Lampe Launchpads
You are adding specimens to your insect collection and you net what you think is a wasp. When you examine the specimen more closely in the lab, you discover that it is a moth that looks very similar to a wasp. This is an example of a. masting b. Batesian mimicry c. Camouflage d. agility e. Mullerian mimicry
Batesian mimicry
Why do we think that male Neanderthals mated with non-African ancestral Homo sapiens? a. Because both Neanderthal mtDNA sequences and nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool. b. Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not. c. Because neither Neanderthal mtDNA sequences nor nuclear DNA sequences are present in the modern human gene pool. d. Because Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are not.
Because Neanderthal nuclear DNA sequences are present in the human gene pool, and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences are not.
A scientist is studying the distribution of mule deer and notes that they are confined to the western U.S. You could say that she is engaged in the study of: a. molecular biology b. homology c. evolution d. Biogeography
Biogeography
The process whereby fat soluble compounds become more and more concentrated in the tissues of animals as one goes up the trophic pyramid is called: a. acidification b. the ecological footprint c. Eutrophication d. Biomagnification e. Biodegradation
Biomagnification
The latitudinal diversity gradient refers to what pattern of species diversity? a. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at high elevation and lowest at low elevation. b. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the poles and lowest near the equator. c. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at low elevation and lowest at high elevation. d. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles. e. Plants are most diverse near the equator while animals are most diverse toward the poles.
For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles.
What additional information would assist you in determining whether polar bears and grizzlies are different species, based on the biological species concept? I. whether the F1 is fertile II. whether F1 offspring are viable III. the amount of DNA sequence divergence between polar and grizzly bears IV. the geographic distribution of polar and grizzly bears a. I and III only b. II only c. I and II only d. I only e. III and IV only
I and II only
A consequence of how the earth is heated by the sun is that: a. the region around the equator is warm and wet b. none of the answers are correct c. all of the answers are correct d. the areas around 30 degrees north and south latitude tend to be dry e. sea breezes blow on shore during the day and out sea at night
all of the answers are correct
A niche can be defined as: a. the geographic range of a species b. the food that a species eats c. all of the habitat requirements of a particular species d. the place where an organism lives
all of the habitat requirements of a particular species
Homologous structures: a. always perform the same function in different organisms b. are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor c. are not the product of evolutionary forces d. look similar in different organisms but were not inherited from a common ancestor
are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a single species that originated in southern Peru. It now consists of over 1,000 varieties The origin of these varieties is most likely: a. repeated mutation b. natural selection for different microclimates in S. America c. artificial selection by humans for different attractive properties d. unknown since we don't understand where varieties come from
artificial selection by humans for different attractive properties
Ring species such as the greenish warbler complicate the biological species concept because: a. none of these b. ring species comprise populations that are in the process of allopatric speciation. c. at least some of their populations overlap spatially, but individuals in those populations do not interbreed with one another. d. at least some of their populations are reproductively isolated from one another but can still exchange genetic material. e. individuals in at least some populations interbreed with individuals from other species.
at least some of their populations are reproductively isolated from one another but can still exchange genetic material.
Ocean levels are rising due to: a. both thermal expansion and Arctic melting b. All of these cause sea levels to rise c. thermal expansion of seawater d. the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice sheets the melting of the Artic Ocean sea ice e. both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting
both thermal expansion and Antarctic/Greenland melting
How can fossils provide evidence for macroevolutionary processes, such as the divergence of two species from a common ancestor? a. by preserving a large number of organisms present in one place and one time, as is seen in Messel Shale b. by preserving the bones, rather than the soft parts of ancient organisms c. by exhibiting some features of ancestral organisms and some features of more derived organisms d. by providing a complete record of the history of life
by exhibiting some features of ancestral organisms and some features of more derived organisms
An organism that oxidizes H2S to gain energy and utilizes CO2 as a carbon source (to generate carbohydrates) would be classified as a: a. chemoheterotroph. b. chemoautotroph. c. photoautotroph. d. photoheterotroph
chemoautotroph
Among the organisms listed below, which is MOST likely to be fossilized? a. earthworm b. clam c. jellyfish d. house flies
clam
Grey whales in the pacific ocean often have barnacles attached to their skin. The whales seem unaffected, while the barnacles get a place to live that transports them to areas where food is abundant. This kind of species interaction is best described as a. commensualism b. consumption c. facultative mutualism d. obligate mutualism e. competition
commensualism
For the first 2 billion years of its history, Earth's atmosphere lacked (or had very little) oxygen. Which of the following organisms produced much of the oxygen that now makes up the present-day atmosphere of Earth? a. cyanobacteria b. euryarchaeota c. anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria d. hyperthermophiles
cyanobacteria
The study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations over time is called: a. survivorship b. ecology c. island biogeography d. demography
demography
A biologist tells you that there are about 50 white tailed deer per square mile in W. PA. What population data has she shared with you? a. density b. range c. population size d. dispersion
density
A good definition for evolution is: a. descent with modification b. differential reproductive success c. the comparison of structures that are inherited from common ancestors d. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
descent with modification
A good definition for natural selection is: a. differential reproductive success of individuals b. random mutation c. a change in a population over time d. the pattern of the distribution of organisms on earth
differential reproductive success of individuals
In New Mexico, large expanses of black lava create patches of unique habitat. If, in every generation, selection favors the darkest colored pocket mice in those habitats because they are best hidden from predators, this would be an example of: a. disruptional selection. b. stabilizing selection. c. directional selection. d. balancing selection. e. heterozygote advantage.
directional selection
In general, sympatric speciation requires the action of ____________ selection acting against hybrids. a. directional b. disruptive c. artificial d. stabilizing e. ecological
disruptive
Glacier Bay in Alaska is a fjord whose lowlands were covered by glacial ice until around 230 years ago. As the glacier retreated, glacial till was exposed to plant colonization; remarkably (and fortunately for generations of ecologists), the location of the tip of the retreating glacier has been frequently documented since the late 1700's. This means that scientists have been able to develop a detailed timeline of the changes in the plant community, or ____________ in Glacier Bay over time. a. competitive exclusion b. niche divergence c. niche diversification d. ecological succession e. none of these
ecological succession
A drawback of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to: a. All of the answer options are correct. b. polymorphic species. c. extinct and asexual organisms. d. extinct organisms (e.g., fossils). e. asexual organisms such as bacteria.
extinct and asexual organisms.
Five species of ants can be found on aspen sunflowers (Helianthella quinquenervis), which live in wet mountain meadows of the Rocky Mountains. The aspen sunflowers provide nectar to the ants in special structures called extrafloral nectaries. The ants, in turn, protect the sunflowers from other insects. The ants, however, are not found solely on the sunflowers—they can be found tending aphids on other flower species and collecting nectar from other species as well. This, then, is an example of a(n): a. None of the answer options are correct. b. obligate mutualism. c. facultative mutualism. d. obligate antagonism. e. facultative antagonism.
facultative mutualism.
A hypothetical endangered species of wildflower has been reduced to a single small population in a mountain meadow. A rare early spring blizzard kills all but 3 of the remaining plants, one of which has a rare mutation. This is an example of: a. genetic drift. b. natural selection. c. mutation. d. migration. e. non-random mating.
genetic drift
You are surveying biodiversity on a new island chain. You have counted the number of bird species on one island already. The next island is larger and closer to the mainland than the one you have just surveyed. According to the theory of island biogeography, the total number of its bird species should be _____ than on the current island because the rate of immigration to the new island should be _____ and the rate of extinction should be _____. a. smaller; lower; higher b. greater; lower; higher c. greater; higher; lower d. smaller; higher; lower
greater; higher; lower
CO2 is an example of a _________, a gas that is present in the atmosphere and can absorb solar radiation re-emitted from the Earth's surface.
greenhouse gas
Characters that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor are _____; characters that are similar due to convergent evolution are _____. a. analogous; homologous b. homologous; analogous
homologous; analogous
Fitness is a concept that is most closely related to: a. how well an organism survives in its environment b. the length of time that an organism manages to survive c. how many offspring individuals manage to produce d. how often you work out
how many offspring individuals manage to produce
In some large groups of plants, including dandelions, oaks, and willows, the biological species concept is complicated because the process of ____________ allows gene flow to occur between good ____________ that can be easily distinguished based on appearance. a. hybridization; ecological species b. hybridization; morphospecies c. polyploidy; ring species d. polyploidy; evolutionary species e. allopatric speciation; ring species
hybridization; morphospecies
You measure the genetic structure of a population and you notice that there are many more homozygotes of each type that you expect to see based on the measured allele frequencies. What is a good hypothesis to account for these observations? a. migration from another b. genetic drift c. directional natural selection d. inbreeding
inbreeding
You encounter an unknown species of deer where the males are 3 times larger than the females. What kind of phenomenon is likely to be responsible for the size difference between males and females? a. intrasexual selection b. genetic drift c. directional selection d. inbreeding e. intersexual selection
intrasexual selection
An invasive species: a. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity. b. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. c. is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. d. is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem. e. is any species that has been genetically modified by man.
is any non-native species that has been introduced to an ecosystem.
HIV reverse transcriptase is very "sloppy", meaning that it makes many errors as it copies the viral genome. Why is this enzyme so sloppy? a. it was evolved to avoid selection by drugs b. it needs to generate a lot of variation to avoid the immune system c. there is no way for natural selection to make it any less sloppy d. there is no cost to being so sloppy so it is not selected against
it needs to generate a lot of variation to avoid the immune system
How does the level of genetic variation in humans compare to the level of genetic variation in other species? a. about the same as other species b. higher than other species c. lower than other species d. not sure because we have been unable to accurately measure genetic variation in humans and other species
lower than other species
Many mammals can only see shades of gray, not color. If you examine their genomes, however, there are "broken" genes present that encoded color sensitive photoreceptors in the distant past. These broken genes can be thought of as: a.examples of convergent evolution b.examples of unfit structures c. maybe useful for some other purpose d. molecular fossils
molecular fossils
What biological technique has provided evidence used in establishing the eukaryotic superkingdoms? a. bacterial culturing b. molecular sequence comparisons c. the identification of land plants d. visualizing cell shape
molecular sequence comparisons
Cuvier uncovered fossil elephant like species that were eventually called mammoths. What kind of species concept is used to describe fossil species? a. evolutionary species concept b. ecological species concept c. biological species concept d. morphospecies concept
morphospecies concept
The only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is: a. natural selection. b. genetic drift. c. migration. d. mutation. e. All of the answer options are correct.
natural selection
Aerosols are generally considered to be a ___________ forcing. a. negative b. neutral c. positive
negative
Which of the following nutrients is responsible for eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico? a. oxygen b. water c. nitrogen d. potassium e. carbon
nitrogen
Which of the following is NOT an important greenhouse gas? a. water vapor b. carbon dioxide (CO2) c. methane (CH4) d. nitrogen (N2)
nitrogen (N2)
You work on a drug and discover that it is very effective against HIV in the laboratory. A drug company buys it from you and sells it to physicians who begin to give it to patients by itself. Should you be happy about this? a. no, HIV will evolve resistance to my drug under these conditions b. no, there is no way this drug will work the way it did in the lab. c. yes, I will cure HIV d. yes, I am helping patients lower the burden of HIV
no, HIV will evolve resistance to my drug under these conditions
A taxon that does NOT include the last common ancestor of all its members is a _____ group. a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic
polyphyletic
Horses and donkeys can interbreed, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism? a. post-zygotic b. pre-zygotic, ecological separation c. pre-zygotic, temporal separation d. pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation e. post-zygotic, ecological separation
post-zygotic
Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males and females recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? a. pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation b. post-zygotic, ecological separation c. pre-zygotic, ecological separation d. post-zygotic, lock and key e. pre-zygotic, temporal separation
pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation
In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat the tadpoles. Above the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the algae are: a. primary producers. b. tertiary consumers. c. secondary consumers. d. primary consumers. e. detritivores.
primary producers.
A K-strategist will typically: a. produce a few relatively large offspring. b. provide abundant parental care. c. produce a few relatively large offspring and provide abundant parental care. d. produce relatively large offspring. e. produce relatively few offspring.
produce a few relatively large offspring and provide abundant parental care.
In Glacier Bay, one of the first species to colonize a newly exposed area of glacial till is fireweed. You would predict that fireweed is a(n) ____________-selected species. a. r b. K
r
The most species rich terrestrial biome is: a. taiga b. temperate deciduous forest c. rain forest d. tundra e. chaparral
rain forest
The coastal redwood occupies an area 450 miles long and 5-35 miles wide from SW Oregon along the Pacific coast to just south of Monterey, California. What aspect of the population ecology of the coast redwood does this statement describe? a. age structure b.size c. range d. density
range
In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem (population A). Females of another population in the same area lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant (population B). The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. a. decreased speciation rate through resource partitioning b. reduced competition through resource partitioning c. increased speciation rate through resource partitioning d. a larger niche in their natural environment e. reduced competition through sharing a common resource
reduced competition through resource partitioning
Large scale deforestation can add CO2 to the atmosphere mainly by: a. reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material b. causing a lot of erosion c. directly putting carbon in the atmosphere due to burning of plants
reducing the potential carbon sink that is present when plants remove CO2 and make bulk plant material
Darwin noticed that offspring tend to ___________ their parents and that this was _______________. a. differ from, heritable b. differ from, a random process c. resemble, heritable d. resemble, a random process
resemble, heritable
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one state to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Taking this into consideration, what can be said about the energy transferred between levels in a trophic pyramid? a. All the energy necessary for a trophic level is transferred. Because there is less biomass at each trophic level, less energy needs to be transferred. b. Some of the energy is held in one trophic level, and only the energy needed to support the smaller biomass at a higher level is transferred. c. Some of the energy in a trophic level is converted to heat and is unavailable to the next level. d. All the energy is transferred between trophic levels because components that have no energy, that is, light, are used to create the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates. e. Organisms at higher trophic levels only consume the energy they need from lower trophic
Some of the energy in a trophic level is converted to heat and is unavailable to the next level.
The biome of Pittsburgh is best described as: a. Temperate coniferous forest b. Chaparral c. Savannah d. Taiga e. Tundra f. Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate deciduous forest
Which is not a normal part of the nitrogen cycle? a. Nitrification of ammonia to nitrates by bacteria b. Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process c. Denitrification by bacteria to create N2 and nitrogen loss to the atmosphere d. Nitrogen fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms adding nitrogen to the nitrogen cycle. e. Assimilation of nitrates by plants from the soil
Nitrogen fixation by the Haber-Bosch process
To which superkingdom do humans belong? a. Rhizaria b. Opisthokonta c. Excavata d. Archaeplastida e. Alveolata
Opisthokonta
Both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace acknowledged the influence of the economist Thomas Malthus in the development of their ideas about natural selection. Specifically, Malthus' ideas about geometric population growth implied that: a. only the largest and strongest individuals would survive. b. resources in every generation would be limited, so individuals in every generation would have to compete for those resources. c. all of the answer options are correct. d. organisms should have as many offspring as possible. e. organisms should have a few, very fit offspring who can compete for scarce resources.
resources in every generation would be limited, so individuals in every generation would have to compete for those resources.
The short-term carbon cycle is dominated by: a. the weathering of carbon stored in rocks b. precipitation into the deep ocean c. respiration and photosynthesis d. volcanoes
respiration and photosynthesis
The antiviral drug AZT works by: a. preventing the cleavage of viral proproteins into functional proteins b. preventing viral attachment to target cells c. preventing viral integration into the cell's chromosome d. preventing the self-assembly of viral components into functional virions e. stopping viral DNA synthesis
stopping viral DNA synthesis
A high school student in Nepal is accepted to—and eventually attends—college in the United States. His diet changes from one that is rich in vegetables and grains to one that primarily consists of meat and sugars. What will happen to the bacteria living in his intestines? a. Bacteria will no longer inhabit his intestines. b. There will be more Bacteroidetes inhabiting his intestinal tract. c. Nothing will happen; there is no relationship between bacteria in the intestines and diet. d. There will be more Firmicutes inhabiting his intestinal tract.
There will be more Firmicutes inhabiting his intestinal tract.
Autotrophs produce carbohydrates by reducing CO2, whereas heterotrophs synthesize carbohydrates by ingesting smaller preformed organic compounds like glucose. True or False?
True
If the genes used to generate molecular phylogenies were subject to horizontal gene transfer, then they will not reflect the evolutionary history of the organisms in which they occur. True or False?
True
Polar bears arose from a vicariant event. True or False?
True
True or false: Only 10% of the nitrogen added to croplands ends up in food.
True
Rarely, hybridization has occurred between polar bears and grizzlies. The presence of grolars and pizzlies: a. suggests that the time since divergence may not be sufficient for complete reproductive isolation to have occurred. b. suggests that polar and grizzly bears are different species because neither hybrid is like the parent. c. suggests that another glaciation event is needed for polar bears to become another species. d. suggests that polar and grizzly bears are not different species based on the biological species concept. e. suggests that polar and grizzly bears are not different species because there are no barriers to reproduction.
suggests that the time since divergence may not be sufficient for complete reproductive isolation to have occurred.
Living species tend to have related fossil species that can be found in strata of the same geographic area. This is a good description of: a. vestigial traits b. natural selection c. the Law of Superposition d. the Law of Succession
the Law of succession
In a phylogenetic tree, a node or branching point represents: a. the species in the fossil record from which the descendent species diverged. b. one of the descendent species in the phylogeny. c. the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged. d. None of the answer options is correct. e. the ancestral species from which all species in the phylogeny arose
the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged.
AIDS is caused, ultimately, by: a. The destruction of cytotoxic t-cells b. resistance to drugs c. the destruction of helper t-cells d. the destruction of B cells
the destruction of helper t-cells
Two populations of genetically distinct flowers begin to exchange migrants between the populations. If this process continues for a long time, what is the expected outcome? a. each population will evolve to become fit to its environment b. new species will be formed c. each population will remain genetically distinct d. the populations will become genetically homogenized
the populations will become genetically homogenized
Eutrophication describes: a. the increased production of crops using fertilizer. b. the reduction of oxygen in the water as a result of bacterial decomposition. c. the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations. d. the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer that leaves agricultural fields as surface runoff. e. the death and decomposition of algal blooms.
the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations.
The probability that an ancient species will be represented in the fossil record is a function of: a. the properties of the organisms themselves and the environments in which they live. b. All of these choices are correct. c. the properties of the organisms themselves, such as whether or not they make hard skeletons. d. the properties of the environments in which they live, such as whether or not burial was likely. e. the properties of the climate in which they live, such as how warm or cold it was.
the properties of the organisms themselves and the environments in which they live.
In science we prefer parsimonious explanations. This means the explanation should be: a. the simplest one b. the coolest one c. the most complicated one d. the one that seems the most intuitive
the simplest one
The phrase "Modern Synthesis" refers to: a. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and modern DNA sequencing b. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about evolution with Malthus' ideas about population growth. c. the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics. d. All of the answer options are correct. e. the synthesis of Darwin's and Wallace's independently developed ideas about natural selection and adaptation.
the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics.
Which statement is NOT true about robust australopithecines? a. they are probably descendants of the genus Ardipithecus b. they gave rise to the genus Homo. c. they lived concurrently with members of the genus Homo. d. they left no living descendants
they gave rise to the genus Homo.
Some people are resistant to infection with HIV because: a. the virus is destroyed by the innate immune system b. there are no humans that are resistant to HIV infection c. they have mutant alleles of helper T-cell surface proteins that cannot bind the virus d. they already contain antibodies in their blood that inactivate the virus
they have mutant alleles of helper T-cell surface proteins that cannot bind the virus
Horses evolved in N. America. A series of fossils extending back 50 million years have been uncovered that document changes in the horse lineage that extend from small dog-sized species to the large modern domesticated horse. These fossils are best described as: a. special creations b.examples of biogeography c. homologous species d. transitional forms
transitional forms
The lineage that leads from the last common ancestor of chimps and humans to living humans contains all the species in the: a. genus Homo b. tribe Homininae c. family Hominidae d. genus Astralopithecus e. superfamily Hominoidea
tribe Homininae
If you were to sequence HIV virions from an infected person over time, the sequence of those viruses would: a. vary dramatically over time b. be constant throughout the course of infection c. vary only slightly from one time point to the next
vary dramatically over time
How is HIV transmitted? Select all that apply. a. contact with contaminated blood (sharing of needles, transfusion with contaminated blood, etc.) b. Unprotected sexual intercourse c. Sneezing d. Kissing e. Coughing
A and B
Two graduate students are trying to identify new species of bacteria based on the criteria of Ernst Mayr. They are having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly realize that they can't use Mayr's definition of a species for identifying bacteria species. Why not? (Select all that apply.) a. DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species by means of horizontal gene transfer. b. Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis. c. DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species. d. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
A and B
Many human activities influence the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Why? Select all that apply. a. Using fossil fuels to power vehicles releases CO2 into the atmosphere. b. There is no evidence that human activities contribute to atmospheric CO2 levels. c. Logging removes trees that would otherwise use CO2 during photosynthesis. d. Burning vegetation (to make way for croplands) releases CO2 into the atmosphere.
A, C, and D
Where did Homo sapiens originate? a. Middle East b. Asia c. North America d. independently in multiple regions of the world e. Africa
Africa
Which human populations have the HIGHEST levels of genetic variation? a. European populations b. Asian populations c. North and South American populations d. Melanesian populations e. African populations
African populations
How can crop yields be increased? a. converting more land to agricultural fields b. using genetically modified crops that are more resistant to disease c. All of the answer options are correct. d. increasing the use of fertilizers to replenish nutrient-depleted soil e. increasing the use of machinery to harvest crops
All of the answer options are correct.
What are the consequences of increasing crop yields to feed a growing human population? a. loss of biodiversity through conversion of forests and grasslands to agricultural fields b. greater input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels c. decreased biological storage of carbon through deforestation d. eutrophication and dead zones resulting from increased use of fertilizer e. All of the answer options are correct.
All of the answer options are correct.
Imagine that you have a garden full of sunflowers in your backyard. Unfortunately, you don't have much time to tend to the garden. You eventually notice that two small birch trees sprout and begin to grow among the sunflowers. The birch trees are slower growers than the sunflowers, but by the fifth summer they start to shade the sunflowers. The birch trees and the sunflowers are in competition for: a. light. b. All of the responses are correct. c. None of the responses is correct because competition only occurs between members of the same species. d. water. e. nutrients.
All of the responses are correct
Because energy transfer is not 100% efficient across trophic levels, a maximum of about ____________% of energy and biomass available at one trophic level is available at the next. a. 20 b. 1 c. 15 d. 5 e. 10
10
Remember that, in Mendel's garden peas, the yellow gene determines flower color, with the A (yellow) allele dominant to the a (green) allele. In a population of 200 plants, the genotype frequencies are 50% AA, 25% Aa, and 25% aa. What are the allele frequencies? a. 50% A, 25% a b.87.5% A, 12.5% a c. 50% A, 50% a d. 75% A, 25% a e. 62.5% A, 37.5% a
62.5% A, 37.5% a
In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of the dominant A (yellow flower) allele is 80%. Let p represent the frequency of the A allele and q represent the frequency of the a allele. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the genotype frequencies? a. 80% AA, 10% Aa, 10% aa b. 50% AA, 25% Aa, 25% aa c. 16% AA, 40% Aa, 44% aa d. 64% AA, 32% Aa, 4% aa e. 75% AA, 15% Aa, 10% aa
64% AA, 32% Aa, 4% aa
What is the approximate size of the human population today? a. 25 billion people b. 2 billion people c. 5 billion people d. 10 billion people e. 7 billion people
7 billion people
Gibbons and orangutans are from Asia. Gorillas and chimpanzees are from Africa. How was Charles Darwin able to hypothesize that humans evolved in Africa? a. He understood that humans and great apes were closely related. b. He understood that humans and gorillas/chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and orangutans based on anatomical criteria. c. He understood that humans and orangutans are more closely related than humans and gorillas based on anatomical criteria.
He understood that humans and gorillas/chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and orangutans based on anatomical criteria.
In the 1940s, biologist Adolph Murie studied survival in Dall sheep in what is now Denali National Park in Alaska. He found that Dall sheep that survive their first year of life have a high probability of surviving until they are around 9 years old; after that, they rapidly become easy prey for wolves and die at a very high rate. This pattern BEST fits a Type _____ survivorship curve. a. I b. II c. III
I
What does it mean to say that an allele is "fixed" in the population? a. It is an indication of low genetic variation at that locus in the population. b. It has been repaired by typical mechanisms in the cell. c. It is an indication of high genetic variation at that locus in the population. d. It is an indication of no genetic variation at that locus in the population. e. It is an indication that locus cannot undergo mutation.
It is an indication of no genetic variation at that locus in the population.
Chloroplasts have an outer and an inner membrane that separate the stroma and thylakoid membrane from the cytoplasm. What is believed to be the origin of the outer membrane of the chloroplast? a. It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of the cyanobacterium. b. It is a nonfunctional remnant resulting from the amplification of the inner membrane of the chloroplast to increase its surface area. c. It is an adaptation of the symbiotic cyanobacteria to protect it from fusing with lysosomes present in the cytoplasm of the ancient "host" cell.
It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of the cyanobacterium.
_____________ first provided evidence for the greenhouse effect. a. Svante Arhennius b. John Tyndall c. Charles Keeling d. Alfred Russell Wallace
John Tyndall
The oldest plant community in Glacier Bay is hemlock-spruce forest. You would predict that hemlock and spruce trees are ____________-selected species. a. r b. K
K
Data have been collected since the 1950's in Hawaii that measure atmospheric CO2 levels. The entire data set is known as the: a. big measurement b. Mauna Kea data c. Keeling Curve d. Sripps data set
Keeling curve
Which country currently has the largest ecological footprint? a. Saudi Arabia b. India c. China d. Kuwait e. United States
Kuwait
