Final Exam: Intro to Sociology

______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts.

Ethnicity

Two people are standing together in an elevator, but they do not speak to each other or look each other in the eye. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction:

civil inattention

In a(n) __________, the sociologist works or lives with members of a group, organization, or community and perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process.

ethnographic study

An example of material culture is/are:

money

Donnie is studying how different immigrant communities in the United States maintain more or less separate cultures but might still manage to participate equally in economic and political life. He is studying:

multiculturalism.

Gestures and body postures that are an important part of nonverbal communication are:

neither universal nor the same in all cultures.

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for a Flight

Susan wore girl's clothes, as she usually does, to school on the first day of kindergarten. Her teacher and fellow students treated her as a girl, as she is usually treated. According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, Susan sees herself through the eyes of others who treat her as a girl. In other words, Susan has developed:

a social self.

Identify which of the following contributes to the globalization of culture.

-the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations -the increased movement of information through the Internet -Both __ and __are correct.

Identify which of the following research methods is qualitative.

An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials.

Which of the following statements best explains the role of biology in describing the behavior patterns of men and women?

Biological differences are almost always exacerbated or fostered by social contexts and norms.

Why might community policing be an effective approach to reducing crime?

Community policing can help improve social order, lowering incentives for crime.

Which theory views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it?

Control Theory

Juli is a sixteen-year-old female high school student. Based on research, which of the following scenarios most likely describes her experience in school?

During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli.

_________ might be defined as judging other cultures in terms of the standards of one & one's own.

Ethnocentrism

Which statement concerning deviance is most accurate?

Everyone participates to some degree in the creation of rules.

Why would the development of a social movement like 2017 & #MeToo Movement be incredibly difficult to study using experimental methods?

Experiments require controlled conditions established by a researcher.

Which sociological perspective sees religion as performing important tasks that contribute to society’s basic moral consensus, which promotes order and stability?

Functionalism

What is the basic concern behind a developmental question?

Has this happened over time?

According to Sarah Brayne, what is a problem associated with police departments using big data?

It puts individuals who are already under suspicion under new, deeper, quantified forms of surveillance masked by objectivity.

Anita puts forward the idea that under capitalism, working people and the owners of the means of production will struggle, and from this struggle, a new kind of society will emerge. Her thoughts most closely mirror those of which theorist?

Karl Marx

Two groups of boys, one working class and the other middle class, engage in equal amounts of delinquent activities. People considered the middle-class boys as "just boys being boys;" whereas people considered the working-class boys as "troublemakers." Which of the following theories best explains this difference?

Labeling Theory

Which feminist would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order?

Loren, a radical feminist

__________ was perhaps most influential in sociology for his studies of rationalization and bureaucracy.

Max Weber

How does patriarchy, or male dominance in society, take shape across the world?

Men are favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies.

Sociologists argue that social and geographic mobility has affected our self-identities in which way?

Mobility has created space for other sources of meaning, causing our self-identities to evolve faster

__________ are widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe; they represent the dos and donts of social life.

Norms

______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry.

Race

Someone doesn't need to belong to a group to for it to be a reference group for them. Why is this true?

Reference groups provide a standard for judging one's own attitudes or behaviors.

Jessica wants to administer a survey with a representative sample of Whitworth students. To accomplish this task, Jessica should do which of the following?

Send out a Mail chimp survey to Whitworth students selected from a random number generator.

Identify which of the following social interactions is focused.

Someone repairing a machine gives instructions to an assistant.

__________ refers to how human societies are reconstructed at every moment by the very & building blocks; that compose them& human beings.

Structuration

Why might Afro-Caribbeans, such as Haitians and Jamaicans, resent being unilaterally categorized as African American?

The Afro-Caribbean diaspora is held together by a shared history and common ethnic identity that is different from African Americans.

How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society?

The activities of men and women are valued differently by society.

How do microanalysis and microanalysis intersect when male construction workers direct catcalls at female pedestrians passing a job site?

The conversation is a micro-level event, but the gender dynamic is a macro-level phenomenon.

Why might sociologists criticize a study of American culture & class?

There is no single American culture but rather a contested terrain of mainstream culture and hundreds, if not thousands, of subcultures.

Marxist and feminist theory often have different objects of study. Why are they both considered conflict theories?

They both focus on the role of power in shaping society.

Based on your text, which of the following is NOT a social class in the United States?

Upper Lower Class

Sangeeta argues that African Americans often see themselves through the eyes of white society. Her ideas most closely match with those of which theorist?

W. E. B. Du Bois

One of the main differences between Marx's and Weber's understanding of social class is that:

Weber recognized that social classes also differ with respect to their power and status.

Which of the following provides the most bonding social capital?

a Bible study

Which of the following is most likely to be an in-group?

a family

A teacher might be quite formal in the classroom but use profanity or substandard speech in the teacher's lounge. According to Erving Goffman, if students are the "audience," then the teacher's lounge would be the teacher's:

back region

An example of audience segregation is:

being only gay at home but being straight at work for fear of discrimination.

Sex refers to the _________ differences between men and women; whereas _________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

biological; gender

Every day after school Maria goes to the local teen center. She is part of a group that is organizing a multicultural festival for the community. This activity is likely to produce:

bridging social capital.

Max Weber argued that __________ is necessary in modern societies.

bureaucracy

Kheim was born a male and identifies as a male. Kheim would be considered:

cisgender.

Even though the amount of money involved in white-collar crime in the United States is forty times greater than the amount involved in crimes against property, efforts to detect white-collar crime are ordinarily limited and most do not appear in official statistics at all. Which theoretical perspective would most likely examine this and draw a connection between criminal punishment and class?

conflict theory

According to the textbook, a key difference between subcultures and countercultures is that:

countercultures reject the values and norms of dominant society.

Farhang begins his research knowing he wants to compare and contrast the lives of gay and straight teenagers. After some consideration, he decides that he will focus on the differences in self-esteem between gay and straight teenagers. What part of the research process is Farhang in?

defining the research problem

Although Scott, an African American, was more qualified than Bernardo, a Hispanic American, Bernardo was hired instead of Scott because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are harder workers than African Americans. The best term used to describe the action of denying Scott the job is:

discrimination.

According to the text, compared with larger societies & particularly modern societies, such as the United States & most hunting and gathering groups were:

egalitarian

Pedro wonders whether people tend to obey those in positions of authority in intense, high-pressure situations. What kind of research question will he most likely formulate?

factual question

In class systems, the boundaries between classes are:

fluid and not very clear-cut

Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." Child-care workers generally make less than construction workers. This situation exemplifies:

gender typing.

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of cultural capital in determining a child's later social class. Identify the example of cultural capital.

having parents who help with homework

Dr. Ramirez is a sociology professor, and while he makes much less money than doctors and lawyers, he is viewed as having relatively high prestige because of:

his occupation.

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n):

hypothesis.

For an individual who identifies as a feminine female (cisgendered), wearing a new dress on a first date is an example of:

impression management.

Before participating in a study, George is reading a paper that states he will receive a gift card to Starbucks for his participation, but perhaps experience a couple of nights of restless sleep. What is this process called?

informed consent

When speeding charges are made, African Americans fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. This is an example of:

institutional racism.

Hilda is a British sociologist who studies gender. She researches the day-to-day lives of female garment workers in Cambodia and concludes that the challenges facing working-class Cambodian women are very different from the challenges facing women in wealthy Western nations. Hilda's research underscores the importance of:

intersectionality.

The study of everyday behavior in situations of face-to-face interaction is usually called:

microsociology.

Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. This process of categorization is known as:

racialization.

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as:

racism.

The ways in which we alternate our presentation based on time and space is what sociologists call:

regionalization.

Humans cannot be socialized without:

regular social interaction with others.

When a person of color experiences a microaggression, more often than not, they:

respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult.

Sally has come up with an interesting research question about the behaviors of people who have just achieved what they see as major success in their lives. She finds and investigates as much existing literature on the question as she can find. What part of the research process is Sally in?

reviewing the evidence

A reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected behavior is called a/an:

sanction.

A Caucasian applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because people of color were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?

scapegoating

What is the process of self-development, in which we create a unique sense of ourselves?

self-identity

When a group of people share common characteristics such as gender or ethnicity, the group is labeled a:

social category.

The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live is called:

social exclusion.

We can conclude that one of the main differences between a society based on caste versus one based on class is that:

social mobility is more prevalent in class-based societies.

The process whereby societies have structured cultural continuity over time is known as:

social reproduction.

As a doctor, Ivan is expected to follow certain standards, such as keeping patient information confidential. What would a sociologist call these expectations?

social roles

Sociologists study ________ when they are looking at the structured inequalities in a society.

social stratification

At Sally's birthday party, her mother reminded her to say "thank you"; every time she opened a present from a friend. Sally"s mom was engaging in the process of:

socialization.

Mario is researching how genetic factors influence human behaviors. His research would best be described as:

sociobiology.

When an individual considers the complicated set of social and global-economic relationships that goes into producing a cup of coffee they are about to consume, he or she is using his or her?

sociological imagination

Following C. Wright Mills, sociologists refer to breaking free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and putting things in a wider social context as the:

sociological imagination.

Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals?

symbolic interactionism

Celine likes to pretend she is a mechanic. She uses her father's screwdriver to repair her toy cars. George Herbert Mead would say she is:

taking on the role of the other.

George Herbert Mead defined the generalized other as:

the general morals and values of the culture in which a child is raised.

In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of African American poverty and the continued polarization of African American and Caucasian people.

the history of racial segregation

Critics argue that one of the drawbacks of using the Uniform Crime Reports to measure crime is that:

the reports do not accurately reflect crime rates because they include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.

Triads are usually more stable than dyads because:

the third person relieves some of the pressures on the other two.

The Internet often increases the diversity of one's social networks beyond face-to-face interactions, which tend to limit social networks due to race, gender, and social status. However, the Internet can also limit the diversity of social networks for some people because:

there is a digital divide in which low-income and non-dominate races and ethnicities are less likely to have access to the Internet.

Katrina, who is sixteen years old, would consider it rude for someone to read a book during a conversation. However, she thinks that someone reading and responding to messages on his or her phone is socially acceptable. One reason that young people may find nothing wrong with answering texts during a conversation is that:

they believe online interaction can enhance face-to-face interaction, especially if one is looking up information relevant to the conversation.

Socialization is a process that takes place:

throughout our entire lives.

Which of the following would be an example of why a person would want to be part of a secondary group?

to accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

Domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia, and wanton violence best characterize:

toxic masculinity.

In class systems, the boundaries between classes are:

underclass.

Those who believe that poverty results from structural factors beyond the control of individuals would see which of the following as a source of poverty?

unequal distribution of educational resources

James wants to investigate why many modern societies tend to develop monogamous romantic relationships among their members. James will be studying:

values

Comparing biological and psychological approaches to criminality, a sociologist would argue that they both:

view crime and deviance as an individual, not societal, problem.

Which type of crime is LEAST typical of crimes committed by women?

violent crime

According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because:

we can learn a great deal about ourselves as social beings.