KNS 332 Exam 1

Planes of Motion

A 2D surface defined by 3 ponts on on the same line

Bone

A dynamic living tissue that is continually being modeled and remodeled by forces acting on it. Is a connective tissue

Levers

A simple machine that magnifies the forces and or speed of movement

Which of the following is considered a short bone? A. Carpal Bones B. Metacarpal Bones C. Fibula D. Scapula

A. Carpal Bone

The only example of a gomphosis joint is: A. Teeth B. Atlantoocipital C. 5th metatarsal D. Thumb

A. Teeth

Movement of Frontal Plane

Abduction Adduction ----------------------- Elevation Depression (scapula) Protraction Retraction -----------------------

Contractibility

Ability to generate tension and shorten the muscle (contracting a muscle to move). Physically moving Can shorten by 50%-70% of resting length and is determined by the location in the body Exp: Abs vs. biceps when contracting

Irritability (excitability)

Ability to respond to stimulation Stimulation provided by motor neuron 2nd only to nervous tissue n regards to sensitivity

Elasticity

Ability to return to resting length after stretch Influenced by connective tissue Protective mechanism

Extensibility

Ability to stretch beyond resting length. An external force is required Determined by the connective tissue Ability of extendability

Muscle Contraction- Excitation Contraction Coupling

Acetylcholine (Ach) released Causes an increase in permeability of the membrane of the fiber and cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ Ca2+ ions promote cross-bridge formation Contractions begins Interaction between the actin and myosin filaments Stimulation stops... ions are actively removed from the area surrounding the myofibrils Cross-bridges are released

Stabilizers

Act in one segment so that a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur Fixators

Loose Packed

All other joint position Varying contact area ↓ stability ↓ injury risk due to mobility

Hinge

Allows movement in one plane (uniaxial) one bone surface is convex one is concave strong collateral ligaments elbow

Ellipsoid

Allows movement in two planes (biaxial) Metacarpoophalangeal articulation in the phalanges

Condyloid

Allows primary movement in one plane Small amounts of movement in another planes one bone is an ovular convex shape other bone is reciprocally shaped concave surface Knee joint

Cannuliculi

Allows the osteocytes to communicate and come off of the lacuna

Muscular Force Components

Amount of moment generated by the muscle is influenced by: 1. capacity to generate force 2. muscle moment arm **Both are changing during movement (always changing for every muscle depending on the joint) If moment arm increases, the muscle can produce less force to generate same moment

Pennation Angle

Angle made by the fascicles and the line of action (pull) of the muscle. As pennate muscles contract: Angle of pennation Increases (usually 0-30 degrees) Less force directed in line with tendon when the angle increases Force producing capability of muscle decreases (from disuse or aging)

Palmar surface of the hand

Anterior surface (anatomical position)

Lateral Rotation

Anterior surface rotates laterally (aka outward or external rotation)

Frontal Plane Axis

Anteroposterior Axis

Bending Forces

Applied to area having no direct support A combo of compression and tension at the same time. It happens at the weakest part of the bone.

Stress is force divided by: Strain Length Area Moment

Area

Bone Growth throughout life

As we get older, bone growth slows down.

Tension Forces cause ____ fractures

Avulsion Attachment sites of tendons breaks off due to excessive pulling Exp: Achilles Tendon

Peripheral

Away from the central axis of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline

The plane of measurement in anatomical cross sectional area is perpendicular to what? A. Bone B. Tendon C. Muscle fibers D. None of the above

B. Tendon

What ion is released by the detection of acetylcholine to start a muscle contraction? A. Phosphorus B.Calcium C. Sodium D. Potassium

B.Calcium

Posterior

Back side (dorsal)

One and Two Joint Muscles

Biarticular vs. Uniarticular Action of two joint muscle depends on position of the body Examples? Rectus femoris (hip and knee joint) Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Primary movement determined by moment generated at each joint

Osteoporosis

Bone resorption exceeds bone deposits Decrease in bone mineral mass Loss of bone density Results in a loss of stiffness Loss of trabecular integrity Results in a weakening of the bone Increased incidence of fracture Cause is multi-factorial Hormonal factors (estrogen) Nutritional imbalances (Ca+ deficiency) Lack of exercise (bone atrophy b/c the lack of force on the bone)

Wolff's Law

Bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease. Bones will adapt to the loads placed upon it. Bone will either become stronger or weaker depending on what load is or is not placed upon it.

Flat Bones

Broad and thin Surface Protect underlying organs and soft tissue Provides large areas for muscle and ligament attachments. Exp. Ribs, Ilium, sternum, scapula

Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers

The ulnohumeral (elbow) joint is this type of joint: A. Ball-and-socket joint B. Seller joint C. Hinge joint D. Fibrous joint

C. Hinge joint

Which of the is responsible for bone generation? A. Osteocyte B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. None of the Above

C. Osteoblasts

The fundamental unit of compact bone is: A. Volksmann canal B. . Periosteum C. Osteon D. Osteoblast

C. Osteon

Rotary Component

Causes motion

Osteoclasts

Cells that EAT AWAY old bone --> decrease the bone mass

Osteoblasts

Cells that FORM bone --> increase bone mass. Take minerals from the blood and deposit them in the bone

Inferior

Closer to the feet or lower than another structure (caudal)

Superior

Closer to the head or higher than another structure (cranial)

Superficial

Closer to the surface

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

Lamellae

Collagen fibers within that run parallel

Cortical

Compact bone Low porosity (5-30% non mineralized tissue makes it stronger Can withstand greater STRESS but less STRAIN

Compression forces causes ______

Compression Fractures Common in high impact situations (common in spine)

Titin

Connects myosin to Z disk and acts like a spring

Muscle Fibers

Contained in the fascicles Skeletal muscle cells that are parallel to each other

Epimysium

Covers the outside of the muscle Continuous with tendon

Factors of Injury

Critical strength of bone (maximum amount of force a bone can stand until it breaks) Loading History (stress fractures How often as the bone already been loaded ) Rate of loading (how fast or slow you're applying force to bone. )Os

Short Bones

Cube like that provide limited gliding motions Act as shock absorbers As tall as they are wide Exp. Carpals and Tarsals.

Types of Ossification

1. Directly from it 2. Directly from the mesenchyme tissue

The knee is _______ to the trunk. A. Anterior B. Superior C. Posterior D. Inferior

D. Inferior

Which law states that ligaments and tendons will adapt to the loads placed upon it. Wolff's Law Davis's Law Drew's Law Smith's Law

Davis's Law

As pennation angle increases, force production: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same

Decreases

Flexion

Decreases in angle between 2 segments

Strain

Deformation resulting from stress Strain= (Change in length/ resting length) Ability to deform with force (you have to adapt to force)

Perimysium

Dense connective sheath that covers the fascicles Protects fibers and provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels

Bone growth in length

Development in epiphyseal plate Cartilage replaced by bone tissue on the diaphysial side Process closes the epiphyseal plate

Anisotropic means: Direction-independent Force-dependent Direction-dependent Force-independent

Direction-dependent

Muscle Attachment

Directly to bone Fusion of epimysium to bone (trapezius) Tendon (most common) Tendon fused to muscle fascia (biceps brachii)(most common) Aponeurosis Sheath of connective tissue (abdominals) (broader and flatter muscles)

Frontal Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior

Structure of a long bone

Epiphysis Epiphyseal Plate Metaphysics Diaphysis Periosteum Endosteum

Shear

Equal force coming at it in opposite directions and when they collide they will shift. The forces have to be off axis

Stress Fracture

Excessive bone resorption Quick drastic changes in exercise pattern High load- short duration: too much in to short of a time. Low load- high frequency: doing something everyday

Sliding Filament Theory

Explains shortening of sarcomere Cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments **Amount of force generated is proportional to the number of cross bridges formed. Shortening of many sarcomeres develops tension through the muscle and bone at both ends to create movement

True or false: articular cartilage acts as a shock absorber True False

False

True or false: endochondral ossification starts directly from mesenchyme tissue. True False

False

True or false: fusiform muscles have a greater capacity of force and power. True False

False

Fusiform Muscles

Fascicles run length of muscle Large degree of shortening High velocity movements (speed) because they have a great distance to contract Muscle fiber generally longer than tendon

Profundus (deep)

Father from the surface

Penniform Muscles

Fibers run diagonally with respect to tendon Feather-like in appearance Fiber force in different direction to muscle force Greater capacity of force and power 3 types of penniform muscles (number of heads the muscle has) Unipennate: parallel fibers that attach to the tendon. Doesn't split muscle into multiple tendons Bipennate: leaf/ feather, tendon does through muscle belly Multipennate: have a bunch of bipennate muscles grouped together to attach to one Convergent: one end that is broad and another that is small

Cartilage

Firm, flexible tissue Made up of cells called chondrocytes Surrounded by an extracellular matrix 2 main types of cartilage Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrocartilage

Movements of Sagittal Plane

Flexion, Extension, Dorsi-flexion, Plantar-flexion.

Ossification

Formation of bone by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the addition of minerals and salts. All babes are formed through ossification Derived from mesenchyme tissue

Saddle

Found only at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb Bone surfaces are shaped like seat of riding saddle Similar to ellipsoid joint in function thumb

Fibrocartilage

Found where articular cartilage "meets" tendon or ligament Acts as intermediary between articular cartilage and other connective tissues Referred to as... Articular discs Meniscus Improves fit between articulating bones

Shape

Frame to keep body supported

Diarthrosis

Freely Movable

Anterior

Front side (ventral)

Distal

Further from the trunk

Bending Forces cause ___ fractures

Greenstick Fractures. Happens mainly in children because their bones are not fully ossified.

Diarthroses joints are: Immovable Slightly movable Highly movable None of the above

Highly movable

Lacunae

Holds the osteon

Diaphysis

Hollow shaft down the bone

Human Anatomy

How the parts of a human, from molecules to bones, interact to form a functional unit.

Synergist

If more force is requires there muscles assist prime mover Assistant Movers

Synarthrosis

Immovable Joints permits shock absorption but not movement

Motion occurs...

In a plane, about an axis

Extension

Increases in angle between 2 segments

Endosteum

Inside covering of the bone

Protection

Internal organs

What motion occurs in the transverse plane? Internal rotation Flexion Abduction Extension

Internal rotation

An example of a condyloid joint is: Knee Elbow Wrist Ankle

Knee

Extra capsular Ligamens

Lie outside the joint

Central canal

Little hole and useful to osteon for nutrients, water, O2, and blood supply to bone. Contains artery, vein, and nerve. Vertical canals. They connect osteon to osteon.

Intra-articular Ligaments

Located inside the joint

Volkmann's canal

Long canal down the osteon

Stress Strain Curve- Compliant

Lots of strain, with little stress

Stress Strain Curve- Brittle

Lots of stress, but not a lot of stain

Stress Strain Curve- Stiff

Lots of stress, some strain.

Plantar surface of foot

Lower Surface (sole)

Influences to bone response to loading

Magnitude (high mag--> worse injury) Frequency Location Variability Direction Rate of Application Duration

Osteocytes

Mature osteoblasts that are no longer forming bone (over tired osteoblasts)

Close Packed

Maximum contact area Ligaments and capsule are tense ↑ stability ↑ injury risk Full extenstion

Movement of Transverse Plane

Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation

Sagittal Plane Axis

Mediolateral Axis

Endomysium

Membrane that covers fibers Carries capillaries and nerves

Elevation

More shoulder girdle superiorly

Tendon Characteristics

Most common form of attachment Transmits the muscle force to bone to cause movements Connection to muscle Myotendinous junctions (connection between muscle and tendon) Interface where myofibrils of muscle join the collagen fibers of the tendon Connection to bone Consists of fibrocartilage lamellar bone Blends with periosteum Bundle of collagen fibers Arranged in parallel to direction of force application Responds in an elastic fashion Relatively stiff and much stronger than other structures (what is helping) Stiffness related to rate of loading "memory foam thing" Shows little hysteresis (measurement of energy loss) Energy loss Stores and releases elastic strain energy **Characteristics necessary to transfer force from muscle to skeleton

3rd Class levers

Most common lever

Bone Tissue --> Osseous Tissue

Most ridges connective tissue in the body Highly vascular

Motor Unit

Motor Neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neurons's axon terminals

Abduction

Move away from midline

Depression

Move shoulder girdle inferiorly

Protraction

Move the shoulder girdle laterally (abduction)

Retraction

Move the shoulder girdle medially (adduction)

Adduction

Move towards the midline

Neutralizers

Muscle that contracts to eliminate unwanted movement cause by another muscle. Discourages movement that you don't want to do

Agonist

Muscles are primarily responsible for PRODUCING a given joint movement Prime Movers

Antagonist

Muscles who oppose the joint movement. Must relax to allow movement

Myofibrils

Myosin and actin Form sarcomere (contractile unit of muscle)

Origin and Insertion

Origin Attachment which is more proximal or closer to midline Insertion Attachment further from midline or more distal Muscle force is generated and applied to both skeletal connections

Intramembranous Ossification

Ossification formed during embryonic period. It starts directly from the mesenchyme tissue and is laid down in sheets Flat bone

Endochondral Ossification

Ossification formed during the fetal period and after both. It starts directly from the hyaline cartilage Long bones

Bone Growth in Width

Osteoblasts on periosteum Adds bone to the diaphysis Osteoclasts remove bone from the inner later of the comical wall

Periosteum

Outside covering of the bone

Pivot

Pivot Allows movement in one plane (uniaxial) Radioulnar and articulation pronation & supination

sarcolemma

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber Directly under endomysium

Plantar-flexion

Point toes down

Dorsi-flexion

Point toes up

Stiffness Failure Point

Point where the bone begins to fail and fracture.

Dorsal surface of hand

Posteriot surface (anatomical position)

Bone Remodeling Cycle

Pre-Osteoclasts Active Osteoclasts Mononuclear cells Pre-Osteoblasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes

Compression Forces

Press the "ends" of the bone together Tibia, femur

Osteogenesis and Ossification

Process of bone tissue formation (bone growth)

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Production of skeletal movement Assessing in joint stability Maintaining body posture and position

Bone Function

Provides a system of levers that can be moved by forces from muscles. Provides a skeletal frame work that protects other body tissue

Collagen

Provides flexibility and tensile strength

Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate

Provides stiffness and compressive strength

Tension

Pull on both ends to make longer. Stretch out the object

Tenson Forces

Pulls or stretches bone apart Produced by contracting muscle

Compression

Push on to widen

The _______ component of muscular force causes motion. Stabilizing Dislocating Rotary None of the above

Rotary

Elbow extension occurs in what plane? Transverse Sagittal Frontal None of the above

Sagittal

Sagittal Plane

Separate body into left and right halves

Fascia (1st Layer)

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue

Ligament

Short bands of tough fibrous connective tissue Functions of ligaments: Increase joint stability Connects bone to bone Guide normal joint motion Restrict abnormal joint movement

Types of Bones

Short bones Flat bones Long Bones Sesamoid Bones Irregular Bones

Types of Muscle Tissue (connective tissue)

Skeletal (both conscious and subconscious) Cardiac Smooth

Shear Forces

Sliding or slipping forces Adjacent parts of bone would experience equal and forces Mixture of compression and tensile forces

Amparthosis

Slightly moveable Cartilaginous joint Attenuates shock and allows minimal motion

Sesamoid Bones

Small sesame seed shaped Increase the angle of insertion of a muscle Acts as a pulley and usually embedded in a muscle or tendon Exp. Patella

Torsional Forces cause ____ fractures

Spiral Fractures Common in whip like motion

Trabecular

Spongy Bone High porosity 30-90% non mineralized tissue can undergo more strain before fracturing

Physiological Cross Section Area

Sum total of all the cross-sections of fibers in the muscle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the fibers Fusiform advantage: fibers in series (stacked & longitudinal) increase range of shortening increase joint ROM (range of motion) disadvantage: decrease the #fibers/PCSA (cant pack a lot of muscle fibers) decrease force capability Penniform advantage: increase # fibers/PCSA increase force capability disadvantage: decrease range of shortening decrease joint ROM

ACSA

Sum total of all the cross-sections of fibers in the muscle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the tendon

Transverse Plane Axis

Superoinferior Axis

Synarthrosis- Gomphosis

Supported by periodontal ligament Any tooth

Ball and Socket

Surfaces are reciprocally convex and concave Rotation in all three planes is permitted (triaxial) Most mobile of the diarthrodial joints Shoulder and hip joint

Epiphysis

The ends of the bone (where the spongy bone is)

Epiphyseal Plate

The growth plate

Muscle Moment

The moment created by a muscle is dependent upon 3 things: Muscle force: less force, need more torque how much is the muscle produce Moment arm: if longer, make it easier How long is the moment are Angle of pull: where tendon is attaching to bone. Angle of pull changes as joint position changes

Stiffness Yield Point

The point of no return. After the yield point, it is permanently changed. Before the yield point, the bone can return to original shape.

Capsular Ligament

Thickening in the wall of the capsule

Net Muscle Actions- Eccentric

Tmuscle < Texternal muscle lengthens in opposite direction of the change in joint angle "negative" muscle action

Net Muscle Actions- Isometric

Tmuscle = Texternal tension is generated against resistance to maintain position tension developed with no change in joint position

Net Muscle Action- Concentric

Tmuscle > Texternal muscle shortens in same direction as change in joint angle "positive" muscle action

Ligament Response to Loading

Toe region "wavy" configuration of collagen fibers Linear region "crimp" in collagen fibers disappears Ligament behaves almost linearly Failure Ligament tears (partially or completely) at greater stresses Generally, when a tensile load is applied to joint quickly

Muscle Torque (Moment)

Torque = moment T (moment)= F * d F: muscle force (or some external force) d: perpendicular distance *moment arm * usually measured in cm, inches, etc Find axis of rotation (door hinges are axis of rotation)

Central

Towards central axis of the body

Tibial

Towards the inner border of the lower limb (medial)

Ulnar

Towards the inner border of the upper limb (medial-pinky)

Medial

Towards the midline

Fibular

Towards the outer border of lower limb (lateral)

Radial

Towards the outer border of upper limb (lateral-Thumb)

Movement

Transfers forces Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Force is transmitted from muscle to tendon to bone. Bones can transfer force from one to another.

Functions of Articular Cartilage

Transmit compressive forces across the joint Provide a nearly frictionless surface for load bearing and movement Redistribute contact stress over a larger area Protect underlying bone Shock absorption? NO Too thin to absorb significant energy Surrounding bone and muscles do this Allows movement between two bones with minimal wear & tear Coefficient of friction Cartilage < 0.05 Ice ≈ 0.1 How can articular cartilage be able to support loads that are several times body weight? Proteoglycans (PGs)- hydrophilic. Negatively charged, repel one another

Water

Transport nutrients and waste products throughout the bone

Shear Forces cause ____ fractures

Transverse fracture. Most commonly due to a direct blow.

Tordional Forces

Twisting force Creates a shear stress over the entire structure Exp: Spiral factor of humerus during pitching

Irregular Bones

Typically connect to several others As specialized function Basically every other bone Exp. Skull, pelvis, vertebrae.

Dorsal surface of foot

Upper surface (top)

Joint Lubrication

What causes the friction in joints to be so low? loading cartilage forces fluid out of tissue into joint space Flow increases with load How is the lubrication maintained? remove load and fluid returns to tissue Proteoglycans

Long Bones

Wider at bases than shaft. Has a tube like shape. Longitudinal axis Form framework of appendicular skeleton Exp. Humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

Articular Cartilage

aka Hyaline cartilage Composed of... 70% water Non-mineralized matrix of collagen and proteoglycans

Medial Rotation

anterior surface rotates medially (aka inward or internal rotation)

Diarthrosis- Synovial joints

articular cartilage-protective covering of bone articular capsule-protective surrounding of joint synovial fluid-lubrication of joint

Synarthrosis- Sutures

bone sheets bound at first by fibers fibers then ossify and are replaced by bone Sutures of skull

Ampiarthosis- Syndesmosis

bones bound by dense fibrous tissue extremely limited movement mid radioulnar

Stress

force applied to deform a structure Stress= (force)/(area) Withstand the force

Osteon

fundamental unit of compact bone

Ampiarthosis- Synchondrosis

joints held together by thin layer of hyaline cartilage Sternocostal joint

Anisotropic

mechanical properties vary according to the direction of the applied load Direction Dependent

Gliding

non-axial gliding is permitted articulating bones are nearly flat Carpals slide over each other as the hand moves through range of motion

Contralateral

of the opposite side

Ipsilateral

of the same side

Stabilizing v. Dislocating Component

perpendicular to rotary component parallel to bone

Amphiarthroses- Symphyses

thin plates of hyaline cartilage separated by a disc of fibrocartilage from the bone Pubic synphysis

Metaphysics

transition between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Anatomical Position

upright posture, facing straight aead, feel parallel, palms facing forwards

Fundamental Position

upright posture, facing straight aead, feel parallel, palms facing the body