LA 212 - Victorian Garden Era

What is the difference between the three styles of design?

"Picturesque" = Has a dark personality to it "Beautiful" = Is open and uses light colors "Gardenesque" = Adds imported plants to the picturesque

What is the "Gardenesque"?

-"Gardens should not mimic nature" -Need not mimic nature, exotic, and non-native species OK -Similar to the picturesque movement in the idea that the landscape should look like a piece of art, thought that it was okay to use exotic materials rather than only naturals -Used imported plants from travels instead of using plants that were originally there

Sir Joseph Paxton

-7th son of a farmer; family doesn't have much money, the oldest son gets the farm, Paxton works for his brother gets beat up and runs away -Gardener, Expert Botanist, and Architect -Plants are his muse Responsible for... -Chatsworth House and Gardens -"Crystal Palace"; Beginning of green houses and exhibiting exotic plants

Cottage Residences

-A book by Andrew Jackson Downing -Combination of Victorian, Romantic and Picturesque

Hudson River School

-A mid-19th-century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism -Created "American Art"

Crystal Palace

-By Joseph Paxton -Green House -Collections of plants and other scientific research, explorations -Popularity of plant collecting

John Claudius Loudon

-Created Derby Arboretum (England's first arboretum) -"Education becomes Philosophy" -Loudon gets more popular in England -Established the idea of the "Gardenesque Movement"

Who is Andrew Jackson Downing and what significant contributions did he make to residential design?

-He was interested in botany and horticulture and likes the naturalistic approach -He developed Springside, New York; he planned to create a pleasant suburban residence (curvilinear, very natural, utilitarian garden), wrote Treatise of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening -Also created Holme Lea, Brookline in Massachusetts -Founder of "Horticulturist" magazine -Worked with Calvert Vaux to create a people park A Treatise of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, 1875 Treatise Design Principles 1. Architectural beauty incorporated with the beauty of landscape 2. Utility in the selection of land 3. Expression of purpose 4. Art of Taste Also worked on Projects including "Country" Gardens, suburbs such as Springside in Pouhkeepsie, New York in the 1850's, the Washington Mall

How did the Edwin Budding Machine change the landscape?

-Large lawns could be included in more gardens, as you no longer needed sheep to mow the lawn -Lawnmowers made it affordable to have a well-kept, attractive lawn. Lawns were not just for the elite; Lawns were for the middle class as well

What is the "Picturesque" style of design?

-Natural and wild style of design that showcases natural at its best with more drama -Moody, dramatic landscape, people would drag in dead trees and boulders, use of natural materials, very textured -More wild, rough and rugged, imported stones places on the landscape

How did the Industrial Revolution change society and thoughts about open space?

-Nature and open space should be used as relief from urban living, pollution, noise, and over-crossing -Changed the idea of what was meant by open space, it was used as a relief from the pollution, overcrowded cities

Mrs.Jane Webb Loudon

-Published book "Mummy!" -Met Loudon/marry him in 7 months -Published garden books for women -Great artist; Drew a lot of plant illustrations

What is the meaning of Transcendentalism? How might that relate our perceptions of the landscape?

-Retreating from industrial movement -Literary and philosophical movement that advocated intuition as a mode of perception -"Transcend" into a spiritual state when in communion with nature

What is the "Beautiful" style of design?

-Well clean, manicured, groomed, and pastoral style of design -Very pristine, pastoral, clean -Lean and simple, natural river (not so natural) pastoral, iconic features like fountains that are complex and draw attention

What is significant about Victorian lifestyle that influences the designs of buildings and landscape?

Heavy emphasis on traveling and gathering exotic plants, homes become a place show your ornate collections you gathered from your travels, wealthy women formed garden societies

Arcadian Expression

Illustrated that nature has drama

What is unique about the Victorian Style Layout of planting beds?

More circular, random layout, used to showcase your exotic species

The Country Manor House

Stowe and Stourhead in England

French's enlightenment?

Symmetrical, axial, geometrical

What is pleaching?

Twisting, intertwining the branches of trees together to create a hedge or a walkway