(Lab quiz) Exercise 8: Overview of the skeleton-classification and structure of bones and cartilages
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Fossa
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder, and why?
The proliferation hypertrophic cones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
The structural unit of compact bone is the: a. osteon b. canaliculus c. lacuna
a. osteon
Long bones
are much longer than they are wide, generally con-sisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Long bones are composed mostly of compact bone. -ex; femur and phalanges
Ramus
armlike bar of bone
helps reduce friction at joints
articular cartilage
Circle the correct underlined term. The axial / appendicular skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity.
axial
The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is: a. elastic b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline
b. fibrocartilage
All the following are functions of the skeleton except: a. attachment for muscles b. production of melanin c. site of red blood cell formation d. storage of lipids
b. production of melanin
Sinus
bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Process
bony prominence
most springy and flexible
elastic
supports the external ear
elastic
the epiglottis
elastic
raised area on or above a condyle*
epicondyle
growth plate remnant
epiphyseal plate
end portion of a long bone
epiphysis
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
facet
bony projection
process
armlike projection†
ramus
site of blood cell formation
red marrow
Condyle
rounded articular projection
Spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
air-filled cavity
sinus
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Sesamoid bones
special types of short bones formed within tendons
sharp, slender process*
spine
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Hyaline cartilage
-Articular cartilages—cover the ends of most bones at movable joints -Costal cartilages—connect the ribs to the sternum -Respiratory cartilages—found in the larynx and other respiratory structures• Nasal cartilages—support the external nose
Fibrocartilage
-Intervertebral discs—pads located between the vertebrae -Menisci—pads located in the knee joint -Pubic symphysis—located where the hip bones join anteriorly
two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells
-endosteum -periosteum
Sternum
-flat -axial skeleton
Parietal bone (cranial bone)
-flat -axial skeleton
Vertebra
-irregular -axial skeleton
Phalanx (single bone of a digit)
-long -appendicular skeleton
Radius
-long -appendicular skeleton
Calcaneus (tarsal bone)
-short -appendicular skeleton
Baking removes ___________________________ from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes ______________________________
-water and organic components -calcium salts
irregular bones
Bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories
Name the important organic bone components.
Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Diaphyseal face:
Chondrocytes are dying, the matrix is calcifying, and the cartilage is being replaced by bone.
Elastic cartilage
Found in the external ear and the epiglottis (the guard-ian of the airway)
In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bonesof a child with rickets? Why?
In children with rickets, the bones lack the mineral components of healthy bone, they would therefore resemble bones soaked in acid.
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Meatus
canal-like passageway
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal face:
cartilage cells are resting and are relatively inactive. Right below this, the cartilage cells are rapidly reproducing.
Spongy (or cancellous) bone
composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space.
rounded, articular projection
condyle
narrow ridge of bone*
crest
Compact bone
dense and made up of organizational units called osteons
Circle the correct underlined term. The shaft of a long bone is known as the epiphysis / diaphysis.
diaphysis
scientific term for bone shaft
diaphysis
The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?
fibroblast for the outer layer and osteoblast for the inner layer of the periosteum
between the vertebrae
fibrocartilage
meniscus in a knee joint
fibrocartilage
most effective at resisting compression
fibrocartilage
narrow slitlike opening‡
fissure
round or oval opening through a bone‡
foramen
shallow depression
fossa
Flat bones
generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them. - ex; bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
structure supported on neck
head
articular cartilages
hyaline
connects the ribs to the sternum
hyaline
forms the walls of the voice box (larynx)
hyaline
most abundant
hyaline
Notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
long bone
canal-like structure
meatus
contains yellow marrow in adult bones
medullary cavity
Sutural bones
tiny bones between cranial bones
What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?
to provide flexibility and strength
Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts?
to provide hardness and strength and resists compression
large, irregularly shaped projection*
trochanter
small rounded projection*
tubercle
large rounded projection*
tuberosity
Short bones
typically cube shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. -ex; the tarsals and carpals