ITE 221 Exam 3 review

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Computer system components coordinate their activities by sending signals over the ______

Control Bus

In the simplest sense, a(n) ______ is just a set of communication lines

Control Bus

The CPU communicates with a peripheral device by moving data to or from an I/O port's dedicated bus FALSE

False

With serial communication lines in a bus, each line carries only one bit value or signal at a time, and many lines are required to carry data, address, and control bits (t/f)

False

The number of refresh cycles per second is normally stated in hertz and called the ____.

Refresh rate

LCD displays have less contrast than other flat panel displays because color filters reduce the total amount of light passing through the front of the panel. (t/f)

True

MP3 compresses the audio data stream by discarding information about masked sounds or representing them with fewer bits

True

MP3 compresses the audio data stream by discarding information about masked sounds or representing them with fewer bits (t/f)

True

OLED displays combine many of the best features of LCD and plasma displays. (t/f)

True

Vector

a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

Polyphonic output

capable of generating many audible frequencies or timbres simultaneously.

Written Western languages are based on systems of symbols called ____. a. Fonts b. Characters c. Types d. Schemes

characters

The number of distinct colors or gray shades that can be displayed is sometimes called the ____. a. resolution b. chromatic depth c. palette d. range

chromatic depth

Bus clock

clock circuit that generates timing pulses, which are transmitted to all devices attached to a bus.

Video display terminal (VDT)

input/output device comprising a keyboard, video display surface, and one or more communication ports.

Lossy compression of audio and video can achieve compression ratios up to ____. a. 25:1 b. 50:1 c. 75:1 d. 100:1

50:1

Lossy compression of audio and video can achieve compression ratios up to ____. a. 25:1 b. 50:1 c. 75:1 d. 100:1

50:1

The process of converting analog sound waves to digital representation is called ______. a. reducing b. sampling c. transforming d. interpreting

sampling

When the CPU detects an interrupt, it executes a master interrupt handler program called the ____________________.

SUPERVISOR

The process of converting analog soundwaves to digital representation is called __________ which analyzes the content of the audio sound spectrum many times per second and converts it into a numeric representation.

Sampling

To detect these bars, bar-code readers use _______________ that sweep a narrow laser beam back-and-forth across the bar code.

Scanning lasers

Pixel

Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.

______ buses connect a subset of computer components and are specialized for these components' characteristics and communication between them

Subsidiary

external I/O bus

Subsidiary buses that connect external devices to the system bus; they provide the connection points for external device and aggregate their capacity to better match a system bus connections a. b. c. d.

external I/O bus

Subsidiary buses that connect external devices to the system bus; they provide the connection points for external devices and aggregate their capacity to better match a system bus connection's capacity.

When the CPU detects an interrupt, it executes a master interrupt handler program called the ______

Supervisor

chromatic depth

The number of distinct colors or gray shades that can be displayed in a grayscale image.

Chromatic depth

The number of distinct colors or gray shades that can be displayed is sometimes called the _____.

refresh rate

The number of refresh cycles per second is normally stated in hertz and called the _____.

refresh rate

The number of refresh cycles per second on a video display device; normally stated in hertz

Address bus

The portion of the system bus that transmits a memory address when the primary storage is the sending or receiving device

additive colors

The primary colors for video display

speech synthesis

The process by which computers produce sound that resembles spoken words

speech recognition

The process by which computers recognize voice patterns and words, and then convert them to digital data.

sampling

The process of converting analog sound waves to digital representation is called _____.

logical access

The read or write operation for a CPU from the peripheral storage device is called a _____.

FALSE

The way in which secondary storage devices are controlled on a desktop is the same as on a mainframe.

Active matrix displays are manufactured with __________ technology

Thin film transistor (TFT)

Because plasma displays actively generate colored light near the display surface, they're brighter and have a wider viewing angle than LCDs. (t/f)

True

A PC usually transmits data one bit at a time over a wireless connection, and a laser printer prints an entire page at once

True

A PC usually transmits data one bit at a time over a wireless connection, and a laser printer prints an entire page at once (t/f)

True

A digital still camera captures and stores one image at a time. (t/f)

True

A significant advantage of MIDI is its compact storage format. (t/f)

True

Image Quality Improves as pixel size increases (t/f)

True

A system bus can be conceptually or physically divided into specialized subsets, including the data, address, control, and power buses

True

A system bus can be conceptually or physically divided into specialized subsets, including the data, address, control, and power buses (t/f)

True

A system bus connects computer system components, including the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices

True

A system bus connects computer system components, including the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices (t/f)

True

An IDL can represent image components as embedded fonts, vectors, curves and shapes, and embedded bitmaps (t/f)

True

An advantage of optical over mechanical mice is a lack of moving parts that can be contaminated with dust and dirt. (t/f)

True

Serial channels in buses are more reliable than parallel channels at very high speeds (t/f)

True

Sound varies by frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness). (t/f)

True

The OS is the best source of file access information because it updates information dynamically as it services file access requests

True

The OS is the best source of file access information because it updates information dynamically as it services file access requests (t/f)

True

The memory bus has a much higher data transfer rate than the system bus because of its shorter length, higher clock rate, and (in most computers) large number of parallel communication lines

True

The memory bus has a much higher data transfer rate than the system bus because of its shorter length, higher clock rate, and (in most computers) large number of parallel communication lines (t/f)

True

Until the 1990s, scaling up was almost always a more cost-effective strategy to increase available computer power because communication between computers was extremely slow compared with communication between a single computer's components

True

24-bit color

_____ is a coding method that represents a color as three 8-bit numbers, one for the intensity of each additive or subtractive color.

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

_____ is a common bitmap compression format.

Dithering

_____ is a process that generates color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

_____ is a standard for storing and transporting control information between computers and electronic musical instruments.

Portable Document Format (PDF)

_____ is a superset of PostScript that allows for the distributing of compressed documents with the author's complete control over the format of the printed and displayed document regardless of the end user's computer, OS, or printer.

As buffer size increases above ____ bytes, CPU cycle consumption decreases at a linear rate

As buffer size increases above ____ bytes, CPU cycle consumption decreases at a linear rate. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

The number of distinct colors are gray shades that can be displayed is sometimes called the ____________ or ___________

Chromatic depth, chromatic resolution

A(n) ____________________ bus, such as a Universal serial Bus, connects one or more external devices to the system bus.

EXTERNAL I/O

refresh cycle

Each transfer of a full screen of data from the display generator to the monitor is called a(n) ____________________.

FALSE

Early plasma displays accepted the same analog video signals as CRTs.

Impact technology began with dot matrix printers.(t/f)

False

Lossless compression ratios higher than 50:1 are difficult or impossible to achieve with audio and video data (t/f)

False

Lossless compression ratios higher than 50:1 are difficult or impossible to achieve with audio and video data FALSE

False

Phosphors emit colored light in liquid crystal displays. (t/f)

False

Point Size refers to a characters' width (t/f)

False

Secondary storage devices are much faster than the system bus FALSE

False

Typically, digital cameras capture 14 to 20 fps. (t/f)

False

Until the 2000s, system buses were always constructed with serial electrical lines (t/f)

False

Until the 2000s, system buses were always constructed with serial electrical lines FALSE

False

With serial communication lines in a bus, each line carries only one bit value or signal at a time, and many lines are required to carry data, address, and control bits FALSE

False

modern bar-codes encode data in three dimensions (t/f)

False

FALSE

For sound production that sounds natural to people, frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 Khz must be sampled at least 96,000 times per second.

TRUE

For video display, a pixel displays no light or light of a specific color and intensity.

CMYK

_____ is the four-dye scheme.d

Large-format printer

_____ is ther term that replaced "plotter."

OpenGL

_____ was developed by Silicon Graphics, but Khronos Group now maintains it as an open standard.

FALSE

Modern bar codes encode data in three dimensions.

____ sensors capture input from special purpose symbols placed on paper or the flat surfaces of 3D objects. a. image capture b. Mark and pattern c. Mark and image d. Dot and image

Mark and Pattern

A small drop of ink is forced out of the nozzle in one of two ways:

Mechanical movement or heat

In a ____, any device can assume control of the bus or act as a bus master for transfers to any other device.

PEER-TO-PEER BUS

_________ is an image description language design mainly for printed documents, although it can also be used to generate video display outputs

PanScript

address bus

Pathway from memory to processing unit that carries the address in memory to and from which data is transferred.

Human speech consist of a series of sounds called________, roughly corresponding to the sound of each letter of the alphabet.

Phonemes

In the early 1990s Adobe Systems Inc. developed _______________ a super set of postscript.

Portable document format (PDF)

Most performance benefits of a cache occur during ____.

READ OPERATIONS

Primary colors for video display are sometimes referred to by their first letters: ___

RGB

speaker dependent

Requiring training to recognize the sounds of human speakers; a characteristic of speech-recognition systems

DMA controller

Resides between the RAM and the devices and handles DMA requests.

The __________ of a display is a number of pixels displayed per linear measure unit

Resolution

power bus

a bus system that sends electrical power for computer peripherals

additive color

a color that becomes white when all colors have been added; RGB is an example

A ____ is a reserved area of main memory accessed on a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis.

STACK

Scan code

coded output generated by a keyboard for interpretation by a processor or keyboard controller.

subtractive color

color that becomes white when all colors have been removed or subtracted; CMYK colors are called subtractive colors

Bus

communication channel shared by multiple devices within a computer system or network.

An IDL can represent image components as:

embedded fonts, vectors, curves and shapes, and embedded bitmaps.

A collection of characters with similar style and appearance is called a ______. a. type b. scheme c. pitch d. font

font

Grayscale dithering is usually called ____.

half-toning

Photo sensor

a device that converts incoming light energy into outgoing electrical energy

optical scanner

a device that generates bitmap representation of printed images; detects light reflected from the page with an array of photosensors

audio response unit

a device that generates spoken messages based on text input; commonly used for automated phone bank tellers and automated call routing

compression algorithm

a mathematical compression technique implemented as a program for translating data inputs into equivalent but smaller data outputs

dots per inch (dpi)

a measure of screen or printer resolution; the number of dots in a line one inch long. Abbreviated dpi.

Multicore architecture

a micro processor architecture that embeds multiple CPUs and cache memory on a single chip a. multicore architecture b. dual core architecture c. multiple processor architecture d. micro proccesor architecture

keyboard controller

a microprocessor integrated into a keyboard that generates a bitstream output of scan codes according to an internal program or lookup table

large format printer

a more current term for plotters

plotter

a printer that generates line drawings on sheets or rolls of paper up to 64 inches wide

laser printer

a printer that operates by charging areas of a photoconductive drum; toner is attracted to charged areas of the drum and then to paper

inkjet printer

a printer that produces printed images by placing small drops of liquid ink onto paper; ink is forced out of the nozzle by mechanical movement or by hear

Laser printer

a printer that uses a large to charge areas of a photoconductive drum and paper.

device controller

a processor that controls the physical actions of storage and I/O devices; connects these devices to the system bus or a subsidiary a. b. c. d.

logical access

a read or write operation from the hypothetical storage device representing a peripheral deivce a. storage access b. multiple access c. serial access d. logical access

interrupt register

a register in the CPU's control unit that stores interrupt codes received over the bus or generated by the CPU a. code register b. interrupt register c. control register

stack

a reserved area of primary storage accessed on a last in. first out (LIFO) basis, this mechanism enables a program suspended by an interrupt to resume execution in exactly the same state as before and interruption a. cache b. list c. stack d. array

vector list

a series of concatenated or linked vectors that can be used to construct complex shapes, images constructed from a vector list resemble connect-the-dots drawings

computer bus

a set of parallel wires connecting independent components of a computer system

interrupt

a signal send to the CPU that an action requires its attention

Bus arbitration unit

a simple processor attached to a peer-to-peer bus that decides which devices must wait when multiple devices want to become a bus master.

Cache

a small area of fast memory that can be used to minimize wait states.

stack pointer

a special purpose register that points to the next empty address in the stack and it incremented or decremented automatically each time the stack is pushed or popped a. address pointer b. memory pointer c. stack pointer d. cache pointer

speaker dependent

a speech recognition system that has been trained to a particular user and already has an established vocabulary for that user

point

a standard measurement unit for font size; 1/72 of an inch

Optical character recognition

a technology that combines optical-scanning technology with a special purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content

stack overflow

an error condition that occurs when attempting to push register values on a stack that is already at its maximum capacity a. stack underflow b. stack overflow c. stack attenuation d. stack overload

point

an exact location in space

digital to analog converter

an audio device that accepts a bitstream representing sound samples and generates a continuous analog signal that can be amplified and routed to a speaker

If a buffer isn't large enough to hold and entire unit of data transfer, an error called a ____ occurs. a. buffer overflow b. buffer underflow c. heap overflow d. buffer fault

buffer overflow

If a buffer isn't large enough to hold and entire unit of data transfer, an error called a ____ occurs. a. buffer overflow b. buffer underflow c. heap overflow d. buffer fault

buffer overflow

A ____ is a shared electrical or optical channel that connects two or more devices. a. trace b. bus c. route d. connection

bus

A ____ is a shared electrical or optical channel that connects two or more devices. a. trace b. bus c. route d. connection

bus

A ____ is a simple processor attached to a peer-to-peer bus that decides which devices must wait when multiple devices want to become a bus master. a. bus master unit b. bus arbitration unit c. bus controller d. bus interface

bus arbitration unit

The ratio of cache hits to read accesses is called the cache's ____. a. hit ratio b. efficiency c. performance d. hit boundary

hit ratio

The ratio of cache hits to read accesses is called the cache's ____. a. hit ratio b. efficiency c. performance d. hit boundary

hit ratio

Stack pointer

Monophonic

one sound

Cache swap

operation that copies data from a cache to its associated storage device and then overwrites the cache copy with new data.

A ________ is simply a table of colors

palette

A(n) ______ is simply a table of colors a. palette b. spectrum c. RGB system d. color scheme

palette

Control bus

portion of a bus that transmits command and status signals, interrupts, read commands and other control signals.

Address bus

portion of a bus that transmits the address of a storage location to be read from or written to.

Data bus

portion of the bus that transmits data.

Level 2 (L2) cache

primary storage cache implemented within the same chip as a processor.

pop

pull data back from the stack

Data transfer rate

rate at which data is transmitted through a medium or communication channel, as measured in data units per time interval.

Most performance benefits of a cache occur during ____. a. write operations b. mixed operations c. buffered operations d. read operations

read operations

Most performance benefits of a cache occur during ____. a. write operations b. mixed operations c. buffered operations d. read operations

read operations

phoneme

smallest distinctive sound unit

50. The main goal of buffering and caching is to ____. a. control data channels b. improve I/O performance c. improve overall system performance d. reduce system load

improve overall system performance

The main goal of buffering and caching is to ____. a. control data channels b. improve I/O performance c. improve overall system performance d. reduce system load

improve overall system performance

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

method of data transfer that enables direct access movement between main memory and a storage or I/O device, bypassing the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

methods, program and devices by which printed characters are recognized as computer system input or data.

chromatic depth

the number of distance colors or gray shades that can be displayed in a grayscale image

resolution

the number of pixels displayed per linear measurement unit

control bus

the portion of the system bus that carries commands, command responses, status codes, and similar messages; computer components coordinate theri activities by sending signals over this bus a. b. c. d.

data bus

the portion of the system bus that transmits data between computer components a. b. c. d.

Sampling

the process of converting analog sound waves to digital representation; it analyzes te content of the audio sound spectrum many times per second and converts it to a numeric representation

push

the process of copying register values to the top of the stack a. copy b. push c. pop d. duplicate

speech recognition

the process of recognizing and responding to the meaning of embedded in spoken words, phrases. or sentences

hit ratio

the ratio of cache hits to reach accesss

OLED displays combine features from both LED and plasma display, including: ____. a. thin, backlit, and low power b. thin, bright, and low power c. thin, backlit, and high power d. thin, bright, and high power

thin, bright, and low power

Serial channels in buses are more reliable than parallel channels at very high speeds.

TRUE

The memory bus has a much higher data transfer rate than the system bus because of its shorter length, higher clock rate, and (in most computers) large number of parallel communication lines.

TRUE

When multiple processors occupy a single motherboard, they share primary storage and a single system bus.

TRUE

Both multicore and multiple-processor architectures are examples of scaling up because they increase the power of a single computer system (t/f)

True

Character and text recognition is most accurate when text is printed in a single font and style, with all text oriented in the same direction on the page. (t/f)

True

Data written to a cache during a write operation isn't automatically removed from the cache after it's written to the underlying storage device

True

Data written to a cache during a write operation isn't automatically removed from the cache after it's written to the underlying storage device (t/f)

True

Devices with low data transfer demand can use a single PCI bus lane, and devices with higher requirements can increase their available data transfer rate by using additional lanes

True

Devices with low data transfer demand can use a single PCI bus lane, and devices with higher requirements can increase their available data transfer rate by using additional lanes (t/f)

True

Disk caching is common in modern computer systems, particularly in file and database servers

True

Disk caching is common in modern computer systems, particularly in file and database servers (t/f)

True

During a write operation, a cache acts similarly to a buffer

True

During a write operation, a cache acts similarly to a buffer (t/f)

True

For video display, a pixel displays no light or light of a specific color and intensity. (t/f)

True

Image quality improves as dots per inch increases (t/f)

True

Most portable data capture devices combine a keyboard, mark or bar-code scanner, and wireless connection to a wired base station, cash register, or computer system. (t/f)

True

On paper, pixel size corresponds to the smallest drop of ink that can be placed accurately on the page (t/f)

True

People routinely download megabytes or gigabytes of data via the Internet and store gigabytes of data on handheld devices, terabytes on desktop computers, and petabytes to exabytes in corporate and government data centers

True

Phonemes sound similar when voiced repetitively by the same person. (t/f)

True

Serial channels in buses are more reliable than parallel channels at very high speeds

True

Using data compression alters the balance of processor resources and communication or storage resources in a computer system

True

Using data compression alters the balance of processor resources and communication or storage resources in a computer system (t/f)

True

When multiple processors occupy a single motherboard, they share primary storage and a single system bus

True

When multiple processors occupy a single motherboard, they share primary storage and a single system bus (t/f)

True

Zip files and archives are examples of lossless compression

True

Zip files and archives are examples of lossless compression (t/f)

True

multiple processor architecture

a more tradition approach to multiprocessing that uses two or more processors on a single motherboard or set of interconnected mother boards; slower that multicore architecture. a. micro proccesor architecture b. dual core architecture c. multiple processor architecture d. multicore architecture

postscript

an Adobe image description language designed mainly for printed documents, although it's also a programming language for generating video display output

portable document format (PDF)

an Adobe image description language developed to generate and manage documents as an integrated whole rather than a collection of independent images and pages

pixel

an abbreviation of " picture element" is's a single unit of data in an image; also refers to a single point on a display surface

decompression algorithm

an algorithm that restores compressed stat to its origanl or nearly original state a. b. c. d.

scaling up

an approach to increasing processing and other computer systems power by using large an more powerful computers; examples include multicore processor and mulitprocessor architechtures a. scaling in b. scaling down c. scaling out d. scaling up

analog to digital converter (ADC)

an audio device that accepts a continuous electrical signal representing sound, samples it at regular intervals and outputs a bitstream representing the samples

motion picture experts groups (MPEG)

an organization that creates standards for motion picture recording and encoding technology; each standard is divided into layers numbered 1 ( systems) 2 ( video) 3 ( audio) a. MPEG b. NPEG c. PNG d. JPEG

A(n) ____ accepts a continuous electrical signal representing sound (such as microphone input), samples it at regular intervals, and outputs a stream of bits representing the samples. a. analog-to-digital inverter b. analog-to-digital parser c. analog-to-digital converter d. analog-to-digital diverter

analog-to-digital converter

Bus master

any device attached to a bus that can initiate a data-transfer operation or send a command to another device.

Peer-to-peer bus

any device can assume control of the bus, or can act as a bus master for transfers to any other device.

law of diminishing returns

as additional increments of resources are added to producing a good or service, the marginal benefit from those additional increments will decline

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

compressed bitmap file format (lossless) that supports only 256 colors and is appropriate for the web; supports transparency and animation

PUSH operation

process of copying register values to the top of a stack.

Sampling

process of measuring and digitally encoding one or more parameters of an analog signal at regular time intervals.

Speech recognition

process of recognizing human speech as computer system input.

POP operation

process of removing an item from the top of a stack and copying its content to processor registers.

Device Controller

processor that controls the physical actions of one or more storage devices

Device controller

processor that controls the physical actions of one or more storage devices.

Interrupt handlers

programs or subroutines that are executed in response to an interrupt.

Input pad

uses an infrared detector, photosensor or pressure-sensitive technology to sense the location of a stylus on a pad.

In graphics, a ____ is a line segment with a specific angle and length in relation to a point of origin.

vector

In graphics, a ____ is a line segment with a specific angle and length in relation to a point of origin. a. vector b. course c. route d. path

vector

Video display panels are connected to a ____ that's connected to a port on the system bus or a dedicated video bus. a. video manager b. video station c. video buffer d. video controller

video controller

Additive colors

video display colors red, green and blue.

Phoneme

vocal sounds that are basic components of human speech; they correspond roughly to the sounds of each letter of the alphabet

Level 3 (L3) cache

when three levels of primary storage cache are used, the cache implemented outside the microprocessor.

Level 1 (L1) cache

within-CPU cache when all three cache types are used.

Decades ago, printers adopted 1:32 of an inch as a standard pixel size (t/f)

False

Color laser output uses four separate print generators. (t/f)

False

I/O wait state

Idle processor cycles consumed while waiting for secondary storage or I/O device to complete the access requests a. miss wait state b. wait state c. I/O wait state d. interrupt

Monophonic output

capable of generating only one audible frequency or timbre at a time.

monophonic

capable of generating only one frequency at a time

MP3

A standard format for music files sent over the Internet that compresses music.

compression

A technique that reduces the number of bits used to encode data a. b. c. d.

Polyphonic

_____ is multifrquency sound generation.

palette

(adj.) a range of colors or qualities (The palette of colors utilized in the painting was equaled only by the range of intense emotions the piece evoked.)

Level Three cache

-Big Cache (megabytes) -Motherboard speed

If each color is represented by an eight bit number the chromatic depth is 2^(3x8) or around 16 million this scheme is sometimes called _________

24-bit color

A binary system that assigns 8 bits of information for red, green, and blue in an image, making more than 16.7 million color possibilities.

Memory Bus

A bus with a much higher data transfer rate than the system bus because of its shorter length, higher clock rate, and (in most computers) large number of parallel communication lines.

cache swap

A cache controller is a hardware device that initiates a(n) _____ when it detects a cache miss. a. cache miss b. cache swap c. cache turn d. cache handler

Motherboard

A circuit board that contains all of the computer system's main components.

bus clock

A clock circuit that generates timing pulses, which are transmitted to all devices attached to the system bus to coordinate their activities

bus clock

A clock circuit that generates timing pulses, which are transmitted to all devices attached to the system bus to coordinate their activities.

font

A collection of characters of similar style and appearance

Joint photographic experts groups (JPEG)

A common bitmap compression format for still images

graphics interchange format (GIF)

A common bitmap compression format for still images

I/O port

A communication pathway from the CPU to a peripheral device; in most computers, it's a memory address, or set of contiguous memory addresses, that can be read or written by the CPU and a single peripheral device.

speech synthesis

A complex process for generating human speech based on a character or text imput

bus master

A device attached to a bus that can initiate a data transfer operation or send a command to another device; it controls all access to the bus.

audio response unit

A device that generates spoken messages based on text input; commonly used for automated phone bank tellers and automated call routing.

TRUE

A digital still camera captures one image at a time.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A diode that will produce light when current flows through it.

monochrome

A display device or encoding method that can display only one of two colors( usually black and white) so it requires only 1 bit per pixel

Chromatic resolution

A display device's ___ is the number of colors that can be displayed simultaneously.

touchscreen

A display that also serves as an input device that can be used with a special pen device or fingers.

PCI- peripheral component interconnecct

A family of bus standards developed by Intel found in most small computers until being replaced by PCI Express in the 2000s

liquid crystal display (LCD)

A flat-panel monitor that creates an image when liquid crystals become electronically charged.

Portable Document Format (PDF)

A format developed by adobe systems designed to preserve the visual appearance and layout of each page and enable fast viewing and printing.

bitmap

A geometric arrangement of different color dots on a rectangular grid.

multicore architecture

A microprocessor architecture that embeds multiple CPUs and cache memory on a single chip.

Keyboard Controller

A microprocessor integrated into a keyboard that generates a bitstream output of scan codes according to an internal program or lookup table. See also scan code.

image description language

A language (usually device independent) that uses compact bit strings or ordinary ASCII or Unicode text to describe primitive image components, such as straight lines and simple shapes; reduces storage space requirements because a description of a simple image component is usually mcu smaller than a bitmap

Image Description Language (IDL)

motherboard

A large printed circuit board in which the bus is physically implemented a. motherboard b. bus master c. bus interface d. mainboard

compression algorithm

A mathematical technique implemented as a program for translating data inputs into equivalent but smaller data outputs.

direct memory access

A method of data transfer that enables the CPU to execute instructions while another device (DAM controller) manages all transfers between memory and other storage or I/O devices a. b. c. d.

digital signal processor

A microprocessor specialized for processing continuous streams of audio or graphical data; commonly embedded in audio and video hardware

FALSE

A monochrome display can display black, white, and many shades of gray in between so it requires 8 bits per pixel.

multiple processor architecture

A more traditional approach to multiprocessing that uses two or more processors on a single motherboard or set of interconnected motherboards; slower than multicore architecture.

organic LED (OLED)

A newer LED, manufactured with TFT technology that achieves high-quality color display with organic compounds

interrupt code

A numerical value of an interrupt, indicating the type of event that has occurred; usually equivalent to the bus port number of the peripheral device sending the interrupt.

bar code

A pattern of vertical lines distinguished from each other by width. It can be read by a _____ reader to provide data to a computer.

dithering

A process that generates continuous color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern

file compression

A process that reduces a file's size for storage or transmission purposes.

Logical Access

A read or write operation from the hypothetical storage device representing a peripheral device.

Interrupt Register

A register in the CPU's control unit that stores interrupt codes received over the bus or generated by the CPU.

vector list

A series of concatenated or linked vectors that can be used to construct complex shapes; images constructed from a vector list resemble connect-the-dots drawings

Font

A set of characters that have the same design.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

A set of standards that are used to represent music in digital form. A MIDI port is a 5-pin DIN port that looks like a keyboard port, only larger.

bus

A shared electrical or optical communication channel that connects two or more devices in a computer network

flat-panel display

A slim type of display device that uses electronically charged chemicals or gases instead of an electron gun to display images.

buffer

A small reserved area of main memory (usually DRAM or SDRAM) that holds data in transit from one device to another and it is used to resolve differences in data transfer unit size

cache controller

A special-purpose processor or software that manages cache content; it guesses what data will be requested in the near future and loads this data from the storage device into the cache before it's actually requested.

cache controller

A special-purposes processor or software that manages cache content, it guesses what data will be requested un the near future and loads this data from the storage device into the cache before it's actually requested. a. b. c. d.

musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)

A standard for storing and transporting control information between computers and electrical musical instruments and synthesizers

bitmap

A stored set of numbers describing the content of all pixels in an image

video bus

A subsidiary bus that connects only memory and the video display device; improves performance by removing display update traffic from the system bus and providing a high-capacity one-way communication channel optimized for video data.

memory bus

A subsidiary bus that connects only the CPU and memory; because its data transfer rate is higher than that of the system bus, it improves over all computer performance a. system bus b. memory bus c. video bus d. storage bus

storage bus

A subsidiary bus that connects secondary storage devices to the system bus; reduces the length and number of physical connections to the system bus and aggregates the lower data transfer capacity of secondary storage devices to better match the higher capacity of a single system bus connection.

TRUE

A system bus connects computer system components, including the CPU memory, storage, and I/O devices.

Thin Film Transistor (TFT)

A technology for LCD displays in which transistors are positioned at each pixel. (3)

thin film transistor (TFT)

A technology for manufacturing active matrix displays, in which wiring and transistors are added in thin layers to a glass substrate; similar to semiconductors fabrication technology

PDF417 format

A two-dimensional rectangular bar code format with vertical bars marking the left and right edges

dot-matrix printer

A type of impact printer that uses small pins to strike an inked ribbon to produce tiny dots on the paper.

cache memory

A type of memory used to temporarily store frequently used data or programs for very quick access; similar to RAM but faster.

inkjet printer

A type of printer that uses a nonimpact process. Ink is squirted from nozzles as they pass over the media.

OpenGL

A video controller image description language developed by Silicon Graphics but now maintianed by Khronos Group as and open standard

Direct3D

A video controller image description language that's part of the Microsoft DirectX suite embedded in Windows OSs.

Direct3d

A video controller image description language that's part of the microsoft DirectX suite embedded in Windows OS

Buffer Overflow

A(n) ____ occurs when a program tries to place more information into a memory location than it can handle.

analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

A(n) _____ accepts a continuous electrical signal representing sound (such as microphone input), samples it at regular intervals, and outputs a stream of bits representing the samples.

L1 or level one

A(n) _____ cache is generally implemented on the same chip as the CPU. a. level 1 b. level 3 c. level 2 d. level 4

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A(n) _____ contains a matrix of liquid crystals andwiched between two polarizing filter panels, that block all light except light approaching from a specific angle.

bar code

A(n) _____ contains a series of vertical bars of equal length but varied thickness and spacing.

DMA

A(n) _____ controller assumes the role of bus master for all transfers between memory and other storage or I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to execute computation and data movement instructions.

font

A(n) _____ is a collection of characters of similar style and appearance.

audio response unit

A(n) _____ is a device that generates spoken messages based on text input.

channel

A(n) _____ is a high-capacity device controller used in mainframe computers.

digital signal processor (DSP)

A(n) _____ is a microprocessor specialized for processing continuous streams of audio or graphical data.

cursor

A(n) _____ is a pointer on a display device.

active matrix display

An LCD technology based on thin-film transistor (TFT) technology. It has a transistor at every pixel, which enables much quicker display changes than passive matrix displays and produces a display quality comparable to a CRT.

interrupt handlers

An OS service routine that processes interrupts; each interrupt handler is a separate program stored in a separate part of primary storage a. interrupt handlers b. interrupt code c. interrupt registers d. interrupt

interrupt handler

An OS service routine that processes interrupts; each interrupt handler is a separate program stored in a separate part of primary storage.

photosensor

An electronic device that converts light energy into electricity.

stack overflow

An error condition that occurs when attempting to push register values onto a stack that's already at its maximum capacity.

Buffer overflow

An error condition that results when receiving more data than can be stored in a buffer

sound card

An expansion card connector the system bus that contains components for sound input and output

Sound Card

An expansion card that attaches to the motherboard inside the system unit and that enables the computer to produce sounds by providing a connection for the speakers and microphone.

cache swap

An operation performed after a cache miss. The cache controller guesses which data is least likely to be needed in the near future, writes it to the storage device, and purges it from the cache. The requested data is then read from the storage device and placed in the cache.

cache swap

mark sensor

An optical input device that scans for light or dark marks at specific location on a page

mark sensor

An optical input device that scans for light or dark marks at specific locations on a page.

Sampling (Sampling Rate)

Analog to Digital conversion. The rate at which frequencies are digitized during read out?

An _______________ accepts a continuous electrical signal representing sound such as microphone input samples it as regular intervals and outputs a stream of bits representing the samples

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

refresh rate

As applied to monitors, the number of times in one second an electronic beam can fill the screen with lines from top to bottom. Also called vertical scan rate.

A device that generates spoken messages based on text and put his called an ____________

Audio response unit

A(n) ____________________ can improve system performance when two devices have different data transfer rates, as when copying music files from a PC to an iPod via a USB 2.0 connection

BUFFER

If a buffer isn't large enough to hold and entire unit of data transfer, an error called a ____ occurs.

BUFFER OVERFLOW

A ____ is a shared electrical or optical channel that connects two or more devices

BUS

In the simplest sense, a(n) ____________________ is just a set of communication lines.

BUS

The ____ governs the format, content, and timing of data, memory addresses, and control messages sent across the bus

BUS PROTOCOL

When the CPU is the focus of all computer activity, all other devices are ____.

BUS SLAVES

The simplest type of _______ contains a series of vertical bars of equal length but varied thickness and spacing for example the UPC code on a box of cereal.

Bar code

TRUE

Bar-code readers are typically used to track large numbers of inventory items, as in grocery store inventory and checkout, package tracking, warhouse inventory control, and zip code routing for postal mail.

TRUE

Because plasma displays actively generate colored light near the display surface, they're brighter and have a wider viewing angle than LCDs.

He stored set of numbers describing the continent of all pixels in an image is called a ______

Bitmap

TRUE

Both multicore and multiple-processor architectures are examples of scaling up because they increase the power of a single computer system.

A(n) ______ can improve system performance when two devices have different data transfer rates, as when copying music files from a PC to an iPod via a USB 2.0 connection

Buffer

A(n) ______ is a small reserved area of main memory (usually DRAM or SRAM) that holds data in transit from one device to another and is required to resolve differences in data transfer unit size

Buffer

When the data needed isn't in the cache, the access is called a ____.

CACHE MISS

A cache miss requires performing a(n) ____________________ to or from the storage device.

CACHE SWAP

The subtractive colors are cyan absence of red, magenta absence of green and yellow absence of blue and they're often referred to by the abbreviation ___

CMY

this four-dye scheme is called ____ color

CMYK

The ____ carries commands, command responses, status codes, and similar messages.

CONTROL BUS

In traditional computer architecture, the ______ is the focus of all computer activity

CPU

Like a buffer, a(n) ______ is a reserved area of high-speed memory (usually RAM) that improves system performance

Cache

When a read operation accesses data already contained in the cache, the access is called a(n) ______

Cache Hit

A cache miss requires performing a(n) ______ to or from the storage device

Cache Swap

polyphonic

Capable of generating may frequency notes simultaneously

____________ is the ability of a substance or object to hold an electrical charge.

Capacitance

FALSE

Color laser output uses four separate print generators.

______ is incorporated into all modern videoconferencing standards to reduce use of available data transfer capacity

Compression

monochrome

Consisting of or displaying images in black and white or in varying tones of only one color

___________ (pointer) on a display device.

Cursor

CMY

Cyan, magenta, yellow; the primary colors in printing

The ____________________ transmits data between computer system components.

DATA BUS

Under direct memory access, a device called a ____ is attached to the bus and to main memory.

DMA CONTROLLER

Under direct memory access, a device called a ____ is attached to the bus and to main memory. a. controller b. DMA master c. DMA controller d. DRM controller

DMA controller

Under direct memory access, a device called a ____ is attached to the bus and to main memory. a. controller b. DMA master c. DMA controller d. DRM controller

DMA controller

The ______ transmits data between computer system components

Data Bus

Most compression algorithms have a corresponding ______ algorithm that restores compressed data to its original or nearly original state

Decompression

Storage and I/O devices are normally connected to the system bus or a subsidiary bus through a(n) ______

Device Controller

analog to digital converter

Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital sample of it.

bar code scanner

Device that reads the special lines of bar codes. Can be used to track documents in litigation or physical objects such as office furniture and equipment.

peripheral device

Devices that communicate with the CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard, such as the monitor, floppy drive, printer, and mouse.

bus slave

Devices that must go through the bus master for access to the bus a. b. c. d.

DAC- digital to analog converter

Digital-to-Analog Converter. converts electronic signal from scan controller into an analog or continous waveform.

A ____________________ performs the reverse transformation excepting a stream of a bits representing sound samples and generating a continuous electrical signal that can be amplified and routed to a speaker

Digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

The two most widely used video controller IDL's are __________ and __________

Direct3D, OpenGL

plasma display

Display that uses gas plasma technology to sandwich a layer of gas between two glass plates.

____ is a process that generates color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern. a. dithering b. Banding c. Retracting d. Merging

Dithering

A ____________ moves a print head containing a matrix of pins over the paper

Dot matrix printer

In the United States, resolution is generally stated in _____________ with a dot equivalent to a pixel.

Dots per inch (dpi)

stack

During interrupt processing, register values of a suspended process are held on the _____.

Continuous speech is a series of nonstop interconnected phonemes. (t/f)

False

laser printer

Electrostatic printer that focuses a laser beam to form images that are transferred to paper electro-statically

Storage

Examples of a(n) _____ bus include SATA and SCSI.

TRUE

Examples of external I/O buses include USB and FireWire.

A(n) ______ bus, such as a Universal serial Bus, connects one or more external devices to the system bus

External I/O

A buffer for an I/O device is typically implemented on the sending computer.

FALSE

One way to limit wait states is to use an SDRAM cache between the CPU and SRAM primary storage

FALSE

Secondary storage devices are much faster than the system bus

FALSE

The CPU communicates with a peripheral device by moving data to or from an I/O port's dedicated bus.

FALSE

Modern video monitors, often called _________________ use a wide variety of technologies to generate displays.

Flat panel displays

A collection of characters of similar style and appearance is called a _____

Font

Common bitmap compression formats include ________ and ___________ for still images and moving picture expert group (MPEG)

Graphics interchange format (GIF), joint photo graphic experts group (JPEG)

A _______ Display can display black, white and mini shades of gray in between.

Grayscale

phonemes

Human speech consists of a series of sounds called _____. roughly corresponding to the sounds of each letter of the alphabet.

If the CPU is idle while a device completes an access request, the CPU cycles that could have been (but weren't) devoted to instruction execution are called ____. a. I/O channels b. I/O hooks c. I/O wait states d. I/O peers

I.O wait states

______ ports enable the CPU and bus to interact with a keyboard in the same way they interact with a disk drive or video display

I/O

A(n) ____ is a communication pathway from the CPU to a peripheral device. a. connection port b. I/O port c. device port d. block port

I/O port

Dithering

If a particular output device (monitor, web page, etc.) cannot display colors within the assigned color profile, a process called dithering peppers in pixels of similar colors to replace the colors that cannot be displayed

An _________ addresses both drawbacks by storing images compactly

Image description language (IDL)

FALSE

Impact technology began with dot matrix printers.

Printer technology can be classified into three common types:

Impact, inkjet, laser

multicore

In _____ architecture, multiple CPUs and cache memory are embedded on a single chip.

TRUE

In a computer system, the saved register values are sometimes called the machine state.

refresh cycle

In dynamic RAM, the period during which circuitry supplies fresh infusions of power automatically; read and write operations can't be performed during this cycle. Also refers to the transfer of a full screen of data from the display generator to the monnitor

vector

In graphics a line segment with a specific angle and length in relation to a point of origin; also refers a one dimensional array

dots per inch

In the United States, resolution is generally stated in _____.

peer-to-peer bus

In this arrangement, any device can assume control of the bus or act as a bus master for transfers to any other device.

scaling up

Increasing computer processing power to meet computing demands

A modern large format printer is a _____ printer that can print on wider than normal rolls of paper. a. impact b. dye sublimation c. inkjet d. laser

Inkjet

An _____________ places liquid ink directly onto paper

Inkjet printer

OpenGL

Is an alternative standard to DirectX that is used by some applications. Often used in game to create 2D and 3D effects.

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group is an image file format that supports millions of colors and works for photographs and other images with continuous tones.

They use an integrated microprocessor, called a ____________ to generate bitstream outputs

Keyboard controller

plotter

Kind of printer used to produce high-quality drawings such as maps and circuit diagrams.

Data, address, and command bits are transmitted across PCI bus line subsets called "____."

LANES

Modern ________ displays achieve high-quality color display with organic compounds. a. LCD b. TFT c. CRT d. LED

LED

With ____ compression, data inputs that are compressed and then decompressed are different from, but still similar to, the original input

LOSSY

The term plotter has faded in favor of the more descriptive term ____________.

Large-format printer

TRUE

MPEG standards address recording and encoding for both audio and video data.

Displays based on ___________ are a more recent entrant to the flat panel display market

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

A ____ contains a matrix of liquid crystals sandwiched between two polarizing filter panels that block all light except light approaching from a specific angle. a. Liquid Crystal Display b. CRT c. Light Emitting Diode d. Plasma

Liquid Crystal Display

A ________________ contains an matrix of liquid crystal sandwiched between two polarizing filter panels that block all light except light approaching from a specific angle

Liquid crystal display (LCD)

______ compression is required in many applications, such as accounting records, executable programs, and most stored documents

Lossless

______ compression is usually applied only to audio and video data because the human brain tolerates missing audio and video data and can usually "fill in the blanks"

Lossy

read operations

Most performance benefits of a cache occur during _____.

FALSE

Moving image quality improves as the number of frames per second (fps) decreases.

______ is a more traditional approach to multiprocessing that uses two or more processors on a single motherboard or set of interconnected motherboards

Multiple-Processor Architecture

____ is a cost-effective approach to computer system design when a single computer runs many different application programs or services. a. Partial execution architecture b. Multipath architecture c. Multicore architecture d. Multiple-processor architecture

Multiple-processor architecture

____ is a standard for storing and transporting control information between computers and electronic musical instruments. a. Musical Interconnection Digital Interface b. Musical Instrument Digital Interface c. Instrument Digital Interface d. Musical Interface Digital Interconnection

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

_________ is a standard for storing and transporting control information between computers and electronic musical instruments.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

Data is encoded in patterns of small black and white blocks surrounded by vertical bars marking the left and right boundaries.

PDF417 format

Resolution

Number of pixels/dots per square of area

TRUE

OLED displays combine many of the best features of LCD and plasma displays.

An ______________ generates bitmap representations of printed images

Optical scanner

Modern LED displays often called ______________ displays achieve high-quality color display with organic compounds

Organic LED (OLED)

____ devices combine optical scanning technology with a special purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content. a. Optical image recognition b. Optical character reproduction c. Optical image resolution d. Optical character recognition

Optical character recognition

____________ Devices combine optical scanning or digital camera technology with a special purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content

Optical character recognition (OCR)

TRUE

PCIe buses can provide multiple lanes, and the cost increases with the number of lanes.

Light reflected from a mark, a symbol, or an object is reflected into a ___________

Photosensor

And each sale in the matrix represents one part of an image called a ________ (shortened form of picture element)

Pixel

Each cell in the matrix representing one part of a digital image is called a ____. a. dot b. block c. bubble d. pixel

Pixel

____ displays use excited gas and phosphors to generate colored light. a. light emitting diode b. Plasma c. thin film transmission d. liquid crystal

Plasma

In a ______________, each pixel contains a gas that emits ultraviolet light when electricity is applied

Plasma display

The ______ distributes electrical power to directly attached devices or their device controllers

Power Bus

large-format printer

Printer that uses ink-jet technology, but on a much larger scale, to create photo-realistic-quality color prints.

DSP- digital signal processing

Processes used to alter sound in its digital form.

push

Push data from the registers to the stack to process an interrupt

______________ or another example of 2D barcodes

Quick response codes (QR)

The phrase ____ describes approaches to increasing processing and other computer system power by using larger and more powerful computers

SCALING UP

As single bits are transferred over the wireless connection, they're added to the buffer in ______ order

Sequential

half-toning

Simulating shades of gray by dithering black and white dots. See also dithering.

General purpose audio hardware can be integrated on a computer or cell phone motherboard or packaged has an expansion car that connects to the system bus (commonly called a _____________)

Sound card

TRUE

Sound varies by frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness).

Most current speech recognition systems are ___________ which means they are trained to recognize the sounds of individual human speakers with acceptable accuracy

Speaker dependent

____ is the process of recognizing and responding to the meaning embedded in spoken words, phrases, or sentences. a. Natural recognition b. Text recognition c. Speech recognition d. Pattern recognition

Speech recognition

vocal sounds are stored in the system with

Speech synthesis

A special-purpose register called the ______ always points to the next empty address in the stack and is incremented or decremented automatically each time the stack is pushed or popped

Stack Pointer

linear address space

The CPU and bus normally view and storage device as a(n) _____, ignoring the device's physical storage organization.

bus protocol

The _____ defines the format, content, and timing of data, memory addresses, and control messages sent across the bus.

stack pointer

The _____ is a special-purpose register that always points to the next empty address in the stack. a. b. c. d.

law of diminishing returns

The _____ states that when multiple resources are required to produce something useful, adding more of a single resource produces fewer benefits.

address bus

The _____ transmits a memory address when primary storage is the sending or receiving device.

control bus

The _____ transmits command, timing, and status signals between devices in a computer system and carries interrupts, command responses, status codes, and similar messages. a. bus clock b. control bus c. data bus d. system bus

capacitance

The ability of a substance or object to hold and electrical charge

system bus

The bus between the CPU and memory on the motherboard. The bus frequency in documentation is called the system speed, such as 400 MHz. Also called the memory bus, front-side bus, local bus, or host bus.

law of diminishing returns

The economic principle stating that when multiple resoucres are required to produce something useful, adding more of single resource produces fewer benefits; can be applied to buffer and cache sizes as well as many other computer components a. law of decreasing returns b. law of diminishing returns

Data Bus

The lines on the system bus that the CPU uses to send and receive data.

OS supervisor

The master interrupt handler program; examines the interrupt code stored in the interrupt register , pulls the memory address, and transfers control to that interrupt handler

TRUE

The memory bus has a much higher data transfer rate than the system bus because of its shorter length, higher clock rate, and (in most computers) large number of parallel communication lines.

machine state

The saved register values of interrupted processes or programs that represent their state before an interrupt.

TRUE

The secondary storage devices for a mainframe could include many different types of storage devices, such as magnetic disks, optical discs, and magnetic tape drives.

machine state

The set of register values stored in the stack while processing an interrupt is also called the _____.

linear address space

The set of sequentially numbered storage locations in a peripheral device; these locations must be converted into a disk's corresponding platter, sector, and track for the CPU to physically access the correct sector.

Compression Ratio

The size of the compressed data divided by the size of the uncompressed data

peripheral devices

There are typically multiple storage and I/O devices connected to a computer, collectively referred to as _____.

CMK (Cyan, Magenta, Black)

Three ink colors

__________ Technology enables a flat panel display to function as both an input and output device

Touchscreen

DMA controller

Under direct memory access, a device called a _____ is attached to the bus and to the main memory.

scan code

Unique code corresponding to each key on the keyboard, sent from the keyboard controller to the CPU.

Up to _____ channels of MIDI data can be sent over the same serial transmission line.

Grayscale

Uses true black, true white, and all shades of gray in between

Line drawings can be described as a _______________ series of concatenated or linked vectors that can be used to construct complex shapes, such as boxes, triangles and the inner and outer lines of the table or spreadsheet

Vector list

The ______ bus improves computer system performance by removing video traffic from the system bus and providing a high-capacity one-way communication channel optimized for video data

Video

The __________ accepts commands and data from the CPU and memory and generates analog or digital video signals, which are transmitted to the monitor.

Video controller

cache hit

When requested data is found in cache

Optical character recognition (OCR)

_____ evices combine optical-scanning technology with a special-purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content.

Flat panel displays

_____ have replaced CRTs because they're thinner, generate higher quality images, and consume less power than CRTs for similar-sized displays.

TRUE

Zip files and archives are examples of lossless compression.

Subtractive colors

_____ are the inverse of the additive colors and are cyan (absence of red), magenta (absence of green), and yellow (absence of blue).

Optical character recognition

_____ devices combine optical-scanning technology with a special-purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content.

A(n) ____________________ matrix display uses one or more transistors for every display pixel.

active

Trackball mouse

an upside down mechanical mouse. Uses less desk space than the traditional mouse.

Pointing devices can be used to enter drawings into a computer system or control the position of a(n) ____ on a display device. a. cursor b. marker c. pointer d. arrow

cursor

Subtractive colors

cyan (absence of red), magenta (absence of green) and yellow (absence of blue); (CMY).

CMYK

cyan, magenta, yellow and black represents the primary colors in printing plus a separating inf for black

Lossy Compression

data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. This technique attempts to eliminate redundant information. Used for video and audio files

Processor core

defined as a processing unit with its own control unit, ALU and registers

Data, address, and command bits are transmitted across PCI bus line subsets called "____." a. lanes b. ports c. stripes d. bundles

lanes

Data, address, and command bits are transmitted across PCI bus line subsets called "____." a. lanes b. ports c. stripes d. bundles

lanes

PostScript

language for representing and transmitting complex images and display contents.

A(n) ____ operates with an electrical charge and the attraction of ink to this charge.

laser printer

A ______________ scans for light or dark marks at specific locations on a page.

mark sensor

Dots per inch

measure of print or display resolution (pixel density).

____ is a family of bus standards found in nearly all small and midrange computers and many larger ones. a. Peripheral Component Interface b. Peripheral Connection Interface c. Peripheral Component Interconnect d. Peripheral Component Interchange

peripheral component interconnect

32. There are typically multiple storages and I/O devices connected to a computer, collectively referred to as ____. a. core devices b. peripheral devices c. perimeter devices d. companion devices

peripheral devices

The ____ of a display is the number of pixels displayed per linear measurement unit. a. pitch b. accuracy c. resolution d. refinement

resolution

____ is an approach that partitions processing and other tasks among multiple computer systems. a. Scaling up b. Scaling down c. Scaling out d. Scaling in

scaling out

Most current speech-recognition systems are __________________, which means they must be trained to recognize the sounds of human speakers. a. speaker independent b. speaker dependent c. speaker neutral d. speaker attuned

speaker dependent

______________ is a process of recognizing and responding to the meaning embedded in spoken words, phrases, or sentences

speech recognition

Capacitance

the ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges

Mismatches in data transfer rate and data transfer unit size are addressed in part by ______, which consumes substantial CPU resources

Interrupt Processing

A portion of the CPU, separate from the components that fetch and execute instructions, monitors the bus continuously for interrupt signals and copies them to a(n) ______

Interrupt Register

cache miss

An access to data that isn't stored in the cache a. b. c. d.

And a computer system sound generation and recognition are used for many purposes such as the following

-General purpose sound output such as warning status indicators and music -General purpose sound and put such as digital recording a voice email messages -Voice command input -speech recognition -Speech generation

Optical input devices can be classified into two broad categories

-Mark & pattern sensors - image capture devices

Level One Cache

-Memory closest to CPU -Fastest -Smallest

Level Two Cache

-Memory next closest to CPU -Half the speed of L1

More elaborate cards might include the following:

-Multi channel surroundsound such as Dolby 5.1 -A general purpose musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) synthesizer -MIDI input and output jacks -A more powerful amplifier to accommodate larger speakers and generate more volume

Although the process of speech recognition is simple conceptually a number of factors complicated including the following

-speech variability -phoneme transitions and combinations -real-time processing

The MIDI standard to find the serial communication channel and a standard set of 1 to 3 byte commands for performing these task

-turn notes on and off -modulate pitch -mimic musical instrument controls such as a piano sustain pedal -select specific instruments or artificial sounds

PDF417 bar codes can hold around ________ of data a. 1 KB b. 1 MB c. 1 GB d. 1 TB

1 KB

Up to ___ channels of MIDI data can be sent over the same serial transmission line a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 32

scan code

A 1 or 2 byte stat element generated by a keyboard controller; represents a specific keyboard event

bus master

A device attached to a bus that can intimate a data transfer operation or send a command to another device; it controls all access to the bus

DMA controller

A device attached to the system bus and main memory that manages data transfers, freeing the CPU to execute instruction a. b. c. d.

video controller

A device connected to the system bus ( or a dedicated video bus) that accepts commands and data from the CPU and generates analog or digital video signals which are transmitted to the monitor

video controller

A device connected to the system bus (or a dedicated video bus) that accepts commands and data from the CPU and generates analog or digital video signals, which are transmitted to the monitor.

interrupt code

A numerical value of an interrupt, indicating the type of event that has occurred; usually equivalent to the bus port number of the peripheral devices sending the interrupt a. interrupt handlers b. interrupt code c. interrupt registers d. interrupt

light emitting diode

A video display technology that uses phosphorescent compounds to produce red, green, and blue light

cursor

A representation on the screen of the mouse pointer location.

cache miss

A request for data from the cache that cannot be filled because the data is not present in the cache.

stack

A reserved area of primary storage accessed on a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis; this mechanism enables a program suspended by an interrupt to resume execution in exactly the same state as before an interruption.

interrupt

A signal sent to the CPU over the control bus that some event requires it to execute a specific program or processes; used to prevent inefficiency caused by I/O wait states a. interrupt handlers b. interrupt code c. interrupt registers d. interrupt

bus arbitration unit

A simple processor attached to a peer-to-peer bus that decides which devices must wait when multiple devices want to become a bus master.

liquid crystal display

A video display device containing liquid crystals sandwiched between two polarizing filter panels; the crystals change from opaque to transparent when and electrical charge is applied

plasma display

A video display device that uses an active matrix display and generates light by applying an electrical charge to neon gas

plotter

A(n) _____ is a printer that generates line drawings no wide sheets or rolls of paper.

interrupt handler

A(n) _____ is a program stored in a separate part of primary storage to process a specific interrupt.

cache controller

A(n) _____ is a special-purpose processor dedicated to managing cache content.

then film transistor (TFT)

A(n) _____ is a transistor embedded within a device such as a display surface and constructed using semiconductor fabrication technology.

cache

A(n) _____ is an area of fast memory where data held in a storage device is prefetched in anticipation of future requests for the data. a. RAM b. Register c. cache d. fetcher

cathode ray tube (CRT)

A(n) _____ is an enclosed glass vacuum tube with an electron gun in the rear that generates a stream of electrons focused in a narrow beam toward the tube's front surface.

refresh cycle

A(n) _____ is each transfer of a full screen of data from the display generator to the monitor.

dot matrix printer

A(n) _____ moves a print head containing a matrix of pins over the paper.

laser printer

A(n) _____ operates with an electrical charge and the attraction of ink to this charge.

digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

A(n) _____ performs the reverse transformation, accepting a stream of bits representing sound samples and generating a continuous electrical signal that can be amplified and routed to a speaker.

mark sensor

A(n) _____ scans for light or dark marks at specific locations on a page.

active matrix display

A(n) _____ uses one or more transistors for every pixel.

Video Display Terminal (VDT)

A(n) _____ was the first computer video display devices, introduced in the 1960's consisted of an integrated keyboard and TV screen.

active matrix display

AN LCD that uses one or more transistors for every pixel

Modern LCD's use an _________ with one or more transistors for every pixel

Active matrix display

Video display colors are called _____________ and their invert colors are called _____________

Additive colors, subjective colors

level 1 cache

An SRAM cache between the CPU and SDRAM primary storage, used to limit wait states, L1 is closest to the CPU a. level 2 cache b. level 1 cache c. level 3 cache d. level 0 cache

level 2 cache

An SRAM cache between the CPU and SDRAM primary storage, used to limit wait states; the L2 cache is the next level away from the CPU a. level 2 cache b. level 1 cache c. level 3 cache d. level 0 cache

level 3 cache

An SRAM cache between the CPU and SDRAM primary storage, used to limit wait states; the L3 cache is the farthest level away from the CPU a. level 2 cache b. level 1 cache c. level 3 cache d. level 0 cache

cache hit

An access to data already contained in the cache a. b. c. d.

decompression algorithm

An algorithm that restores compressed data to its original or nearly original state.

scaling out

An approach to increasing processing and other computer system power by partitioning processing and other tasks among multiple computer systems; examples include clusters and grids.

scaling out

An approach to increasing processing and other computer system power by partitioning processing and other tasks amount multiple computer systems examples include clusters and grids a. scaling in b. scaling down c. scaling out d. scaling up

cache

An area of high-speed memory (usually RAM) for storage device accesses that improves the performance of read and write operation a. b. c. d.

A __________________ detect specific patterns of bars or boxes.

Bar-code scanner

FALSE

Continous speech is a series of nonstop interconnected phonemes.

bus slave

Devices that must go through the bus master for access to the bus.

scanning laser

Devices that sweep a narrow laser beam back and forth across bar codes. See also bar-code scanner.

scanning laser

Devices that weep a narrow laser beam back an forth across bar codes

TRUE

Devices with low data transfer demand can use a single lane, and devices with higher requirements can increase their available data transfer rate by using additional lanes.

Microprocessors specialized for processing continuous streams of audio or graphical data

Digital signal processors (DSP)

Until the 2000s, system buses were always constructed with serial electrical lines.

FALSE

A buffer for an I/O device is typically implemented on the sending computer (t/f)

False

A buffer for an I/O device is typically implemented on the sending computer FALSE

False

A full-featured 64-bit CPU, even one with multiple ALUs and pipelined processing, typically requires fewer than 50 million transistors (t/f)

False

A full-featured 64-bit CPU, even one with multiple ALUs and pipelined processing, typically requires fewer than 50 million transistors FALSE

False

A monochrome display can display black, white, and many shades of gray in between, so it requires 8 bits per pixel (t/f)

False

Error rates of 1-2% are common using OCR software with mixed-font text and even higher with handwritten text. (t/f)

False

For people and computers, a printed character must exactly match a specific pixel map to be recognizable (t/f)

False

For sound reproduction that sounds natural to people, frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 KHz must be sampled at least 96,000 times per second. (t/f)

False

Moving image quality improves as the number of frames per second (fps) decreases. (t/f)

False

Multiple-processor architecture is not common in workstations (t/f)

False

Multiple-processor architecture is not common in workstations FALSE

False

One way to limit wait states is to use an SDRAM cache between the CPU and SRAM primary storage (t/f)

False

One way to limit wait states is to use an SDRAM cache between the CPU and SRAM primary storage FALSE

False

Peer-to-peer bus protocols are substantially less complex but more expensive than master-slave bus protocols (t/f)

False

Peer-to-peer bus protocols are substantially less complex but more expensive than master-slave bus protocols FALSE

False

Performance is improved if storage and I/O devices can transmit data between themselves with explicit CPU involvement (t/f)

False

Performance is improved if storage and I/O devices can transmit data between themselves with explicit CPU involvement FALSE

False

Reducing the size of stored or transmitted data can improve performance whenever there's a dearth of processing power (t/f)

False

Reducing the size of stored or transmitted data can improve performance whenever there's a dearth of processing power FALSE

False

Secondary storage devices are much faster than the system bus (t/f)

False

The CPU communicates with a peripheral device by moving data to or from an I/O port's dedicated bus (t/f)

False

The largest computational problems, such as those encountered in modeling three-dimensional physical phenomena, can be solved by a single computer as long as it has enough computing resources (t/f)

False

The largest computational problems, such as those encountered in modeling three-dimensional physical phenomena, can be solved by a single computer as long as it has enough computing resources FALSE

False

A(n) ____ is a communication pathway from the CPU to a peripheral device. a. connection port b. I/O port c. device port d. block port

I/O port

FALSE

IDLs are a simple form of compression.

The main goal of buffering and caching is to ____.

IMPROVE OVERAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

I/O wait states

Idle processor cycles consumed while waiting for secondary storage or I/O devices to complete access requests.

subtractive colors

In printing the primary colors are generated by using the inverse of the primary color, so cyan is the absence of red, magenta is the absence of green and yellow is the absence of blue

A ________ Display can display one of two colors so it requires only one bit per pixel

Monochrome

In _________ only one frequency can be generated at a time

Monophonic

____ output is only able to generate one frequency (note) at a time. a. Monophonic b. Stereophonic c. Polyphonic d. Monosyllabic

Monophonic

logical accesses

Part of a device controller's function is to translate _____ into physical accesses.

A ________ is a printer that generates line drawings on white sheets or rolls of paper

Plotter

A _____________ is a printer that generates line drawings on wide sheets or rolls of paper a. sublimation d. thermal c. line printer d. plotter

Plotter

Decades ago printers adopted 1/72 of an inch as a standard pixel size called a ______

Point

Newer computers use __________, or multi frequency, sound generation hardware with built-in amplification and high-quality speakers.

Polyphonic

Components of a video controller include display generator circuitry, software stored in ROM, a video processor, and ____. a. secondary storage b. RAM c. display pixels d. font tables

RAM

____ technology etches display pixels and the transistors and traces that control/illuminate them onto a glass substrate. a. CRT b. Backlight c. Neon d. TFT

TFT

__________ Technology etches display pixels and the transistors and traces that control/illuminate them onto a glass substrate. a. CRT b. Neon c. Backlight d. TFT

TFT

Organic LED (OLED)

TFT technology that uses organic molecules that produce an even brighter, easier-to-read display than standard TFT displays.

Many computer system designers rely on ____ to implement disk caching.

THE OS

A system bus connects computer system components, including the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices

TRUE

Both multicore and multiple-processor architectures are examples of scaling up because they increase the power of a single computer system

True

TRUE

The most common display surfaces are paper and flat panel displays.

scaling up

The term _____ describes methods of increasing processing and other computer system power by using larger and more powerful computers. a. Scaling up b. Scaling down c. Scaling out d. Scaling in

bus cycle

The time interval from one bus clock pulse to the next; also the time required to perform one data transfer operation on a bus

bus cycle

The time interval from one bus clock pulse to the next; also the time required to perform one data transfer operation on a bus.

Control Bus

This bus carries command and control signals to and from every other component of a computer.

Bar-code readers are typically used to track large numbers of inventory items, as in grocery store inventory and checkout, package tracking, warehouse inventory control, and zip code routing for postal mail. (t/f)

True

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

When a device controller transfers an entire block of data from its own buffer storage to memory without CPU intervention

cache hit

When a read operation accesses data already contained in the cache, it's called a(n) _____.

cache miss

When the data needed isn't in the cache, the access is called a _____.

PostScript

_____ is an IDL designed many for printed documents, although it can also be used to generate video display outputs.

scaling out

_____ is an approach that partitions processing and othertasks among multiple computer systems.

Video RAM (VRAM)

_____ is different from ordinary RAM because it can be written by the bus interface circuitry or video processor while being read by display generator circuitry.

Chromatic depth

_____ is the number of distinct colors or gray shaes that can be displayed

stack pointer

a CPU register that points to the start of the current stack frame and is used as an index register to access data within the stack frame.

24-bit color

a color display scheme that represents each pixel color as three 8-bit numbers each representing the intensity of an additive or subtractive color; results in chromatic depth of around 16 million colors

I/O port

a communication pathway from the CPU to a peripheral device; in most computers, it's a memory address or a set of contiguous memory addresses, that can be read or written by the CPU and a single peripheral device a. USB port b. I/O port

bus protocol

a communication protocol, used by all devices attached to a bus, that governs the format, content and timing of data memory address and control message sent across the bus a. b. c. d.

lossless compression

a compression algorithm in which data content is unchanged when compressed and then decompressed a. lossy compression b. lossless compression

lossy compression

a compression algorithm in which stat content is altered or lost when compressed and then decompressed; unsually applied to only audio and video a. lossy compression b. lossless compression

Lossless Compression

a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.

optical scanner

a device that reads intensities of reflected light and converts the information to digital signals

grayscale

a display device or encoding method that can display black, white, and shades of gray but no other colors

bus arbitration unit

a simpler processor attached to a peer to peer bus that decides which devices want to become a bus master

video bus

a subsidiary bus that connects only memory and the video display device; improves performance by removing display update traffic from the system bus and providing high -capacity one-way communication channel optimized for video a. system bus b. memory bus c. video bus d. storage bus

storage bus

a subsidiary bus that connects secondary storage devices to the system bus; reduces the length and number of physical connections to the system bus and aggregates the lower data transfer capacity of secondary storage devices to better match the higher capacity of a single system bus connections a. system bus b. memory bus c. video bus d. storage bus

palette

a table of colors used to represent pixel color; the number of bits used to represent each pixel determines the table size

Buffer Memory

a temporary "holding area" for image data waiting to be processed in a camera. It enables a camera to continue capturing new image files without having to shut down while previous image files are processed. Printers also make use of them, which allow you to queue up several pictures at a time while the printer outputs previously queued-up image files.

core

a term describing the logic, computation, and control circuitry of a single CPU a. b. c. d.

PDF417 format

a two dimensional rectangular bar code format with vertical bars marking the left and right edges

quick response code (QR)

a two-dimensional bar code format that's widely used on poster and printed material to provide scannable information to a cell phone app

quick response (QR) code

a two-dimensional bar code that is used to provide easy access to information through a smartphone; also known as quick read code

Pixel

abbreviation for "picture" element. Single unit of data in a graphic image or display surface.

Logical access

access to a storage location within a linear address space.

Cache hit

access to data in a storage device also stored in a cache.

Cache miss

access to data in a storage device that is not also stored in cache.

A(n) ____ detects specific patterns of bars or boxes. a. linear scanner b. dimensional scanner c. image scanner d. bar-code scanner

bar-code scanner

bus arbitration unit

Devices attached to a system bus coordinate and synchronize their activities with a common ____. a. bus clock b. control bus c. data bus d. system bus

bus clock

Devices attached to a system bus coordinate and synchronize their activities with a common ____. a. bus clock b. control bus c. data bus d. system bus

bus clock

When the CPU is the focus of all computer activity, it's also the ____. a. bus clock b. bus master c. bus slave d. bus protocol

bus master

When the CPU is the focus of all computer activity, it's also the ____. a. bus clock b. bus master c. bus slave d. bus protocol

bus master

The ____ governs the format, content, and timing of data, memory addresses, and control messages sent across the bus. a. bus clock b. bus size c. bus protocol d. bus master

bus protocol

The ____ governs the format, content, and timing of data, memory addresses, and control messages sent across the bus. a. bus clock b. bus size c. bus protocol d. bus master

bus protocol

System bus

bus shared by most or all devices in a computer system.

When the CPU is the focus of all computer activity, all other devices are ____. a. bus masters b. bus primates c. bus limiters d. bus slaves

bus slaves

When the CPU is the focus of all computer activity, all other devices are ____. a. bus masters b. bus primates c. bus limiters d. bus slaves

bus slaves

A ____ is a processor that guesses what data will be requested in the near future and loads this data from the storage device into the cache before it's actually requested. a. cache miss b. cache controller c. cache hit d. cache algorithm

cache controller

Hit Ratio (Success Ratio)

cache hit to miss ratio

When the data needed isn't in the cache, the access is called a ____. a. cache hit b. cache fault c. cache miss d. cache pull

cache miss

When the data needed isn't in the cache, the access is called a ____. a. cache hit b. cache fault c. cache miss d. cache pull

cache miss

Touch position sensing in a touch screen is usually based on ____. a. inductance b. capacitance c. flux d. resistance

capacitance

I/O port

communication pathway from the CPU to a peripheral device.

Bus protocol

communication protocol used by all devices attached to a bus. It defines the control signals and other communication parameters of a bus.

____ is a technique that reduces the number of bits used to encode data, such as a file or a stream of video images transmitted across the Internet. a. Compression b. Dispersion c. Randomization d. Coordination

compression

A ____ is a mathematical compression technique implemented as a program. a. compression system b. compression routine c. compression utility d. compression algorithm

compression algorithm

A ____ is a mathematical compression technique implemented as a program. a. compression system b. compression routine c. compression utility d. compression algorithm

compression algorithm

Lossless compression

compression algorithm in which data content is altered or lost when compressed and then decompressed.

The term ____ describes the ratio of data size in bits or bytes before and after compression. a. compression value b. compression efficiency c. compression ratio d. compression value

compression ratio

The term ____ describes the ratio of data size in bits or bytes before and after compression. a. compression value b. compression efficiency c. compression ratio d. compression value

compression ratio

The ____ carries commands, command responses, status codes, and similar messages. a. bus clock b. command bus c. CPU d. control bus

control bus

The ____ carries commands, command responses, status codes, and similar messages. a. bus clock b. command bus c. CPU d. control bus

control bus

I/O channel

device controller dedicated to a mainframe bus port that enables many devices to share access to the port.

Peripheral devices

device on a system bus other than the central processing unit and primary storage.

Plotter

device that generates printed output through the movement of paper and one or more pens.

Bus slave

device that is incapable of acting as a bus master.

A(n) ____ is a microprocessor specialized for processing continuous streams of audio or graphical data. a. electronic signal processor b. digital signal processor c. virtual signal processor d. analog signal processor

digital signal processor

A(n) ____ accepts a stream of bits representing sound samples and generating a continuous electrical signal that can be amplified and routed to a speaker. a. digital-to-analog parser b. digital-to-analog processor c. digital-to-analog converter d. digital-to-analog compiler

digital-to-analog converter

Flat Panel Display

display device that is thin, flat, and lightweight.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

display devices that uses liquid crystals that can be changed from

________ is a process that generates color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern

dithering

A(n) ____________ printer that moves a print head containing a matrix of pins over the paper. a. laser b. dot matrix c. inkjet d. dye sublimation

dot matrix

In the United States, resolution is generally stated in ______. a. pixels per line b. lines per inch c. dots per inch d. dots per millimeter

dots per inch

Dot matrix printer

impact printer that generates printed characters using a matrix of pins and inked ribbon.

The main goal of buffering and caching is to ____. a. control data channels b. improve I/O performance c. improve overall system performance d. reduce system load

improve overall system performance

peer to peer bus

in this arrangement , any device can assume control of the bus or act as a bus mater for transfers to any other device a. mesh bus b. ring bus c. peer to peer bus d. star bus

Phonemes

individual vocal sound comprising a primitive component of human speech.

Mouse

interactive pointing device used to control cursor position and to select objects on a video display.

A(n) ____ operates with an electrical charge and the attraction of ink to this charge. a. inkjet printer b. laser printer c. thermal printer d. impact printer

laser printer

The ____ states that when multiple resources are required to produce something useful, adding more of a single resource produces fewer benefits. a. law of regression b. law of diminishing returns c. law of diminished value d. law of diversity

law of diminishing return

When three cache levels are in use, the cache closest to the CPU is called a ____ cache. a. level zero b. level one c. level two d. level three

level one

When three cache levels are in use, the cache closest to the CPU is called a ____ cache. a. level zero b. level one c. level two d. level three

level one

When three cache levels are in use, the cache farthest from the CPU is called a ____ cache. a. level zero b. level one c. level two d. level three

level three

When three cache levels are in use, the cache farthest from the CPU is called a ____ cache. a. level zero b. level one c. level two d. level three

level three

Passive matrix display

liquid crystal display that shares transistors among rows and columns of pixels.

Active matrix display

liquid crystal or plasma display that uses one or more transistors for every pixel.

Vector list

list of line descriptions used for the input or output of graphic images.

Linear address space

logical view of a secondary storage or I/O device as a sequentially numbered set of storage locations.

With ____ compression, any data input that's compressed and then decompressed is exactly the same as the original input. a. lossy b. lossless c. perfect d. ideal

lossless

With ____ compression, any data input that's compressed and then decompressed is exactly the same as the original input. a. lossy b. lossless c. perfect d. ideal

lossless

With ____ compression, data inputs that are compressed and then decompressed are different from, but still similar to, the original input. a. lossy b. lossless c. universal d. ideal

lossy

With ____ compression, data inputs that are compressed and then decompressed are different from, but still similar to, the original input. a. lossy b. lossless c. universal d. ideal

lossy

Point

measurement unit for font size. One seventy-second of an inch.

In most computers, an I/O port is a ____. a. system address b. memory block c. network device d. memory address

memory address

In most computers, an I/O port is a ____. a. system address b. memory block c. network device d. memory address

memory address

The ____ connects only the CPU and memory. a. storage bus b. local bus c. system bus d. memory bus

memory bus

The ____ connects only the CPU and memory. a. storage bus b. local bus c. system bus d. memory bus

memory bus

The latest trend in high-performance CPU design embeds multiple CPUs and cache memory on a single chip—an approach called ____. a. multiple-processor architecture b. multicore architecture c. multipath architecture d. partial execution architecture

multicore architecture

Font

named set of display formats for printable characters and symbols with a similar appearance or style.

Resolution

number of pixels displayed per linear measurement unit.

Refresh rate

number of times per second a refresh operation occurs on a video display device.

Interrupt code

numerically coded value of an interrupt, indicating the type of event that has occurred.

Supervisor

operating system program that serves as the master interrupt handler.

A(n) ____ generates bitmap representations of printed images. a. optical scanner b. image scanner c. visual scanner d. bar-code scanner

optical scanner

In a ____, any device can assume control of the bus or act as a bus master for transfers to any other device. a. peer-to-peer bus b. star bus c. linear bus d. ring bus

peer-to-peer bus

In a ____, any device can assume control of the bus or act as a bus master for transfers to any other device. a. peer-to-peer bus b. star bus c. linear bus d. ring bus

peer-to-peer bus

Bus cycle

period of time required to perform one data transfer operation on a bus.

There are typically multiple storages and I/O devices connected to a computer, collectively referred to as ____. a. core devices b. peripheral devices c. perimeter devices d. companion devices

peripheral devices

There are typically multiple storages and I/O devices connected to a computer, collectively referred to as ____. a. core devices b. peripheral devices c. perimeter devices d. companion devices

peripheral devices

Human speech consists of a series of sounds called ___________, roughly corresponding to the sounds of each letter of the alphabet. a. phonemes b. homonyms c. cheremes d. visemes

phonemes

One task performed by a storage device controller is translating logical write operations into ____ write operations. a. stack b. bugger c. cache d. physical

physical

One task performed by a storage device controller is translating logical write operations into ____ write operations. a. stack b. bugger c. cache d. physical

physical

Buffer

primary storage that temporarily stores data in transit from a sender to a receiver.

Ink jet printer

printer that produces printed images by placing small drops of liquid ink onto paper.

RGB

red, green, blue; the primary colors for video dislpay

Compression

reduction in data size using a compression algorithm.

Each transfer of a full screen of data from the display generator to the monitor is called a ____________

refresh cycle

The number of refresh cycles per second is normally stated in hertz and called the ____. a. scan rate b. resolution c. pixel depth d. refresh rate

refresh rate

Interrupt register

register in the control unit that stores an interrupt code received over the bus or generated by the central processing unit.

____ is an approach that partitions processing and other tasks among multiple computer systems. a. Scaling up b. Scaling down c. Scaling out d. Scaling in

scaling out

The phrase ____ describes approaches to increasing processing and other computer system power by using larger and more powerful computers. a. scaling out b. scaling up c. scaling down d. scaling wide

scaling up

The phrase ____ describes approaches to increasing processing and other computer system power by using larger and more powerful computers. a. scaling out b. scaling up c. scaling down d. scaling wide

scaling up

When keys are pressed, a keyboard controller generates output called a(n) ____________________.

scan code

Barcode readers use ____that sweep a narrow beam back and forth across the bar code. a. scanning LEDs b. high resolution CCDs c. scanning lasers d. highintensity lamps

scanning lasers

chromatic resoltion

see chromatic depth

Bar Code Scanner

set of dark vertical bars or a two-dimensional pattern of dark squares that encodes numerical data and can be read by a bar code scanner or other optical scanning device.

Palette

set or table of colors used by a video display device or controller.

Interrupt

signal to the CPU that some event requires its attention.

Dithering

simulating continuous color tones using patterns of dots containing a finite set of colors.

half-toning

simulating shades of gray by dithering black and white dots

Most current speech recognition systems are ____, which means they must be "trained" to recognize the sounds of human speakers. a. speaker independent b. speaker dependent c. speaker attuned d. speaker neutral

speaker dependent

A ____ is a reserved area of main memory accessed on a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis. a. stack b. queue c. chain d. heap

stack

A ____ is a reserved area of main memory accessed on a last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis. a. stack b. queue c. chain d. heap

stack

MPEG- moving pictures expert group

standard for compressing digital video; universal standard for digital video

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

standard method of encoding control information for musical instruments and synthesizers.

Peripheral device

storage and I/O devices in a computer, other the CPU and primary storage a. USB device b. I/O device c. external device d. peripheral device

A ____ connects secondary storage devices to the system bus. a. memory bus b. storage bus c. system bus d. local bus

storage bus

A ____ connects secondary storage devices to the system bus. a. memory bus b. storage bus c. system bus d. local bus

storage bus

file cache

system memory allocated to the operating system and used to improve read/write performance for secondary storage devices

Many computer system designers rely on ____ to implement disk caching. a. the OS b. specialized disk controller hardware c. applications d. firmware

the OS

Many computer system designers rely on ____ to implement disk caching. a. the OS b. specialized disk controller hardware c. applications d. firmware

the OS

RGB

the RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors.

power bus

the bus that distributes electrical power to directly attached deivce or their device controllers a. system bus b. power bus c. video bus d. storage bus

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

the capability of specialized software to interpret the actual letters and numbers on a page to create a digital document that can be edited, rather than a flat picture

CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)

the four ink colors used to create most process color printing. subtractive colors

system bus

the internal communication channel connecting all hardware devices a. system bus b. memory bus c. video bus d. storage bus

pop

the process of removing register values from that top of stack and loading them back into the correct registers a. copy b. push c. pop d. duplicate

machine state

the saved register values of interrupted process or programs that represent their state before an interrupt a. cache state b. access state c. machine state d. register state

linear address space

the set of sequentially numbered storage locations in a peripheral device; these locations must be converted into a disk's corresponding platter, sector and track for the CPU to physically access the correct sector a. array address space b. linear address space c. sequential address space d. multiple address space

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