KNS 332 Exam 1
Planes of Motion
A 2D surface defined by 3 ponts on on the same line
Bone
A dynamic living tissue that is continually being modeled and remodeled by forces acting on it. Is a connective tissue
Levers
A simple machine that magnifies the forces and or speed of movement
Which of the following is considered a short bone? A. Carpal Bones B. Metacarpal Bones C. Fibula D. Scapula
A. Carpal Bone
The only example of a gomphosis joint is: A. Teeth B. Atlantoocipital C. 5th metatarsal D. Thumb
A. Teeth
Movement of Frontal Plane
Abduction Adduction ----------------------- Elevation Depression (scapula) Protraction Retraction -----------------------
Contractibility
Ability to generate tension and shorten the muscle (contracting a muscle to move). Physically moving Can shorten by 50%-70% of resting length and is determined by the location in the body Exp: Abs vs. biceps when contracting
Irritability (excitability)
Ability to respond to stimulation Stimulation provided by motor neuron 2nd only to nervous tissue n regards to sensitivity
Elasticity
Ability to return to resting length after stretch Influenced by connective tissue Protective mechanism
Extensibility
Ability to stretch beyond resting length. An external force is required Determined by the connective tissue Ability of extendability
Muscle Contraction- Excitation Contraction Coupling
Acetylcholine (Ach) released Causes an increase in permeability of the membrane of the fiber and cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ Ca2+ ions promote cross-bridge formation Contractions begins Interaction between the actin and myosin filaments Stimulation stops... ions are actively removed from the area surrounding the myofibrils Cross-bridges are released
Stabilizers
Act in one segment so that a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur Fixators
Loose Packed
All other joint position Varying contact area ↓ stability ↓ injury risk due to mobility
Hinge
Allows movement in one plane (uniaxial) one bone surface is convex one is concave strong collateral ligaments elbow
Ellipsoid
Allows movement in two planes (biaxial) Metacarpoophalangeal articulation in the phalanges
Condyloid
Allows primary movement in one plane Small amounts of movement in another planes one bone is an ovular convex shape other bone is reciprocally shaped concave surface Knee joint
Cannuliculi
Allows the osteocytes to communicate and come off of the lacuna
Muscular Force Components
Amount of moment generated by the muscle is influenced by: 1. capacity to generate force 2. muscle moment arm **Both are changing during movement (always changing for every muscle depending on the joint) If moment arm increases, the muscle can produce less force to generate same moment
Pennation Angle
Angle made by the fascicles and the line of action (pull) of the muscle. As pennate muscles contract: Angle of pennation Increases (usually 0-30 degrees) Less force directed in line with tendon when the angle increases Force producing capability of muscle decreases (from disuse or aging)
Palmar surface of the hand
Anterior surface (anatomical position)
Lateral Rotation
Anterior surface rotates laterally (aka outward or external rotation)
Frontal Plane Axis
Anteroposterior Axis
Bending Forces
Applied to area having no direct support A combo of compression and tension at the same time. It happens at the weakest part of the bone.
Stress is force divided by: Strain Length Area Moment
Area
Bone Growth throughout life
As we get older, bone growth slows down.
Tension Forces cause ____ fractures
Avulsion Attachment sites of tendons breaks off due to excessive pulling Exp: Achilles Tendon
Peripheral
Away from the central axis of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline
The plane of measurement in anatomical cross sectional area is perpendicular to what? A. Bone B. Tendon C. Muscle fibers D. None of the above
B. Tendon
What ion is released by the detection of acetylcholine to start a muscle contraction? A. Phosphorus B.Calcium C. Sodium D. Potassium
B.Calcium
Posterior
Back side (dorsal)
One and Two Joint Muscles
Biarticular vs. Uniarticular Action of two joint muscle depends on position of the body Examples? Rectus femoris (hip and knee joint) Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Primary movement determined by moment generated at each joint
Osteoporosis
Bone resorption exceeds bone deposits Decrease in bone mineral mass Loss of bone density Results in a loss of stiffness Loss of trabecular integrity Results in a weakening of the bone Increased incidence of fracture Cause is multi-factorial Hormonal factors (estrogen) Nutritional imbalances (Ca+ deficiency) Lack of exercise (bone atrophy b/c the lack of force on the bone)
Wolff's Law
Bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease. Bones will adapt to the loads placed upon it. Bone will either become stronger or weaker depending on what load is or is not placed upon it.
Flat Bones
Broad and thin Surface Protect underlying organs and soft tissue Provides large areas for muscle and ligament attachments. Exp. Ribs, Ilium, sternum, scapula
Fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibers
The ulnohumeral (elbow) joint is this type of joint: A. Ball-and-socket joint B. Seller joint C. Hinge joint D. Fibrous joint
C. Hinge joint
Which of the is responsible for bone generation? A. Osteocyte B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. None of the Above
C. Osteoblasts
The fundamental unit of compact bone is: A. Volksmann canal B. . Periosteum C. Osteon D. Osteoblast
C. Osteon
Rotary Component
Causes motion
Osteoclasts
Cells that EAT AWAY old bone --> decrease the bone mass
Osteoblasts
Cells that FORM bone --> increase bone mass. Take minerals from the blood and deposit them in the bone
Inferior
Closer to the feet or lower than another structure (caudal)
Superior
Closer to the head or higher than another structure (cranial)
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
Lamellae
Collagen fibers within that run parallel
Cortical
Compact bone Low porosity (5-30% non mineralized tissue makes it stronger Can withstand greater STRESS but less STRAIN
Compression forces causes ______
Compression Fractures Common in high impact situations (common in spine)
Titin
Connects myosin to Z disk and acts like a spring
Muscle Fibers
Contained in the fascicles Skeletal muscle cells that are parallel to each other
Epimysium
Covers the outside of the muscle Continuous with tendon
Factors of Injury
Critical strength of bone (maximum amount of force a bone can stand until it breaks) Loading History (stress fractures How often as the bone already been loaded ) Rate of loading (how fast or slow you're applying force to bone. )Os
Short Bones
Cube like that provide limited gliding motions Act as shock absorbers As tall as they are wide Exp. Carpals and Tarsals.
Types of Ossification
1. Directly from it 2. Directly from the mesenchyme tissue
The knee is _______ to the trunk. A. Anterior B. Superior C. Posterior D. Inferior
D. Inferior
Which law states that ligaments and tendons will adapt to the loads placed upon it. Wolff's Law Davis's Law Drew's Law Smith's Law
Davis's Law
As pennation angle increases, force production: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same
Decreases
Flexion
Decreases in angle between 2 segments
Strain
Deformation resulting from stress Strain= (Change in length/ resting length) Ability to deform with force (you have to adapt to force)
Perimysium
Dense connective sheath that covers the fascicles Protects fibers and provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels
Bone growth in length
Development in epiphyseal plate Cartilage replaced by bone tissue on the diaphysial side Process closes the epiphyseal plate
Anisotropic means: Direction-independent Force-dependent Direction-dependent Force-independent
Direction-dependent
Muscle Attachment
Directly to bone Fusion of epimysium to bone (trapezius) Tendon (most common) Tendon fused to muscle fascia (biceps brachii)(most common) Aponeurosis Sheath of connective tissue (abdominals) (broader and flatter muscles)
Frontal Plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse Plane
Divides body into superior and inferior
Structure of a long bone
Epiphysis Epiphyseal Plate Metaphysics Diaphysis Periosteum Endosteum
Shear
Equal force coming at it in opposite directions and when they collide they will shift. The forces have to be off axis
Stress Fracture
Excessive bone resorption Quick drastic changes in exercise pattern High load- short duration: too much in to short of a time. Low load- high frequency: doing something everyday
Sliding Filament Theory
Explains shortening of sarcomere Cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments **Amount of force generated is proportional to the number of cross bridges formed. Shortening of many sarcomeres develops tension through the muscle and bone at both ends to create movement
True or false: articular cartilage acts as a shock absorber True False
False
True or false: endochondral ossification starts directly from mesenchyme tissue. True False
False
True or false: fusiform muscles have a greater capacity of force and power. True False
False
Fusiform Muscles
Fascicles run length of muscle Large degree of shortening High velocity movements (speed) because they have a great distance to contract Muscle fiber generally longer than tendon
Profundus (deep)
Father from the surface
Penniform Muscles
Fibers run diagonally with respect to tendon Feather-like in appearance Fiber force in different direction to muscle force Greater capacity of force and power 3 types of penniform muscles (number of heads the muscle has) Unipennate: parallel fibers that attach to the tendon. Doesn't split muscle into multiple tendons Bipennate: leaf/ feather, tendon does through muscle belly Multipennate: have a bunch of bipennate muscles grouped together to attach to one Convergent: one end that is broad and another that is small
Cartilage
Firm, flexible tissue Made up of cells called chondrocytes Surrounded by an extracellular matrix 2 main types of cartilage Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrocartilage
Movements of Sagittal Plane
Flexion, Extension, Dorsi-flexion, Plantar-flexion.
Ossification
Formation of bone by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the addition of minerals and salts. All babes are formed through ossification Derived from mesenchyme tissue
Saddle
Found only at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb Bone surfaces are shaped like seat of riding saddle Similar to ellipsoid joint in function thumb
Fibrocartilage
Found where articular cartilage "meets" tendon or ligament Acts as intermediary between articular cartilage and other connective tissues Referred to as... Articular discs Meniscus Improves fit between articulating bones
Shape
Frame to keep body supported
Diarthrosis
Freely Movable
Anterior
Front side (ventral)
Distal
Further from the trunk
Bending Forces cause ___ fractures
Greenstick Fractures. Happens mainly in children because their bones are not fully ossified.
Diarthroses joints are: Immovable Slightly movable Highly movable None of the above
Highly movable
Lacunae
Holds the osteon
Diaphysis
Hollow shaft down the bone
Human Anatomy
How the parts of a human, from molecules to bones, interact to form a functional unit.
Synergist
If more force is requires there muscles assist prime mover Assistant Movers
Synarthrosis
Immovable Joints permits shock absorption but not movement
Motion occurs...
In a plane, about an axis
Extension
Increases in angle between 2 segments
Endosteum
Inside covering of the bone
Protection
Internal organs
What motion occurs in the transverse plane? Internal rotation Flexion Abduction Extension
Internal rotation
An example of a condyloid joint is: Knee Elbow Wrist Ankle
Knee
Extra capsular Ligamens
Lie outside the joint
Central canal
Little hole and useful to osteon for nutrients, water, O2, and blood supply to bone. Contains artery, vein, and nerve. Vertical canals. They connect osteon to osteon.
Intra-articular Ligaments
Located inside the joint
Volkmann's canal
Long canal down the osteon
Stress Strain Curve- Compliant
Lots of strain, with little stress
Stress Strain Curve- Brittle
Lots of stress, but not a lot of stain
Stress Strain Curve- Stiff
Lots of stress, some strain.
Plantar surface of foot
Lower Surface (sole)
Influences to bone response to loading
Magnitude (high mag--> worse injury) Frequency Location Variability Direction Rate of Application Duration
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts that are no longer forming bone (over tired osteoblasts)
Close Packed
Maximum contact area Ligaments and capsule are tense ↑ stability ↑ injury risk Full extenstion
Movement of Transverse Plane
Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation
Sagittal Plane Axis
Mediolateral Axis
Endomysium
Membrane that covers fibers Carries capillaries and nerves
Elevation
More shoulder girdle superiorly
Tendon Characteristics
Most common form of attachment Transmits the muscle force to bone to cause movements Connection to muscle Myotendinous junctions (connection between muscle and tendon) Interface where myofibrils of muscle join the collagen fibers of the tendon Connection to bone Consists of fibrocartilage lamellar bone Blends with periosteum Bundle of collagen fibers Arranged in parallel to direction of force application Responds in an elastic fashion Relatively stiff and much stronger than other structures (what is helping) Stiffness related to rate of loading "memory foam thing" Shows little hysteresis (measurement of energy loss) Energy loss Stores and releases elastic strain energy **Characteristics necessary to transfer force from muscle to skeleton
3rd Class levers
Most common lever
Bone Tissue --> Osseous Tissue
Most ridges connective tissue in the body Highly vascular
Motor Unit
Motor Neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neurons's axon terminals
Abduction
Move away from midline
Depression
Move shoulder girdle inferiorly
Protraction
Move the shoulder girdle laterally (abduction)
Retraction
Move the shoulder girdle medially (adduction)
Adduction
Move towards the midline
Neutralizers
Muscle that contracts to eliminate unwanted movement cause by another muscle. Discourages movement that you don't want to do
Agonist
Muscles are primarily responsible for PRODUCING a given joint movement Prime Movers
Antagonist
Muscles who oppose the joint movement. Must relax to allow movement
Myofibrils
Myosin and actin Form sarcomere (contractile unit of muscle)
Origin and Insertion
Origin Attachment which is more proximal or closer to midline Insertion Attachment further from midline or more distal Muscle force is generated and applied to both skeletal connections
Intramembranous Ossification
Ossification formed during embryonic period. It starts directly from the mesenchyme tissue and is laid down in sheets Flat bone
Endochondral Ossification
Ossification formed during the fetal period and after both. It starts directly from the hyaline cartilage Long bones
Bone Growth in Width
Osteoblasts on periosteum Adds bone to the diaphysis Osteoclasts remove bone from the inner later of the comical wall
Periosteum
Outside covering of the bone
Pivot
Pivot Allows movement in one plane (uniaxial) Radioulnar and articulation pronation & supination
sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber Directly under endomysium
Plantar-flexion
Point toes down
Dorsi-flexion
Point toes up
Stiffness Failure Point
Point where the bone begins to fail and fracture.
Dorsal surface of hand
Posteriot surface (anatomical position)
Bone Remodeling Cycle
Pre-Osteoclasts Active Osteoclasts Mononuclear cells Pre-Osteoblasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes
Compression Forces
Press the "ends" of the bone together Tibia, femur
Osteogenesis and Ossification
Process of bone tissue formation (bone growth)
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Production of skeletal movement Assessing in joint stability Maintaining body posture and position
Bone Function
Provides a system of levers that can be moved by forces from muscles. Provides a skeletal frame work that protects other body tissue
Collagen
Provides flexibility and tensile strength
Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate
Provides stiffness and compressive strength
Tension
Pull on both ends to make longer. Stretch out the object
Tenson Forces
Pulls or stretches bone apart Produced by contracting muscle
Compression
Push on to widen
The _______ component of muscular force causes motion. Stabilizing Dislocating Rotary None of the above
Rotary
Elbow extension occurs in what plane? Transverse Sagittal Frontal None of the above
Sagittal
Sagittal Plane
Separate body into left and right halves
Fascia (1st Layer)
Sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Ligament
Short bands of tough fibrous connective tissue Functions of ligaments: Increase joint stability Connects bone to bone Guide normal joint motion Restrict abnormal joint movement
Types of Bones
Short bones Flat bones Long Bones Sesamoid Bones Irregular Bones
Types of Muscle Tissue (connective tissue)
Skeletal (both conscious and subconscious) Cardiac Smooth
Shear Forces
Sliding or slipping forces Adjacent parts of bone would experience equal and forces Mixture of compression and tensile forces
Amparthosis
Slightly moveable Cartilaginous joint Attenuates shock and allows minimal motion
Sesamoid Bones
Small sesame seed shaped Increase the angle of insertion of a muscle Acts as a pulley and usually embedded in a muscle or tendon Exp. Patella
Torsional Forces cause ____ fractures
Spiral Fractures Common in whip like motion
Trabecular
Spongy Bone High porosity 30-90% non mineralized tissue can undergo more strain before fracturing
Physiological Cross Section Area
Sum total of all the cross-sections of fibers in the muscle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the fibers Fusiform advantage: fibers in series (stacked & longitudinal) increase range of shortening increase joint ROM (range of motion) disadvantage: decrease the #fibers/PCSA (cant pack a lot of muscle fibers) decrease force capability Penniform advantage: increase # fibers/PCSA increase force capability disadvantage: decrease range of shortening decrease joint ROM
ACSA
Sum total of all the cross-sections of fibers in the muscle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the tendon
Transverse Plane Axis
Superoinferior Axis
Synarthrosis- Gomphosis
Supported by periodontal ligament Any tooth
Ball and Socket
Surfaces are reciprocally convex and concave Rotation in all three planes is permitted (triaxial) Most mobile of the diarthrodial joints Shoulder and hip joint
Epiphysis
The ends of the bone (where the spongy bone is)
Epiphyseal Plate
The growth plate
Muscle Moment
The moment created by a muscle is dependent upon 3 things: Muscle force: less force, need more torque how much is the muscle produce Moment arm: if longer, make it easier How long is the moment are Angle of pull: where tendon is attaching to bone. Angle of pull changes as joint position changes
Stiffness Yield Point
The point of no return. After the yield point, it is permanently changed. Before the yield point, the bone can return to original shape.
Capsular Ligament
Thickening in the wall of the capsule
Net Muscle Actions- Eccentric
Tmuscle < Texternal muscle lengthens in opposite direction of the change in joint angle "negative" muscle action
Net Muscle Actions- Isometric
Tmuscle = Texternal tension is generated against resistance to maintain position tension developed with no change in joint position
Net Muscle Action- Concentric
Tmuscle > Texternal muscle shortens in same direction as change in joint angle "positive" muscle action
Ligament Response to Loading
Toe region "wavy" configuration of collagen fibers Linear region "crimp" in collagen fibers disappears Ligament behaves almost linearly Failure Ligament tears (partially or completely) at greater stresses Generally, when a tensile load is applied to joint quickly
Muscle Torque (Moment)
Torque = moment T (moment)= F * d F: muscle force (or some external force) d: perpendicular distance *moment arm * usually measured in cm, inches, etc Find axis of rotation (door hinges are axis of rotation)
Central
Towards central axis of the body
Tibial
Towards the inner border of the lower limb (medial)
Ulnar
Towards the inner border of the upper limb (medial-pinky)
Medial
Towards the midline
Fibular
Towards the outer border of lower limb (lateral)
Radial
Towards the outer border of upper limb (lateral-Thumb)
Movement
Transfers forces Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Force is transmitted from muscle to tendon to bone. Bones can transfer force from one to another.
Functions of Articular Cartilage
Transmit compressive forces across the joint Provide a nearly frictionless surface for load bearing and movement Redistribute contact stress over a larger area Protect underlying bone Shock absorption? NO Too thin to absorb significant energy Surrounding bone and muscles do this Allows movement between two bones with minimal wear & tear Coefficient of friction Cartilage < 0.05 Ice ≈ 0.1 How can articular cartilage be able to support loads that are several times body weight? Proteoglycans (PGs)- hydrophilic. Negatively charged, repel one another
Water
Transport nutrients and waste products throughout the bone
Shear Forces cause ____ fractures
Transverse fracture. Most commonly due to a direct blow.
Tordional Forces
Twisting force Creates a shear stress over the entire structure Exp: Spiral factor of humerus during pitching
Irregular Bones
Typically connect to several others As specialized function Basically every other bone Exp. Skull, pelvis, vertebrae.
Dorsal surface of foot
Upper surface (top)
Joint Lubrication
What causes the friction in joints to be so low? loading cartilage forces fluid out of tissue into joint space Flow increases with load How is the lubrication maintained? remove load and fluid returns to tissue Proteoglycans
Long Bones
Wider at bases than shaft. Has a tube like shape. Longitudinal axis Form framework of appendicular skeleton Exp. Humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula
Articular Cartilage
aka Hyaline cartilage Composed of... 70% water Non-mineralized matrix of collagen and proteoglycans
Medial Rotation
anterior surface rotates medially (aka inward or internal rotation)
Diarthrosis- Synovial joints
articular cartilage-protective covering of bone articular capsule-protective surrounding of joint synovial fluid-lubrication of joint
Synarthrosis- Sutures
bone sheets bound at first by fibers fibers then ossify and are replaced by bone Sutures of skull
Ampiarthosis- Syndesmosis
bones bound by dense fibrous tissue extremely limited movement mid radioulnar
Stress
force applied to deform a structure Stress= (force)/(area) Withstand the force
Osteon
fundamental unit of compact bone
Ampiarthosis- Synchondrosis
joints held together by thin layer of hyaline cartilage Sternocostal joint
Anisotropic
mechanical properties vary according to the direction of the applied load Direction Dependent
Gliding
non-axial gliding is permitted articulating bones are nearly flat Carpals slide over each other as the hand moves through range of motion
Contralateral
of the opposite side
Ipsilateral
of the same side
Stabilizing v. Dislocating Component
perpendicular to rotary component parallel to bone
Amphiarthroses- Symphyses
thin plates of hyaline cartilage separated by a disc of fibrocartilage from the bone Pubic synphysis
Metaphysics
transition between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Anatomical Position
upright posture, facing straight aead, feel parallel, palms facing forwards
Fundamental Position
upright posture, facing straight aead, feel parallel, palms facing the body