lab exam4 pt 2
d
A herniated lumbar disc could interfere with ______. a. skin sensations from the lateral thigh b. skin sensations from the medial thigh c. adduction of the thigh d. All of the listed responses are correct.
b
A knee-jerk reflex that is unusually strong may be caused by ______. a. inhibition of reciprocal inhibition b. transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve c. suppression of muscle spindle activity in the lower limb d. enhancement of activity in the antagonistic muscles
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A. Parkinson's disease B. Huntington's disease C. spinal cord disease D. cerebellar disease
A. Parkinson's disease
The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in which functions? A. The production and interpretation of language. B. The storage of motor patterns for skilled movements of skeletal muscles. C. The generation of emotional responses. D. The control centers for homeostatic and endocrine functions.
A. The production and interpretation of language.
A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. A. True B. False
A. True
What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? A. cauda equina B. lumbar enlargement C. conus medullaris D. cervical enlargement
A. cauda equina
What CNS associated structure is illustrated in this figure? A. choroid plexus B. cerebral aquaduct C. hypothalamus D. proprioceptor
A. choroid plexus
Which of the following is NOT associated with region B (the region the arrow is pointing to)? A. post-central gyrus B. conscious control of skeletal muscles C. origin of corticospinal tracts D. cell bodies of pyramidal neurons
A. post-central gyrus
Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? A. suprachiasmatic nucleus B. autonomic control center C. temperature control center D. thirst center
A. suprachiasmatic nucleus
The letter A in the figure below represents which of the following structures? A. thalamus B. midbrain C. hypothalamus D. medulla
A. thalamus
The cranial nerve with a cervical origin is the...
Accessory
Which is the best explanation of how a stimulus' strength is transmitted to the CNS from sensory nerves?
Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus' strength increases
Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus' strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves?
Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus' strength increases.
__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear and that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration). A. Huntington's disease B. Alzheimer's disease C. Parkinson's disease D. mad cow disease
B. Alzheimer's disease
In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop. A. True B. False
B. False
Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________. A. do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly B. can understand language, but have difficulty speaking C. can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak D. do not understand language
B. can understand language, but have difficulty speaking
Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system? A. diencephalic and brain stem structures B. cerebral and diencephalic structures C. cerebral and brain stem structures D. diencephalic and mesencephalic structures
B. cerebral and diencephalic structures
Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity? A. cerebellum B. cerebral cortex C. diencephalon D. brain stem
B. cerebral cortex
Broca's area ________. A. corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 B. is considered a motor speech area C. serves the recognition of complex objects D. is usually found in the right hemisphere
B. is considered a motor speech area
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A. cranial fossa B. lateral sulcus C. longitudinal fissure D. central sulcus
B. lateral sulcus
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A. amygdaloid nucleus B. cingulate gyrus C. caudate nucleus D. hippocampus
C. caudate nucleus
Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep? A. absence of brain waves ("flat EEG") B. irreversible brain damage C. continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons D. All of the listed responses are correct.
C. continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? A. decussation B. relay C. memory D. somatotopy
C. memory
Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? A. periosteal layer of the dura mater B. meningeal layer of the dura mater C. pia mater D. arachnoid mater
C. pia mater
Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? A. fourth ventricle B. cerebral aqueduct C. pia mater D. subarachnoid space
C. pia mater
Which statement about coma is true? Coma is a form of deep sleep. Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb. Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and had a tingling sensation. What could be his problem?
Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis."
Region A includes which of the following? A. Primary somatosensory cortex B. Primary motor cortex C. Broca's area D. Pre-frontal cortex
D. Pre-frontal cortex
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A. dura and epidura B. arachnoid and epidura C. arachnoid and dura D. arachnoid and pia
D. arachnoid and pia
Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? A. membranous part of the dura mater B. periosteal part of the dura mater C. pia mater D. arachnoid mater
D. arachnoid mater
After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. A. the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin B. the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex C. the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex D. based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions
D. based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions
The groove indicated by C is the.. A. transverse fissue B. post-central gyrus C. longitudinal fissure D. central sulcus
D. central sulcus
Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living? A. medulla oblongata B. midbrain C. pons D. cerebellum
D. cerebellum
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? A. cauda equina B. roots of sacral spinal nerves C. sacrum D. laminae of thoracic vertebrae
D. laminae of thoracic vertebrae
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A. alcohol B. anesthetics C. nutrients such as glucose D. metabolic waste such as urea
D. metabolic waste such as urea
Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement? A. primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex B. primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas C. Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas D. primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field
D. primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A. vestibular cortex B. gustatory cortex C. olfactory cortex D. visceral sensory area
D. visceral sensory area
b
Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______. a. supinate or pronate the forearm b. flex the wrist c. extend the forearm d. All of the listed responses are correct
In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would
Extend
As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which nerve provided the stimulus?
Facial nerve
David, an aspiring baseball player, was struck on the left side of his face with a fastball pitch. He was not wearing a safety helmet. His zygomatic arch was crushed, as well as parts of the temporal bone. Following the accident and reconstructive surgery, he noted that his left lower eyelid was still drooping and the corner of his mouth sagged. What nerve damage did he sustain?
Facial nerve damage on his left side
Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond
False
The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord. (T/F)
False
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the
Femoral
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the...
Femoral
Select the statement that is most correct
Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
Select the statement that is most correct.
Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.
Bill is a mechanic that works with vibrating tools. He also exerts force on his wrists when twisting wrenches and screws. Bill has a tingling sensation in the lateral portion of his hand. The doctor suspects carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following test might the doctor try on her patient?
Have bill grip an object with his thumb and index finger and try to pull the object away
Bill is a mechanic that words with vibrating tools. Which of the following test might the doctor try?
Have bill grip an object with his thumb and index finger and try to pull the object away.
d
Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______. a. dorsal rami of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord b. afferent neurons of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord c. cutaneous branches of rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord d. motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord
b
In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______. a. thumb muscles b. cutaneous branches of the median nerve c. muscular branches of the posterior cord that supply the median nerve d. None of the listed responses is correct
In anterograde amnesia ______. there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected declarative memory is not significantly altered
LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted (Explanation: People with this type of amnesia often cannot remember what they ate for their last meal or events from the immediate past.)
Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except
Lamellar corpuscles
Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, & vibration. Which receptor type senses tactile stimulation?
Mechanoreceptors
Sleepwalking may occur during ________. NREM stage 4 REM NREM stage 2 NREM stage 1
NREM stage 4
If someone spills very hot coffee on their skin, which receptor type causes this sensation?
Nociceptors
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve
Olfactory
A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. They may have damage to which nerve?
Olfactory
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor & sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
Olfactory
Select the correct definition
Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face
Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus?
Phrenic
We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed b/c of which receptors?
Proprioceptors
1. Temporal lobe: Auditory area. 2. Parietal lobe: Primary sensory cortex. 3. Frontal lobe: Somatic motor cortex. 4. Frontal lobe: Motor speech area. 5. Frontal lobe: Premotor area. 6. Occipital lobe: Visual area. 7. Insula: Taste (gustatory) area. 8. Frontal lobe: Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.
STUDY
1. Thalamus: A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei. 2. Prefrontal area: This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience. 3. Primary motor cortex: The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts. 4. Hypothalamus: This area is the main visceral control center of the body.
STUDY
1. Thalamus: Gateway to the cerebrum 2. Cerebellum: Motor command center 3. Brain stem: Survival center 4. Cerebrum: Executive suite 5. Hypothalamus: Visceral command center
STUDY
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4-S4 form the...
Sacral Plexus
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by
Schwann cells
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
Schwann cells
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by...
Schwann cells
*Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding our limbic system?* Sights often create strong emotional responses. Your amygdala judges facial expressions for danger. The cingulate helps you express your emotional state. Emotional states can alter our blood pressure.
Sights often create strong emotional responses. (Explanation: Your sense of smell is more directly attached to your limbic system and is, therefore, more likely to cause emotional responses.)
A bit of dust blows into & touches the cornea of the eye. Which is likely to happen?
Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve will cause blinking
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a _
Tendon Reflex
A person picks up a heavy suitcase to guess its weight & reflexively drops it. Which receptor initiated this reflex?
Tendon organ
All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the
Thalamus
c
The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______. a. deltoid muscle b. biceps brachii muscle c. sternocleidomastoid muscle d. muscles that flex the wrist and fingers
Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? -Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. -The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. -The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. -No functional area of the cortex works alone.
The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into their eye. She records the activity of their pupils as they constrict. This test supports which of the following?
The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve
An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patents pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. This test supports which of the following?
The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III).
b
The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________. a. brachial plexus b. cervical plexus c. vagus nerve d. thoracic spinal cord
Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation?
The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential
The posterior side of the thing, leg, and foot is served by the _________ nerve.
Tibial
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.
True
Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the oculomotor nerve.
True
In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic. True False
True
Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.
True
Lamellar corpuscles can be exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptor.
True
Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. True False
True
The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.
True
The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.
True
In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False
True (Explanation: The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.)
Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False
True (Explanation: Many factors can influence the transfer of information from STM to LTM, including emotional state (we learn best when we are alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused), rehearsal (repeating the material enhances memory), association (tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts), and automatic memory (some impressions that become part of LTM are subconsciously formed).)
Striking the "funny bone" is stimulation of the
Ulnar nerve
d
When removing a hot sheet of cookies from the oven, you feel heat coming through the pot holder. What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop the hot cookie sheet? a. intervention by the limbic system to inhibit the fear of being burned b. modification of outgoing efferent signals by spinal cord gray matter interneurons c. temporary suppression of sensory input to the spinal reflex center d. modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex
*Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?* When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection. When the impulses to the ciliated cells are inhibited, the ciliary escalator no longer functions, causing respiratory infection. The reflexes in the respiratory system for expelling particles will no longer function due to damage to the dorsal horn motor neurons, causing respiratory infection. It is actually more common for the person to die from paralysis of the muscles controlling breathing than from respiratory infection.
When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.
a
Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve? a. endoneurium b. endomysium c. perineurium d. epineurium
c
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs? a. accessory b. abducens c. vagus d. hypoglossal
d
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information? a. optic b. trigeminal c. olfactory d. abducens
d
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? a. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. b. Nerves do not contain cell bodies. c. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium. d. Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both
a
Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? a. interneurons b. motor neurons c. receptors d. sensory neurons
c
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? a. precommand level, projection level, segmental level b. segmental level, precommand level, projection level c. segmental level, projection level, precommand level d. projection level, precommand level, segmental level
d
Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? a. tendon reflex b. plantar reflex c. stretch reflex d. crossed-extensor reflex
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
a complete loss of voluntary movement
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
afferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses toward the NCS only are
afferent nerves
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? dura and epidura arachnoid and epidura arachnoid and dura arachnoid and pia
arachnoid and pia
After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. -the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin -the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex -the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex -based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions
based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions (Explanation: Review central nervous system control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.)
All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________. cingulate gyrus caudate nucleus hippocampus amygdaloid body
caudate nucleus
Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? cerebral cortex cerebellum brain stem diencephalon
cerebral cortex (Explanation: The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.)
The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve.
cervical
Bell's palsy is
characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
Bell's palsy is...
characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves?
common fibular and tibial
Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep? beta delta alpha theta
delta
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. basal nuclei midbrain brain stem diencephalon
diencephalon
Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________. ventral (anterior) horn dorsal (posterior) horn dorsal root ganglion lateral horn
dorsal (posterior) horn
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? decussation center executive suite motor command center visceral command center
executive suite
In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would felt and the left arm would
extend
Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________.
exteroceptors
A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull is: unable to close eye, and corner of mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres? falx cerebri corpus callosum tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli
falx cerebri
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord? first second third fourth
fourth
At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe premotor cortex
frontal lobe (The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.)
Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? gray matter: location of brain nuclei gray matter: myelinated axons superficial in the brain: gray matter spinal cord: inner gray matter
gray matter: myelinated axons (Explanation: Gray matter is indicative of unmyelinated axons and cell bodies in the CNS.)
Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? increased heart rate REM sleep increased oxygen use increased gastrointestinal activity
increased gastrointestinal activity (Explanation: Gastrointestinal activity is activated by the sight or smell of food. Additionally, presence of a food bolus in the gastrointestinal tract will stimulate peristalsis and digestive enzyme release.)
Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements initiating protective reflex actions controlling starting and stopping movements playing a role in cognition and emotion
initiating protective reflex actions
Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous b/c..
injury to any single final nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to an organ
Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because
injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ
Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because _
injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of innervation to any particular organ
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are _
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
Broca's area ________. is usually found only in the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of the eyes serves the recognition of complex objects is considered a motor speech area
is considered a motor speech area
Regeneration within the CNS
is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
Regeneration within the CNS ________.
is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
Regeneration within the CNS...
is prevented due to growth-inhibitng proteins of oligodendrocytes
Declarative memory ________. usually involves motor skills is hard to unlearn when learned once is best remembered in the doing is the ability to learn specific information
is the ability to learn specific information
Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all EXCEPT
lamellar corpuscles
Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________. lateral spinothalamic posterior spinothalamic reticulospinal ventral (anterior) spinothalamic
lateral spinothalamic
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. central sulcus cranial fossa lateral sulcus longitudinal fissure
lateral sulcus
Which of the following is correctly matched? gustatory cortex; sense of hearing limbic association area: sense of danger vestibular cortex; pattern recognition posterior association area: understand balance
limbic association area: sense of danger (Explanation: The limbic association area is part of the limbic system, which control our emotions and fears.)
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. loss of body temperature control dehydration sleep disturbances loss of fine motor control
loss of fine motor control
Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation?
mechanoreceptors
Some large arteries proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of blood vessels. Which pair of classifications best fit the receptor type above?
mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors
Some large arteries that are proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of the blood vessels. This stretch indicates the blood's pressure. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?
mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors
Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
median
Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
median nerve
Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory? medulla oblongata thalamus hippocampus prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
The brain stem consists of the ________. pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain midbrain only cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla midbrain, medulla, and pons
midbrain, medulla, and pons
The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve?
musculocutaneous
The flexor muscles in the anterior arm are innervated by what nerve?
musculocutaneous
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers unmyelinated nerve fibers only cell bodies myelinated nerve fibers only
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
If someone spills very hot coffee (200 0F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
nociceptors
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
nociceptors
A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?
olfactory
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
olfactory
Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus?
phrenic
During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi
pia mater (Explanation: The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.)
Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? thalamus medulla oblongata pons midbrain
pons (Explanation: The pons is the point at which all information entering or exiting the cerebellum is collected. Descending motor input and ascending sensory input that feed the cerebellum and all cerebellar output enter or exit the cerebellum through several cerebellar peduncles located in the pons.)
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) limbic association area combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex posterior association area
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. rubrospinal tracts premotor cortex primary motor cortex spinal cord
premotor cortex
Which receptors adapt most slowly?
pressure receptors
What area does the arrow indicate?
primary visual cortex
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? motor emotional procedural declarative
procedural
We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability.
proprioceptors
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________. lateral horns nuclei pyramids olives
pyramids
Which of the following the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
receptor, afferent n, integration center, efferent n, effector
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? red blood cells glucose protein potassium
red blood cells
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? postcentral gyrus Wernicke's area gustatory cortex red nuclei
red nuclei
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regulate emotional responses regulate food intake regulate the thalamus regulate body temperature
regulate the thalamus (Explanation: The hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.)
Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness? reticular activating system Broca's area limbic system frontal eye fields
reticular activating system (Explanation: The reticular activating system is responsive to our sensory input and controls alertness to these sensory inputs and our awareness and responsiveness to our external (and internal) environment.)
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. pyramids thalamus limbic system reticular formation
reticular formation
Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivision of the brachial plexus are...
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the
sacaral plexus
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
sacral plexus
A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in
sciatica
Which of the following is not a way that sensory receptors are classified?
sensitivity to a stimulus
Transduction refers to conversion of..
stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential
The patellar "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) ________.
stretch reflex
Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? superior colliculus hypothalamus pineal gland thalamus
superior colliculus (Explanation: The superior colliculus is at the inferior border of the diencephalon, located in the midbrain region of the brain stem.)
Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center
suprachiasmatic nucleus (Explanation: This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.)
A person picks up a heavy suitcase in order to estimate its weight and reflexively drops it. Which of the following receptors has initiated this reflex
tendon organ
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation & lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a
tendon reflex
All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the...
thalamus
During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. pyramidal tracts primary motor cortex thalamus medulla oblongata
thalamus (Explanation: This area of the diencephalon groups and organizes afferent sensory impulses. Once grouped, the sensory input is relayed to the correct cerebral area for interpretation.)
Which part of the CNS sorts almost all of the ascending sensory information? hypothalamus pons thalamus mesencephalon
thalamus (Explanation: Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus-- which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.)
Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic b/c...
the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here
Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because
the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here
A patient has lost vision on the left side of both eyes. The patient has likely suffered damage to
the right optic tract
A patient has lost vision on the left side of both eyes. The patient has likely suffered damage to...
the right optic tract
A patient has an injury of the spine & is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. It's likely the patient has damage located at...
the ventral root coated at one or more of the cervical vertebra
A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located at
the ventral root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra
A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is not being tested?
the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children? theta beta alpha delta
theta
Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because...
they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury
The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve.
tibial
The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________.
trochlear
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. (T/F)
true
The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements.(T/F)
true
Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the
ulnar nerve
Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________.
ulnar nerve
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. superior colliculi reticular nuclei red nuclei vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is not being tested?
vestibulocochlear nerve
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. calcarine cortex visual association area primary visual cortex lateral geniculate body
visual association area