Lab Quiz 13

The larynx consist of how many cartilages? The two most prominent cartilages are what?

9, thyroid, cricoid

Acids/bases released into the blood by the body cells tend to lower the pH of the blood and cause it to become acidic.

Acids

________, tiny balloonlike expansions along the alveolar sacs and occasionally found protruding from alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles, are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium over lying a wispy basal lamina.

Alveoli

_________, tiny balloonlike expansions of the alveolar sacs, are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium. They are the main structural and functional units of the lung and the actual sites of gas exchange.

Alveoli

Changes in pH and oxygen concentrations in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptors regions in the medulla/aortic and carotid bodies.

Aortic and carotid bodies

During normal quiet breathing, about ______ ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. A. 250 B. 500 C. 1000 D. 2000

B. 500

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system stabilizes arterial blood pH at A. 2.0+\1.00 B. 6.2+\0.07 C. 7.4+\0.02 D. 9.5+\1.15

C. 7.4+\0.02

Which of the following processes does not occur during inspiration? A. Diaphragm moves to a flattened position. B. Gas pressure inside the lungs is lowered. C. Inspiratory muscles relax. D. Size of thoracic cavity increases.

C. Inspiratory muscles relax.

Inspiration/expiration is the phase of pulmonary ventilation when air passes out of the lungs.

Expiration

The phase when the inspiratory muscles relax, and the natural tendency of the elastic lung tissue to recoil acts to decrease the intrathoracic and intrapulmonary volumes is called ______. The act of gases flowing out of the lungs to equalize the pressure inside and outside the lungs.

Expiration

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200 ml) is called?

Expiratory reserve volume

The gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs (oxygen loading/carbon dioxide unloading).

External respiration

True or False. Rate and depth of breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation should have little or no effect on the acid-base balance of blood.

False

True or false. The neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and maintain a rate of 12-18 respirations per minute are located in the medulla and thalamus.

False, medulla and pons

True or False. Vesicular breathing sounds are produced by air rushing through the trachea and bronchi.

False, results from air filling the alveolar sacs. Should be bronchial sounds.

The phase when the inspiratory musles contract, the size of the thoracic cavity increases, the diaphragm moves from its relaxed dome shape to a flattened position, and gas is lowered is called ______.

Inspiration

Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, consists of two phases: _____, during which air is taken into the lungs, and ______, during which air passes out of the lungs.

Inspiration, expiration

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3100 ml) is called?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells (oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading).

Internal respiration

The tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously changed and refreshed. Also more simply called ventilation, or breathing.

Pulmonary ventilation

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500 ml) is called?

Tidal volume

The transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body accomplished by the cardiovascular system, using blood as the transport vehicle.

Transport of respiratory gases

True or False. All but the most minute branches of the respiratory tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls.

True

True or False. Four processes-pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration-must all occur in order for the respiratory system to function fully.

True

True or False. The epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow food: it closes off the respiratory passageway to incoming food or drink.

True

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (4800 ml) is called?

Vital capacity

Tidal volume/vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration.

Vital capacity

The respiratory bronchioles in turn subdivide into several _________, which terminate in alveolar sacs that rather resemble clusters of grapes.

alveolar ducts

The primary bronchi further divide into smaller and smaller branches, finally becoming the ________, which have terminal branches called the _________.

bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium/transitional epithelium, which propels dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs.

columnar epithelium

All other respiratory passageways (from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) simply serve as access or exit routes to and from these gas exchange chambers and are called __________. They have no exchange function, they are also referred to as anatomical dead space.

conducting zone structures

The major role of the respiratory system is to a. dispose of waste products in a solid form b. permit the flow of nutrients through the body c. supply the body with carbon dioxide and dispose of oxygen d. supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

d. supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

All laryngeal cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilage except the flaplike _______, a flexible elastic cartilage. Sometimes referred to as the guardian of the airways, forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow. This closes off the respiratory passageways to incoming food or drink, which is routed into the posterior esophagus, or food chute.

epiglottis

The _______ is called the Adam's apple of the thyroid cartilage.

laryngeal prominence

The _________ accommodates both ingested food and air. It lies directly posterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx, where the common pathway divides into the respiratory and digestive channels.

laryngopharynx

Air flows from the larynx to the trachea, and then enters the a. left and right lungs b. left and right main bronchi c. pharynx d. segmental bronchi

left and right main bronchi

The passageway divides into the right and left _________, which plunge into their respective lungs at an indented area called the _______.

main (primary) bronchi, hilium

Air generally passes into the respiratory tract through the ________, and enters the nasal cavity (divided by the nasal septum).

nares or nostrils

It then flows posteriorly over three pairs of lobelike structures, the inferior, superior, and middle _________, which increase the air turbulence.

nasal conchae

The ________ is continuous posteriorly with the oral cavity. Since it extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly, it serves as a common conduit for food and air.

oropharynx

The upper respiratory structures include the nose, the larynx, and the a. epiglottis b. lungs c. pharynx d. trachea

pharynx

This is commonly called the throat, the funnel- shaped ________ connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.

pharynx

Each lung is enclosed in a double layered sac of serous membrane called the _______. The outer layer, the ________, is attached to the thoracic walls and the diaphragm; the inner layer, covering the lung tissue, is the _______.

pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pleura

The complete layer of smooth muscle present in the bronchioles enables them to provide _________ under certain conditions. (asthma, hay fever, etc.)

resistance to air flow

Together, the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form the ________, also called the air-blood barrier.

respiratory membrane

Because gas exchanges occur by simple diffusion across the respiratory membrane-oxygen passing from the alveolar air to the capillary blood and carbon dioxide leaving the capillary blood to enter the alveolar air-the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles are referred to collectively as ___________.

respiratory zone structures

The ______ main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the ______, and foreign objects that enter the respiratory passageways are more likely to become lodged in it.

right, left

The pleural layers produce lubricating _________ that causes them to adhere closely to one another, holding the lungs to the thoracic wall and allowing them to move easily against one another during the movements of breathing.

serous fluid

The thyroid cartilage/oropharynx is the largest and most prominent of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid cartilage

Air entering the _______, or windpipe, from the larynx travels down its length to the level of the sternal angle.

trachea

Fissures divide the lungs into lobes, three on the right and two/three on the left.

two

The mucous membrane of the larynx is thrown into two pairs of folds-the upper _________, also called the false vocal cords, and the lower _______, or true vocal cords, which vibrate with expelled air for speech.

vestibular folds, vocal folds