscientious d. More emotionally e. All are correct

e. All are correct

By focusing on organizational behavior, a business seeks to understand how a. organizational systems shape employee behavior. b. organizational structures shape employee behavior. c. organizational processes shape employee behavior. d. organizational decisions shape employee behavior. e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct

Smoking and alcohol abuse are _________________ consequences of too much stress at work a. Physiological b. Psychological c. Medical d. Cognitive e. Behavioral

e. Behavioral

A ___________ worker is not employed by the company full-time a. Tiered b. Knowledge c. Flex-time d. Direct e. Contingent

e. Contingent

To help prevent groupthink, leaders should assign the role of __________ to each group member to allow each member to freely voice objections and doubts. a. Mindguard b. Unquestioned believer c. Risky shifter d. Warning dismisser e. Critical evaluator

e. Critical evaluator

In order for social learning to take place a. Behavior being modeled must be intangible in nature b. Tasks must be complex to motivate employees c. Employees must be psychically present at time of demonstration d. Employee need not perceive a direct cause an effect linkage e. Employees must possess physical ability to perform

e. Employees must possess physical ability to perform

What is a relatively new role for managers in teams? a. Technical specialist b. Evaluator c. Low-level management d. Team reviewer e. Facilitator

e. Facilitator

According to the human relations approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace. a. Longer vacations b. Opportunities for advancement c. Self-direction d. Increased compensation e. Illusion of self-direction

e. Illusion of self-direction

In __________, the decision maker examines alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found. a. Narrowing b. Compromising c. Suboptimizing d. Satisficing e. Optimizing

d. Satisficing

Businesses that use a ____________________ strategy focus on a narrow market segment or niche a. Cost leadership b. Differential c. Psychological d. Specialization e. Growth

d. Specialization

During the ____________ phase of team implementation, a team's internal focus can become detrimental to other teams and to the organization as a whole a. Self-managing teams b. Start-up c. Reality and unrest d. Tightly formed teams e. Leader-centered teams

d. Tightly formed teams

A new product development team would be considered which type of group a. Performance b. Virtual c. Interest d. Venture e. Friendship

d. Venture

Contextual Perspectives

the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds