(Lab quiz) Exercise 8: Overview of the skeleton-classification and structure of bones and cartilages

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder, and why?

The proliferation hypertrophic cones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

The structural unit of compact bone is the: a. osteon b. canaliculus c. lacuna

a. osteon

Long bones

are much longer than they are wide, generally con-sisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Long bones are composed mostly of compact bone. -ex; femur and phalanges

Ramus

armlike bar of bone

helps reduce friction at joints

articular cartilage

Circle the correct underlined term. The axial / appendicular skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity.

axial

The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is: a. elastic b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline

b. fibrocartilage

All the following are functions of the skeleton except: a. attachment for muscles b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids

b. production of melanin

Sinus

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Process

bony prominence

most springy and flexible

elastic

supports the external ear

elastic

the epiglottis

elastic

raised area on or above a condyle*

epicondyle

growth plate remnant

epiphyseal plate

end portion of a long bone

epiphysis

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

facet

bony projection

process

armlike projection†

ramus

site of blood cell formation

red marrow

Condyle

rounded articular projection

Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

air-filled cavity

sinus

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Sesamoid bones

special types of short bones formed within tendons

sharp, slender process*

spine

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Hyaline cartilage

-Articular cartilages—cover the ends of most bones at movable joints -Costal cartilages—connect the ribs to the sternum -Respiratory cartilages—found in the larynx and other respiratory structures• Nasal cartilages—support the external nose

Fibrocartilage

-Intervertebral discs—pads located between the vertebrae -Menisci—pads located in the knee joint -Pubic symphysis—located where the hip bones join anteriorly

two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells

-endosteum -periosteum

Sternum

-flat -axial skeleton

Parietal bone (cranial bone)

-flat -axial skeleton

Vertebra

-irregular -axial skeleton

Phalanx (single bone of a digit)

-long -appendicular skeleton

Radius

-long -appendicular skeleton

Calcaneus (tarsal bone)

-short -appendicular skeleton

Baking removes ___________________________ from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes ______________________________

-water and organic components -calcium salts

irregular bones

Bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories

Name the important organic bone components.

Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Diaphyseal face:

Chondrocytes are dying, the matrix is calcifying, and the cartilage is being replaced by bone.

Elastic cartilage

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guard-ian of the airway)

In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bonesof a child with rickets? Why?

In children with rickets, the bones lack the mineral components of healthy bone, they would therefore resemble bones soaked in acid.

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Meatus

canal-like passageway

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal face:

cartilage cells are resting and are relatively inactive. Right below this, the cartilage cells are rapidly reproducing.

Spongy (or cancellous) bone

composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space.

rounded, articular projection

condyle

narrow ridge of bone*

crest

Compact bone

dense and made up of organizational units called osteons

Circle the correct underlined term. The shaft of a long bone is known as the epiphysis / diaphysis.

diaphysis

scientific term for bone shaft

diaphysis

The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?

fibroblast for the outer layer and osteoblast for the inner layer of the periosteum

between the vertebrae

fibrocartilage

meniscus in a knee joint

fibrocartilage

most effective at resisting compression

fibrocartilage

narrow slitlike opening‡

fissure

round or oval opening through a bone‡

foramen

shallow depression

fossa

Flat bones

generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them. - ex; bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

structure supported on neck

head

articular cartilages

hyaline

connects the ribs to the sternum

hyaline

forms the walls of the voice box (larynx)

hyaline

most abundant

hyaline

Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?

long bone

canal-like structure

meatus

contains yellow marrow in adult bones

medullary cavity

Sutural bones

tiny bones between cranial bones

What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?

to provide flexibility and strength

Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts?

to provide hardness and strength and resists compression

large, irregularly shaped projection*

trochanter

small rounded projection*

tubercle

large rounded projection*

tuberosity

Short bones

typically cube shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. -ex; the tarsals and carpals