LA TEST

Parts of Speech: Words and Basic Phrases

arts of Speech Words are categorized according to eight parts of speech, which explain a words purpose or usage. Nouns and proper nouns: Nouns are people,places,and things. Verbs: Verbs show actions or states of being. Modifiers are words that tell more information about a noun or a verb. Adjectives: Adjectives describe or modify nouns. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs,adjectives,and other adverbs.They tell how or when. Articles and demonstrative adjectives: Articles and demonstrative adjectives specify nouns. Ex of articles: the,a,an. Ex of D.: this,that,these,those. Pronouns: Pronouns replace nouns. Ex. I,you,them,we,him,she,her Conjunctions: Conjunctions join words,phrases or clauses. Ex. and,but,for,or,not,yet,so Prepositions: Prepositions are functional words that show location, direction,or time. Include; to,of,under,for,at Multi-function words; The word down can be used in different parts of speech. Put down your pencil. I downed a waffle and ran to catch the bus. His war jacket is filled with down. I've been feeling down since my best friend moved away. Changing a words ending can change its part of speech. Noun: Sympathy,competition, symbol,argument, offensiveness. ( y, tion, ment, ness) Verb: Sympathize, complete,symbolize,argue,offend. ( ize) Adjective: Sympathetic competitive,symbolic, argumentative,offensive. (tic iv, ic) Adverb: Sympathetically, competitively,symbolically, argumentatively,offensively. (ely, ly, ally) Sentence: A sentence is composed of two parts; a subject and a predicate. The subject is the person or thing that the sentence is about. The predicate give information about the subject and always contains a verb. Ex. The cat jumped on the bed. My little sister likes to draw pictures. A phrase; I a group of words that work together to express an idea and preform a certain function in a sentence, Can function as a noun, adjective,a verb,or an adverb, Contains a head word ( the word that determines the function of the phrase), plus an words that modify the head word A sentence must have at least one noun phrase and one verb phrase. Noun phrases as subjects: The angry dog barked. The cat stopped running. ( who+verb) Noun phrases as objects: The cat chased the angry dog. Then, the angry dog chased the cat.(n+v+ what) Verb phrases: Verb phrases as action words: A verb phrase may consist of only those words that describe the action of the sentence. Ex. My little sister was swimming.I am reading. Verb phrases as the entire predicate: A verb phrase may also be the entire predicate of the sentence: the main verb plus the object or prepositional phrase. Ex. John kicked the ball. Pat left during intermission. Adjective phrase: An adjectival phrase or adjective phrase, is a phrase that acts like an adjective. Adjectival phrases modify nouns or pronouns, Adjectival phrases are formed in different ways. The boy bounced a small red ball. I saw a very large elephant. Parents angry about the tuition hike spoke to the president of the college. The truck driving past my house is speeding. Preposition phrases: A prepositional phrase includes: a preposition The object of the preposition. Any additional modifiers. Ex. We walked to the store. Put that bowl on the metal table. She ran up the hill near her house. Adverbial phrases: Adverbial phrase is a phrase that acts like an adverb. Adverbial phrases: Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Answer questions like where? Can be made up of more then one adverb. Can be prepositional phrases. Can be comparatives. Ex. Dont read your speech to quickly. Speak your words clearly and loudly. Verbals: A verbal is a verb form that functions as another part of speech, such as a noun, adverb, or adjective. Infinitives, gerunds, and particles are different kinds of verbals. Gerunds are verbs that can be used as nouns. Participles are verbs that can be used as adjectives or adverbs. Infinitives An infinitive is the word "to" plus a verb stem. Infinitives Infinitives as nouns: To act in a movie is my secret dream. Infinitive as adjectives: That gave him something to think about. Infinitive as adverb: Mom is knitting to pass time. Not Infinitives I walk to the park when the weather is nice. To whom it may concern. Gerunds A gerund: Is a verbal that functions as a noun. Is a formed by adding ing to a verb stem. Can go anywhere in a sentence that a noun can go. Can be the subject of a sentence. Can be a direct object. Can be the object of a preposition. Participles Participles function as adjectives because they modify nouns and pronouns. Present participles: Freezing cold. Disappearing ink. Smiling face. Past participles: Tired eyes. Spoken word. Stained shirt. Not participles: I am having fun. She changed cloths. He has given gifts.

Blog

Blogs A blog is an online journal that includes: Dated entries of varying lengths. Discussions on a single topic. The writers viewpoint. Interactive elements. Links to other sites. Purpose of Blogging. Blogs are used to: Provide information. Instruct a point on issues. Advertise businesses or products. Entertain the audience. Blogging v Academic Writing A blog is a different from academic writing because it uses: First person pov. Emotional and personal details. An inform style. A variety of lengths. Claim-Statement of viewpoint-> Reasons-Statements that support the viewpoint, Evidence-Details,statistics, and facts to explain the reasons.-> Counterclaims-> Rebuttal. Creating a Blog. Research both sides of the issue.-> Gather evidence to support your claim-> Use multimedia. Credible and Non Credible Less reliable: .com sites Personal blogs Personal websites Wikis More reliable: .edu .gov .org sites Libraries Encyclopedias Universities Governments Major newspapers Striking the right tone The tone of your writing should match the purpose and audience of your blog. To maintain the right tone throughout your blog include: Words and multimedia that are professional and appropriate Links to websites that also use an appropriate viewpoint Clearly organized ideas and a consistent viewpoint Respect for people and ideas even those with opposite viewpoints Writing a Blog When writing a post consider the: Tone Audience Purpose Multimedia Types of multimedia that can be use in a blog include: Pictures, charts, or graphs providing evidence Videos with information on the topic Audio recordings of speeches, interviews, and other related content. Multimedia to Enhance content Be sure to explain why you are including media by connecting back to your topic and viewpoint with: Captions Titles Written explanations Encouraging the Right Tone It is helpful to post rules for readers to follow when commenting on your blog. Some rules might be: Be specific Stay on topic Be respectful Check for clarity Think before you post Making Blogs Interactive Effective blogs are the ones with the most reader interaction. You can increase interaction on your blog by: Posting a quick quiz Taking a poll Asking a thought-provoking question Soliciting comments and feedback

Text Structures in Wheels of Change, Part 2

Chronological Text Structure A chronological text structure organizes information in the order in which events occur. A chronological text structure: Presents information in order Begins with the first event and proceeds to the last event Discusses events over a clear time frame Chronological Signal Words and Phrases Signal words can be used to indicate a chronological structure by providing clues about time order. Continuation- Also, in addition, another, furthermore Change of direction- However, even though, while, still Sequence- In the first place, before, then, until Problem-Solution Text Structure A problem-solution structure identifies a problem and then presents possible solutions. Original idea->Problems-><-Solution Text Features A text feature is an organizational and graphic aid that is built into the text to make reading clearer. Writers include text features to: Connect to the central idea Give visuals or examples Provide insight about the topic Emphasize a point or idea Captions, Images, Quotation, Sidebars, Maps, Timelines-> Central Ideas

Word Choice and Extended Metaphor in a Poem by Maya Angelou

Its important to recognize the denotation and connotation of words and phrases that you red in a poem. Denotation: Animal with a long body that moves by slithering. Connotation: Dangerous,evil. Scary sneaky powerful. Figurative language: Figurative language is language used in a way that differs from its literal meaning. A reader cannot interpret figurative language by thinking about the meaning of the individual word. To interpret language,the reader must understand the context of the text. Figurative language tells readers more about the meaning of a text. attitude: the way someone thinks or feels about something connotation: what a word suggests beyond its literal meaning denotation: the literal meaning or dictionary definition of a word extended metaphor: ametaphor, or comparison, that extends through an entire poem tone: the attitude of a text toward the subject and theme An extended metaphor is a metaphor that extends over several lines of a poem. Metaphor: Is on phrase,line,or sentence. Makes on comparison. Conveys one idea. Extended Metaphor: Is developed over the course of a poem. Makes multiple comparisons in support of the main idea. Conveys a complex idea or set of ideas. Tone is the attitude of the speaker toward the subject of the poem. Examples of tone: Angry Humorous Mocking Wistful Sorrowful To determine the tone of a poem,study the: word choice,descriptive language,sound devices,stanza structure.

Compare and contrast: Myths and Cultures

Mythology is a collection of sacred stories a culture tells to explain how the world and the things in ti came to be. Can give clues on how ancient people lived Also tell stories ex.Setting characters conflict ans resolution An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of evidence Text evidence+Background knowledge=Inference Haida-Had natural resources and created permanent villages.Had boating skills,and protection. Europeans encountered them in the late 18th century Values- are the ideas or qualities that people think are important. Values-peace discipline,freedom and equality. Not values-Homes hunting,cloths,stories Maori-First people of New Zealand, they are from Polynesia. History of being great sailors and fierce warriors. Hunted for fish for their food,and are made up of more then 1 tribe

Simple Sentences: Sentence Parts, Verb Tense, and Verb Voice

The Basic Parts of Simple Sentences: Every sentence has a subject and a predicate The subject is the "who" or "what" of the sentence, and the predicate is what is said about the subject or what the subject does. Simple and Complete Subjects: Simple subjects A simple subject contains a noun or pronoun and may be a word or a group of words. John Man Bird They Dogs and cats (compund subject) Complete subjects A complete subject includes the subject and all of the words that tell about the subject. Mary's brother John The man with thr yellow hat Far above the clouds, five birds Young women who play soccer Playful dogs and cats (compound subject) Simple and Complete Predicates: Simple predicates A simple predicate, or verb, talls what the subject is or does. Is Will be Hit Soar and dive (compound predicate) Complete predicates A complete predicate contains all the words that tell about what the subject is or does. Is funny Will be glad to hear about soccer tryouts Hit the baseball Soar on the air currents and dive into the ocean (compound predicate) Understanding Complete Simple Sentences: A complete simple sentence: Contains one subject and one predicate. Expresses a complete thought. Begins with a capital letter. Ends with a period. Complete ssentences Alyssa talked. My brother and I rode our bikes all over town. Balanced on one leg on top of the rock, Joanna breathed deeply and practiced holding her pose. Incomplete sentences (fragments) My cousin Frend and my Aunt Josephine. The pretty shirt with flowers and the bow that I bought my mother for a present. Walked for days until it found its way home. Direct and Indirect Objects: Objects are always nouns or pronouns. A direct object is a word or group of words that is acted on by a subject. An indirect object is a noun or pronoun that occurs in addition to a direct object. It refers to someone or something that the action affects. Distinguishing between Direct and Indirect Objects: Direct objects Monica hit the ball. Raul carried his books in a backpack. Indirect objects I threw the chew toy to Huck. Marek gave Susan the present. Verb Tense: Verb tense is the quality of a verb that shows the time of the action. There are three basic tenses. Past-Carried Present-Carry Future-Will cary Verb Voice: Verb voice shows wether the subject performs or receives the action of the verb. Active voice Lupe kicked the soccer ball into the goal. Passive voice The soccer ball was kicked into the goal. Using Active and Passive Voice in Your Writing: Most writing uses active voice because active voice is livelier and more specific. Avoid using the passive voice unless: You want to emphasize the receiver of the action. Ex. All men are created equal. You do not know who performed the action or do not want the reader to know. Ex. An oily sludge was found in the neafrby creek soon after the factory opened. It does not matter who performs the action. Ex. Dinner is served! Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb in a sentence or clause must agree in number. Singular subjects have singular verbs, and plural subjects have plural verbs. Singular subjects and verbs (usally has "s" or "es" endings) He dances. The student dances. The ballerina dances. The team dances. Plural subjects and verbs They dance. The students dance. The ballerinas dance. The teams dance. Context Subject-Verb Agreement: Identifying the subject is the key to making sure subjects and verbs agree. Correct agreement All of the students on the team dance. Only one of the students dances. Incorrect agreement All of the students on the team dances. Only one of the students dance. Subject-Verb Agreement with the Verb "To Be": Present I am. We / You / They are. He / She / It is. Examples: I am a hard worker. My favorite pair of socks is in the laundry. Past I was. We / You / They were. He / She / It was. Examples: They were first in line. Learning algebra was a challenge. Other Subject-Verb Agreement Challenges: Isolate the subject to determine what form of the verb to use when there is added information. Use a plural verb with compound subjects joined by "and". Make the verb agree with the noun or pronoun nearest to the verb when the words in a compound subject are joined together by "or", "nor", or "neither"

The Odyssey: Theme Development, Part 6

To compare means to consider two or more things to see how they are similar or different, to compare two characters consider: their words or actions,their specific traits,how each character approaches conflicts. A dynamic character is a character who changes in important ways over the course of a text. Dynamic characters evolve by experiencing conflicts and learning from them. Note the characters original traits,watch for events in the plot that affect the character,consider what is different about characters behavior that shows he has changed. In preparation for his supreme ordeal, Odysseus: wears the disguise of an old beggar,meets with his son, Telemachus,devises a plan to see who is loyal,endures insults but waits for the right time to strike. A theme is a message a text conveys about a topic. Theme: Good leaders take responsibility,too much pride can get one in trouble. Not theme:leadership Odysseus shows pride.

The Odyssey: Central Ideas and Character Motivation, Part 2

To make an inference use details from the text plus your own knowledge and experience. Text detail+prior knowledge=inference Strategy to determine character motive: Action->Clues->Knowledge->Motive Motivation can give clues about what an individual or group values. Odysseus is motivated to get home with his crew,ancient Greeks valued home and family,and Odysseus also values home/family. An epic simile or a Homeric simile,is a simile that extends over several lines of a poem and explains how one thing is like another. It compares two things,it uses comparative terms like,as,so,or just so

Cause and Effect in Wheels of Change, Part 4

he Rise of the Bicycle 1876 Colonel Albert Augustus Pope attended a bicycle exhibit. 1887 The safety of bicycle debuted in America, making bycicles more accessible to women. Early 1890s The backlash against bycicle, particularly for women, reached its height. 1898 Despite the backlash, one million bycicles were produced annually. Short Term and Long Term Effects A cause can create a short term effact or a long term effect. Short term effect What happens immediately for a short time period. Long term effect What happens over a long time period. Images and Captions Images and captions are types of text features. they enhance the text by illustrating details in the text and providing additional information. Images: Provides a visual to support the main text. Clarify information in the text. Captions: Explain what is important about the images. Provide information that is not in the body of the text.

Suspense in "The Cruel Tribute"

A plot is created by linking a series of related events and conflicts. Start with Exposition then rising conflict then climax,falling action finally Resolution Authors sequence events to engage the reader. Strategies include; Revealing key background info.,starting a story in medias res,or in the middle of things,slowing down the plot to focus on an important moment or character,speeding up the plot to move the story forward and build tension. Suspense is a feeling of tension or anticipation exper. by reader. May include setting,characters,and sequencing James Baldwin- Raised in Indiana, worked as a teacher,edited books,wrote more then 50 ed. books.

Compare and Contrast: Myths and Cultures (Continued)

A point by point comparison is a structure that compares two subjects one point at a time-Topic sentence-point+illustration+ explanation-repeat-concluding sentence The P.I.E strategy helps you fully develop your paragraphs between your topic sentence and your concluding sentence. -Make your point,-Provide illustration,-Explain your evidence -Point-focouses on one part of sentence,be specific,state a point you are presenting through your analysis -illustration- cite evidence from texts,Paraphrase the examples by putting them them in your own words -Explain- your analysis of each piece of evidence,Directly state how each illustration connects to the point, Conclude by reinforcing how both pieces of evidence support the point

The Odyssey: Symbolism and Making Predictions, Part 5

A symbol is a person object image word or event that takes on one or more figurative meanings beyond its literal meaning. Symbols-Bald eagle,colors,chain or ring. Not symbol-peace sign,stop sign,company logo. To interpret a symbol ask yourself: Is there a person place animal or object being emphasized. What key words are connected to the symbol,what is the connection between the key words and objects. A value is a principle or quality that is desired. Family and home,loyalty and faithfulness,mental physical,spiritual,and moral perseverance,and self control,Hospitality and generosity. The ability to reach the highest human potential in all aspects of existence. Making predictions: Connect clues to background knowledge-> Make predictions about what will happen-> Check the prediction and make a new one-> Read to look for clues about what will happen next. As you make predictions see if it is correct,if it is not it does not mean it was a bad choice,as you read gather clues to help your revise your prediction.

The Odyssey: Writing a Character Analysis, Part 3

An epic hero has traits that are admired by his society, He: is a strong warrior and a courageous leader,is a compelling and confident speaker,demonstrates courage and takes risks,goes on a long journey with a group of followers,but engages in combat on his own,proves himself through difficult combat with a strong antagonist,encounters a divine power that may help him. To draw logical conclusion,combine text details with prior knowledge and experience. A logical conclusion; Odysseus is a respected leader,Odysseus trusts his crew. Not logical; Odysseus can foresee the future,Odysseus speaks to his crew. Use the PIE strategy to help you fully develop your paragraphs. Make your POINT, Provide the ILLUSTRATION,EXPLAIN your evidence. Whenever writing a quotation you need to explain how it supports your conclusion. To explain your quotation you ask: what about this question supports my conclusion,how can I help my reader understand that the quotation illustrates my conclusion. Writers cite sources to tell where information came from and to avoid plagiarism.Citations are; included in the writing directly after quote is used,listed in "_" with the authors name and page number

The Odyssey and Epic Poetry: An Introduction, Part 1

An epic poem is a long poem that tells the story of a hero. Epic poems; were part of an oral tradition,were originally spoken or preformed for an audience,include poetic elements,sometimes recount important events as a means of passing down history. It often includes: an invocation or request to a muse-or goddess,an epic hero who embodies cultural values,a long and difficult quest with trials,supernatural elements,important historical events,elevated or poetic language. An epic hero is the main character in an epic poem. Traits including: strength and courage,leadership and confidence,knowledge and wisdom,strength of character,loyalty. Hero's journey quest steps: Call to adventure, Road of Trials, Supreme ordeal, Transformation, then Return home. The Odyssey begins in the medias res or "in the middle of things" It follows another epic The Illiad,The Illiad tells the story of the Trojan war,which lasted 10 yrs.The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus's long journey home after the war. To paraphrase a text is to rephrase it in your own words. Identify the central idea,identify key details,restate the central idea and details. Homer (b.ca. 750 BCE) Is credited with the creation of The Illiad and The Odyssey. Is considered one of the most influential poets,Is believed to have been a storyteller and a court singer Ancient Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization. The ancient Greeks: established first democracy,made significant contributions to science philosophy and art, valued strength perseverance loyalty bravery family hospitality and wisdom,believed that gods were active in peoples lives s and controlled their fates,emphasized the importance of physical fitness and held the first Olympic Game.

Writing about Mood in Art

Art can be expressed using a number of different mediums. Analyzing Art: Art analysis is a description of the art combined with conclusions drawn about the effect of the art. To analyze a piece of art: Reflect on the medium used,observe the elements that make up the art,consider the effects the elements have. Mood describes the atmosphere or emotions a work creates. To analyze mood look for: Body language,expression,use of color,use of shadow When writing an analysis of art consider these two factors. Purpose: Why am i writing-Chose detail and language that help you achieve your purpose. Audience: Who will read my writing-Use language that is appropriate to your audiences knowledge level. Steps to drawing conclusion to art; Body and facial expressions,medium,use or absence of color or shadow,context, background or landscape-> Conclusion. Tone is the attitude of a text toward the subject or theme. It can be objective or subjective. Objective: Strawberries are a fruit that can be used in baking. Subjective: Strawberries are the best fruit for making tarts. When writing you analysis make sure to: Provide straightforward information through relevant examples,facts,and details. Use an objective and formal tone to help the reader clearly understand the work. Objective formal tone: The artists use of dark shadows creates a feeling of fear and loneliness in the image. Subjective informal tone: The artists is great at using dark shadows to make the picture seem really scary. audience: the people who watch, read, or listen to something medium: the type of a work of art based on its materials or the way it is created mood: the atmosphere or emotions a workcreates objective: based on fact rather than opinion tone: the attitude of a text toward the subject or theme An art caption needs to be structured in a logical way. Introduction to the topic->Introduction of the mood->Supporting details and conclusion.

Introduction to Making a Difference: It's Our World, Too!

Authors Purpose: The primary reason an author writes a text is the author's purpose. Inform Entertain Persuade Identifying the Author's Purpose: To recognize an author's purpose, look for certain clues. Texts that inform: Include facts and details about a topic. Explain or describe something to the reader. Texts that persuade: Express opinions. Encourage the reader to believe or do something. Texts that entertain: Create suspense. Prompt an emotion in the reader. Narative Text: Narrative text tells a story and can be fiction or nonfiction. Elements of narrative text iclude: Story or plot Setting People or characters Descriptive details Conflict Resolution Recognizing Secondary Purpose: An author can have a secondary purpose for writing a text. To inform To persuade To entertain Conflict: Conflict is a struggle between opposing forces or people. Self- A conflict in a person's mind. Other- A conflict between two people. Society- A conflict between a person and a larger community. Nature- A conflict between a person and a natural event. How Conflict Develops: Conflict is developed over the course of the text. Cause- The event that creates the conflict Complications- Events that add additional problems to the conflict. Climax- The highest point of tention in the conflict. Resolution- The way the conflict is resolved. Resolution: The resolution is the conclusion to or outcome of a narrative's conflicts and complications. Resolution-> How the narrative ends, how the people change A Conflict's Effect on People: A conflict can shape, or change, someone's personality. Example- Getting lost in the woods. Say I never get lost. I should take a map so I don't get lost. Think/Feel Walking in the woods is fun. Walking in the woods can be scary. Do Ignore the path when walking in the woods. Pay more attention to directions and landmarks when walking in the woods.

Developing Central Ideas in Wheels of Change, Part 5

Central Ideas and Supporting Details Texts present central ideas that are supported by key details. Central ideas: The central ideas are the authors most important ideas. They are the texts big ideas. Central ideas are often not directly stated. Supporting key details: Details tells more about the central ideas. Details focus narrowly on a specific idea. Key details added together help reveal the central ideas. Objective and Subjective An objective statement is based on fact and does not present opinion or a belief. A subjective statement conveys an opinion or belief. Objective: She is a bicycle racer. That bicycle race is on Saturday. Some people like bicycle racing. Subjective: She is a good bicycle racer. That bicycle race is very challenging. Understanding a Summary A summary is an objective restatement of the central idea and important details of a text in one's own words. A strong summary should: Begin by stating the overall central idea. Include only the most important ideas from the text. Present the ideas in the same order as the text. Include a few key, relevant details from a text. Use only objective statements.

Introduction to Individuality and Conformity: "Initiation"

Characterization is the way a character is presented and developed. Direct: The author uses a specific detail to tell the reader about a character. Indirect: The author uses actions,thoughts,and speech to show the reader who a character is. Indirect characterization requires the reader to: Consider context,notice how the character interacts with other characters and is perceived by them,notice details about what the character does,say,and thinks,make inferences. Complex characters are three-dimensional characters who grow and change throughout a story. Complex characters: Have many traits and different sides to their personalities,have strengths weaknesses,and full rages of emotions,like real people,are dynamic;that is they change and grow as the plot of a story unfolds. A conflict is a struggle between a character and an opposing force. Internal conflict: Character vs self External conflicts: Character vs society,character vs,character,character vs nature. Sylvia Path (1932-1963) Was one of the most famous American writers of the twentieth century,published stories and poems as a teenager,was a guest editor of Mademoiselle magazine one summer,used her own short life as the subject of her art. The plot of a story is all of the events that move the story from exposition to resolution. Most of the events result from a central conflict that leads up to the resolution. The resolution in Initiation is not directly stated but it is implies. The author suggests what will happen after the story ends.

Organization and Historical Context in Wheels of Change, Part 6

Connecting Information in WOC To understand how information is connected: Identify how the information is organized Use graphic organizers to help you visualize the ways information is connected Make connections between ideas within chapters Make connections between chapters Synthesis vs. Summary In the conclusion, an author will often summarize or synthesize ideas from the text. Summarizing: States the central ideas and supporting details using fewer words. Identifies key elements and shares the important points. Discusses one source of information. Give a basic overview. Shows the overall meaning. Synthesizing: Combines information to show important points and conclusions about them. Brings together information from various sources. Creates new understanding by reflecting on the text. Shows insights into the topic. Effective Conclusion An effective conclusion leaves the reader with a strong understanding of the main points of the topic and why the topic is important. Effective conclusion: Synthesize earlier information Explain the importance of the information Answers the question "So what?" Make connections between the text and a larger context Ineffective conclusion: Only summarize information Introduce new information Do not show why the topic matters. Historical Context Historical context refers to circumstances or events that were happening in history before, during, and after the events in a text. Historical context can include: Changes in politics Developement in technology Shifts in sociecty and its values Important national or word events

Improving Vocabulary with Word Parts and Context Clues

Context clues are hints to a words meaning that are found in the text around the word. Types of clues include: Definition clues,example clues,synonym and antonym clues,and explanation clues. Definition clues occur when the text itself defines a difficult word. Example clues occur when examples of the difficult word are provided. Synonym and antonym clues occur when the text uses a word that has a similar or opposite meaning,respectively,as a nearby word. Explanation clues provide a description or explanation that you can use it infer the most likely definition of the word. A word root is the part of a word that shows its central meaning.Examples; English root words often come from other languages especially Greek and Latin, knowing the meaning of a word can help you understand a words meaning,other word parts can be added to the beginning or the end of a word root to create a new word with same meaning. Affix-is a word part that is added to a word root to make a new word. An affix can be; a prefix or a word that is added to the beginning, or a suffix or a word part added to the end English is a hybrid language that has evolved from languages such as Greek Latin and French. War,travel and global communications influenced mixing of languages. Anglo-Saxon-Grammatical structures, Latin and Greek- Ad hoc,biology,Civics French- Upper class language. World language- Tortilla, Spaghetti,Sushi.

Writing an Argumentative Essay about Fire Prevention

Forming a Claim: A claim is a stated idea or opinion that not everyone believes is true. It is a statement you can argue for or against. It is not a preference or feeling. A claim A slice of pizza with a vegetable topping can be a healthy choice. Not a claim I love veggie pizza. Writing an Introduction to an Argumentative Essay: The introduction to your argumentative essay should accomplish these objectives. Briefly introduce the topic and state why it matters. Briefly state the difference of opinion about the topic. State the claim and list the main reasons to support it. Planning a Rebuttal; Choose the most common or stongest counterclaim. Ex. Uniforms limit students' self-expression. Address the counterclaim objectively. Ex. Clothing is only one form of expression. Provide evidence against the counterclaim. Ex. Students can were different hairstyles. Ex. Students can decorate their backpacks or notebooks. Ex. Students can join afterschool groups or teams Writing a Conclusion to an Argumentative Essay: The conclusion to your argumentative essay should accomplish these objectives. Restate the claim. Sum up reasons that support you claim. Sum up the disagreement with the counterclaim. End by making a judgment or call to action. Using transitions: Transitions are words and phrases that signal relationships between ideas. Show similarity Similarly In fact In addition For example Specifically Show difference However In contrast Conversely Although Compared to Sum up of conclude Therefore As a result To summarize Finally In conclusion Chacking Your Draft to Revise and Edit It. Revision checklist Does the essay sound smooth? Do you use transitions to connect ideas within paragraphs? Do you use transitions to connect ideas between paragraphs? Do you cite the sources you quote from or paraphrase. Editing checklist Have you chacked for complete sentences, so that each sentence expresses a complete idea? Have you checked for spelling errors? Have you checked for punctuation errors? Have you checked for grammatical errors?

Heroic Characteristics in "Perseus"

Greek mythology includes; gods and demi gods,a mythical palace on Mount Olympus,an underworld that represents afterlife,gods who share human emotions,and gods who interact with humans Greek Pantheon includes all of the gods that appear in Greek Mythology. Comes from the greek word pan meaning all and theoi meaning gods According to Greek mythology, six main gods and six main goddesses live on and rule Mount Olympus. You're going to notice that they are all descendants or relatives of the Greek god Zeus. Well, Zeus has a brother named Poseidon. He has a few sons named Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, and Ares. And on the other side of the screen here, d the first is Hera, the queen of the gods. We have a couple of sisters, Hestia and Demeter. And then we have three of Zeus's daughters, Athena, Artemis, and Aphrodite. he Greek hero is of noble or special birth, and you're going to find that in our reading of this myth. The Greek hero is good that both fighting and making speeches, has supernatural talents or gifts, takes a long journey. 00:00:20And again, you're going to find that in this myth. The Greek hero has a group of followers but does combat on his own. The Greek hero can have character faults, such as arrogance or stubbornness. Wait a minute, my mom says I'm arrogant and stubborn. That means, maybe I'm a Greek hero. No, I'm just kidding. 00:00:38Let's continue. A Greek hero proves himself through a difficult combat with a strong antagonist. And finally, the Greek hero encounters a divine or supernatural power that may help or harm him, a Edith Hamilton. And she is pictured here in this image. She was born to American parents in Dresden, Germany, but grew up in Indiana, where she was home schooled by her father. She studied Latin, Greek, French, German, and Classics 00:00:19at Bryn Mawr college and the University of Munich. She worked for 26 years as a headmistress, and took up writing after her retirement. Finally, she wrote to make classic literature, including Greek mythology, more understandable

Descriptive Language and Character: Iqbal

Iqbal Masih (?-1995): Started working in a carpet factory in Pakistan at around age six. Worked long days, was mistreated, and not fed adequately. Was liberated at around age eleven. Fought for the rights of other child laborers. Was awarded the World's Children's Honorary Award in 2000. Was killed in 1995. Child Labor Around the World: Child labor: Involves an estimated 168 million children around the world. Deprives children of their childhood. Threatens children's physical, emotional, and mental welfare. Prevents or limits education. Exposes children to abuse and inadequate food, water, shelter, sanitation, and health care. Descriptive Details and Setting: Setting is the time and place in which a story occurs. Descriptive details, or details that appeal to the readers creative vivid image. Characterzation: Authors also use descriptive details to make direct and indirect characterzations. Direct characterzation The author tells readers about the character. Indirect characterzation The author shows readers what the character is like through words, actions, and thoughts. Making Inferences about a Character: To understand characters: Look for where the author directly tells the reader about the character. Make inferences about the character based on what the character does, says, and thinks, and on what other characters say or think about the character. Truth vs. Fiction: Autors use fictional stories: To bring historical events and real people to life with imagined descriptive details and dialogue. To add details, such as characters' thoughts and feelings, to a story when some of those details are not known. To interpret and share real events. Transforming a True Story into Fiction: When authors fictionalize stories, they must rely on research from nonfiction source material. Source material includes nonfiction texts, interviews, news articles, and observations. It provides the author with facts and details that are known about the people and events.

PSA

Purpose of PSA A PSA tries to persuade people to take action on an important issue such as: A social issue A rule of law A piece of local news A safety protocal Elements of a PSA Print PSA can be found on psters,in magazines, on flyers, and inn other printed materials. PSAs often include: Appealing images Diagrams or charts Text Facts or statistics A slogan A call to action Expressing a Veiwpoint A viewpoint is the authors feelings about a topic. There are many ways that a PSA creator can share a viewpoint, including by: Highlighting a benifit of taking action Showing the result if action is not taken Giving a strategy for taking action Featuring an important fact Using Evidence to Support a Viewpoint PSAs often use evidence to support the reasons fortheir viewpoint Evidence can come in the form of: Facts Statistics Testimonials Evidence needs to be credible and accurate. it should: Come from a trustworthy source Be verifiable Making Evidence Clear and Concise The Creator of a PSA must present information clearly. Evidence should: Be concise Be memorable Support the viewpoint Selecting Images to Captivate an Audience Multimedia makes a PSA more visually appealing. Multimedia in a PSA should: Support the viewpoint Be clear and easy to understand Be pleasing to look at Have universal appeal Using Print and Visual Media Effectively When designing your print PSA, include visual elements that strengthen the message and connect with the intended audience. You should: Use legible font Make the most important information prominent State information concisely Choose a style that will engage your audience. You should not: Use cursive or font that is difficult to read Hide or obscure important information Express everything there is to know about the topic Choos a style without considering whom you want to reach

Word Choice and Author's Purpose in Warriors Don't Cry

The Little Rock Nine: The Little Rock Nine were the first nonwhite students to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Their goal was to get an equal education. Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus opposed integration. Angry crowds gathered toprotest integration. President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect the students. Melba Pattillo Beals (b. 1941); Came from a family who valued education. Was one of the first African American students to attend Central High School in Little Rock. Studied journalism in collage and graduate school. Wrote "Warriors Don't Cry", a memoir about her experiences as one of the Little Rock Nine. Finding the Central Idea: Central ideas are the most important ideas in a text. To identify a central idea Look for ideas that are repeated or stressed throughout the text. Determine the main point the author wants to make about the topic. Restate the central idea in your own words. When reading a text about historical events, use the historical context to help you understand the central ideas. Word Connotation: Connotation is the feeling or shade of meaning associated with a word. Words with similar meanings can have positive, negative, or neutral connotations. Negative-Dispute Neutral-Discussion Positive-Chat Mood: Mood refers to the atmosphere or emotions created by a text. The specific words an author chooses creates the mood. Author's Purpose: An author's purpose is an author's primary reason for writing a text-usally to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. Fluency: When reading silently or aloud, you need to Read accurately Read smoothly Read with pacing Read with expression Read with an appropriate tone Read with understanding Recognizing Tone in Nonfiction: To identify tone in text, pay attention to Voice or word choice Thoughts, feelings, or opinions Context Quotations Punctuation Text formatting

The Odyssey: Conflict and Theme, Part 4

There are four major types of conflicts,or struggles between forces. Character vs self, Character vs Character, Character vs society, Character vs nature. A theme is a message a text conveys about a topic,a theme is a general statement that could apply to other works of literature or to life. Theme= Good leaders take responsibility for their actions,only by going on a long journey can people truly appreciate what they have left behind,too much pride can get one into trouble. Not a theme= Leadership,experiencing journey,Odysseus shows pride A metaphor is a type of figurative language that compares one thing with another. A simile compares two things using the word like or as. An epic simile or a Homeric simile,is a simile that extends over several lines of a poem and explains how one thing is like another, It compares two unlike things, uses terms such as; like,as,so or just so.

Comparing Accounts of Iqbal's Story

Thinking about Genre: Works of literature are categorized into genres. Some major genres include: Fiction Poetry Drama Nonfiction Author's Purpose: An author's purpose is his or her reason for writing. Author's purpose To inform To persuade To entertain Comic Strips and Graphic Novels: Comic strips and graphic novels: Combine words and images to tell a story Use speech and thought bubbles Typically divide a story into frames Can be fiction or nonfiction Are often intende for a specific audience Analyzing Comic Strips or Graphic Novels: To analyze a comic or gn: Look at the images Read the text Consider how the images and text work together to achieve a purpose. Reading a Memoir: A memoir is a kind of autobiographical writing in which an author shares events from his or her own life. Memoirs are: Nonfiction Personal Usally tald in first-person pov. Analyzing a Memoir: To analyze the author's purpose in a memoir: Consideer what details the author shares about his or her experience. Note how the author reflects on his or her experience. Think about why the author includes these details and reflections. Examining Strong Interview Questions: A strong interview question: Is based on background research about the subject Moves the conversation forward Is open-ended Developing Follow-Up Questions: Follow-up questions: Build a topic or idea Clarify something that was unclear in an earlier answer Help an interview to continue naturally, without awkward pauses or sudden transitions

Comparing Poetry: Poetic Devices

Type of Poetic Structure: The structure of a poem is its arrangement or organization. Poetic structure-> Fixed form; regular meter. Free form; free verse. Structure in a Poem: Poetic structure-> Line, stanza, meter, rhyme scheme. Type of Poetic Structure: The structure of a poem is its arrangement or organization. Poetic structure-> Fixed form; regular meter. Free form; free verse. Structure in a Poem: Poetic structure-> Line, stanza, meter, rhyme scheme. Understanding Sound Devices: Sound devices reinforce meaning or experience through the use of sounds. Alliteration-The repetition of the initial consonant sound in nearby words. Assonance-The repetition of inner vowel sounds in nearby words. Onomatopoeia-A word that resembles the sound it describes. How Sound Devices Create Mood: Mood describes the atmoshphere or emotions a text creates. When identifying the mood of a poem through sound devices, ask yourself: Which sounds are repeated? Which words contain repeated sounds? Is the sound pleasing to the ear or harsh? Compare and Contrasting Two Poems: "Sea Fever": Fixed form Three quatrains Rhyming couplets Sound devices. "The Bells": Free form Four stanzas of increasing length Sound devices.

Making Inferences about a Time Period in "A Century Ride"

Understanding Cultural Values The values, customs, beliefs, and other aspects of a society make up its culture. Women in the Late 1800s in the United States Women's roles were changing in the late 1800s. More women: Began working outside of their homes Started having professional occupations Became reformers for various issues Achieved higher levels of education Sought suffrage, or the right to vote Enjoyed sports activities. Making Inferences Textual evidence + Background knowledg = Inference Making Inferences about a Time Period To use fiction to make inferences about a time period, look for text evidence that: Describe details about characters. Reveals what characters say and do. Provideds details about the setting. Using Context Clues A word's context is the words, sentences, and paragraphs that surround it. To Infer the meaning of a word or phrase: Using general context from an entire passage. Use specific context clues such as: Nearby words Definitions Comparisons

Writing an E-mail about an Important Issue

Understanding Formal Language: Formal language follows certain rules and is appropriate for important and serious topics and purposes, Characteristics of formal language Uses specific vocab. Often uses complex sentence structures Follows standard grammatical conventions Avoids slang and contractions Occasions for formal language To request a policy change To gain special permission To officially suggest an idea To invite an important person Understanding Formal Tone: Tone is an author's attitude toward a subject. To convey a formal tone, use: Serious and polite words Words that demonstrate confidence Unemotional words Using Objective Tone: A formal letter should use an objective tone. An objective tone is neutral and unemotional, and it relies on logic rather than personal feelings for beliefs. Parts of a Formal Written Letter or E-Mail: A formal letter has five main parts: Heading Salutation Body Closing Signature A formal e-mail has five main parts: Salutation Body Closing Signature Contact info. (optional) Communicating a Viewpoint in an E-mail: Use the body of the e-mail to communicate a viewpoint about a problem and propose a solution to the problem: The fist body paragraph: Clearly expresses a viewpoint Explaines the problem and some effects The second body paragraph: Propeses a clear solution Sums up the importance of solving the problem

Summarizing Central Ideas and Purpose: The Hot Zone

Understanding Technical Language: Useing specific vocabulary allows an author to explain the message of a text clearly. Jargon is used to: Make a text authentic and genuine. Help the text be taken seriously. Include terms that are familiar to the intended audience. Using Context Clues: Context clues are words or actions that come before and after a word, event, or idea and clarify its meaning. Synonyms,Surrounding words, Substitution-> Deciphering context clues creates a deeper understanding of a text. Identifying the Central Idea: Central ideas are the author's most important ideas in a text, supported by key details. Topic-Locate the general topic of the tex+ Supporting details-Look for details or words that support an idea.= Central idea- Analyze boldfaced titles or headings for clues. Identifying the Author's Purpose: Ask questions while reading to help you identify the author's purpose. What king of text is this? What is the central idea? How does this text make me feel? How to Summarize: To summarize a text: Start by identifying the type of wor, the title, the author, and the central idea. Include key supporting details of the passage in your own words (paraphrase). Write an objective analysis of the text.

Word Choice and Evidence in Wheels of Change, Part 3

Viewpoint is the way someone feels about a topic, or a persons perspective on a topic. Expressing a Viewpoint in an Argument Writers support their viewpoints usig evidence in the form of details. Details include facts, statistics, quotations, examples, expert testimonies, and descriptions. Detail, Detail, Detail-> Viewpoint Word Choice and Viewpoint Words wih precise denotations or meanings, and strong connotations, or emotional associations, can help convey a viewpoint. Isolated-> Denotation: Seperated, Connotation: Lonley Words With Strong Connotations An argument that uses words with strong connotations is used tostir up emotions. Such words are also called loaded language. Authors Purpose An authors purpose is an authors primary reason for writing. Authors may write to: Inform Argue or persuade Entertain Authors develop purpose through: Text structure and features Language and detals Identifying Authors Purpose To draw conclusions about an authors purpose for writing a nonfiction text, think about: The nature of the topic The text structure and features The language used by the writer The details used to support the topic

Viewpoint in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

express: to communicate one's ideas and feelings about something inference: a conclusion made on the basis of implicit or explicit evidence personality trait: a quality that contributes to who a person is and makes him or her different from other people purpose: an author's primary reason for writing a text viewpoint: the way an author thinks or feels about a subject Autobiography: An autobiography is a text about the writers own life. Autobiography: True story Real People Real setting Real events Fiction: Made up story Made up character Made up setting Made up events A personality trait is a quality that contributes to who a person is and makes him different from other people. Thoughts,Words,Actions-> Personality trait To identify traits,make an inference based on a persons thoughts,words,and actions. The authors purpose is the reason the author writes a text. General purpose: To inform persuade entertain Specific purpose: To tell the events of a historic battle convince people to vote in certain ways amuse people with funny stories An authors viewpoint is the way the author thinks and feels about a topic. Ex. How the author thinks about her childhood. Authors can express their ideas about the world and their viewpoint in different genres. Poem: Conveys idea or emotion Uses figurative and descriptive language.

Introducing a Text in Wheels of Change, Part 1

ext Features Notification books often use introductory text features to introduce the books content. Foreword: Is written by someone other than the author Makes a connection to the book or its content Introduction: Is written by the author Presents the main topic The Foreword and its Purpose The foreword: Is a short piece of writting found at the beginning of the book Is often written by an expert in the field or a writer of a similar book Is uncluded to give the text added credibility Is signed by its author Provided insight for readers into why the book is important Introduction and its Purpose The introduction: Is a short piece of writing found at the beginning of the book Is written by the books author Explains the topic of the book clearly and concisely Included background information about the books topic Hooks readers by getting them excited about the topic Provides insight into the authors feelings toward the subject of the book Builds the authors credibility as an expert on the subject Finding Central Idea Central ideas are the authors most important ideas in a text, and they are supported by key details. To find a central idea in a nonfiction text: Identify the key words Look for repition Summarize the text Paraphrase the central idea Making Predictions A prediction is the use of clues to make a logical guess about what will happen in the future. Stop one-Identify the central idea and important details. Step two-Connect the central ideas to what you already know. Step three-Make an educated guess.

Comparing Argumentative Texts: Silent Spring and "Save the Red

he Purpose of Arguments: The author's purpose is the author's reason for writing. The purpose of an argument is to convince readers to believe or do something. For example, an author might try to convince readers to: Vote for a particular political candidate. Adopt a pet from an animal shelter. Accept a new scientific theory. The Effect or Word Choice and Tone: Tone is the attitude of a text toward the subject. The words an author chooses can affect tone. Positive tone: Never condominiums Clearing land Lively child Negative tone: Soulless condominiums Destroying trees Disruptive kid Types of Rhetorical Appeals: The Greek philosopher Aristotle said that there are three ways to convince people. (Logos) Appeals to reason: Reasons and evidence, Logical arguments. (Ethos) Appeals to character: Credibility, Authority (Pathos) Appeals to emotion: Feelings, Values Evaluating an Argument: Readers should evaluate the effectiveness of an argument by asking themselves these questions: Does the argument include logical appeals based on reasons and evidence? Is the evidence relavant, and does it come from reliable sources? Is the logical reasoning sound, and does it avoid logical fallacies? Does the argument establish the credibility of the writer or speaker? Does the author know what he or she is talking about? Does the author acknowledge opposing viewpoints and treat them fairly? Does the argument use language effectively to appeal to readers' emotions? Comparing and Contrasting Arguments: To compare and contrast two arguments: First, identify elements of each argument. Word choices Tone Purpose Structure Then, compare and contrast each element. Finally, consider both arguments overall.

Characters, Conflict, and Idioms in "Daughter of Invention" by Jul

n idiom is a figure of speech that is familiar to a group of people. To interpret an idiom used in a text,consider the context in which it is used. Ask yourself: Who is using the idiom,how is the idiom being used,what key words offer clues. A story revolves around conflicts faced by characters. When reading a story ask: Who are the characters,what conflicts do they face The language used by characters in a story helps the reader understand the characters and the conflicts they face. Look for variations in: Pronunciation,vocabulary, grammar,syntax The way a character speaks reveals: Who the character is,how the character relates to others,how the character is viewed,possible conflicts the character may face. Characterization is the way an author presents and develops characters in a story. Characterization can be revealed through: The way characters are described,the situations in which characters interact,dialogue between characters,conflicts within a character and between other characters. To analyze characterization,observe the ways characters act and speak.Consider: What the source of conflict is,how the characters actions and words show their feeling,how the characters language represents their cultural identity. Reading with fluency is important to understanding text. Fluency means: Reading accurately,smoothly,with speed,with expression,with tone,and to make sense of your reading. Tone is a texts attitude toward a subject or theme. To identify tone in fiction look for: Word choices,punctuation,text formatting.