Land Navigation

Types of Terrain Features

- Hill - Ridge - Saddle - Finger - Draw - Valley - Cuts and Fills - Depression - Cliff

Rules for Plotting on a Map

- Plot Points - Starting Point - Plan your route - Find Azimuth - Find your distance on each points > How many steps you walked in 200 meters? > Take 200 meters divide how many steps you counted. Distance of 200 meters = .65 Known Distance from point to point/.65

Land Navigation and Obstacle Bypass by Day or Night

- Selection and Use of Steering Marks - Terrain Association - Dead Reckoning - Combination of Dead Reckoning and Terrain Association - Shifting Techniques - Bypassing Large Obstacles - Deliberate Offset - Night Vision (Use red light at night so ou can see the map, but disadvatage are not being able to see red and brown.) - Check points

Techniques for Using the Lensatic Compass

Center-hold Technique: The advantages of the center-hold technique are that it is fast and easy. It can be used under any visibility conditions without taking off helmet or removing rifle from sling arms. Compass-to-Cheek Technique: The advantages of the compass-to-cheek technique are that it is more accurate than the center-hold technique and is ideal when employing intersection and resection techniques and a more accurate azimuth is required.

Components of a Map

Contours Lines: Imaginary lines on the ground that show elevation. All points on a contour line are at the same elevation. There are three types of contour lines: index, intermediate, and supplementary. Index: Starting at zero elevation, every fifth contour line is a heavier line; these are also normally numbered to show elevation of that index line. Intermediate: Thinner contour lines falling between the index lines are called intermediate contour lines. Supplementary: These are dashed contour lines used where there is very little change in elevation. Marginal Information: Map intructions are placed around the outer edge of the map: - Sheet Name: A map is namd after the most prominent cultural or geographical feature. Whenever possible, the name of the largest city on the map is used. - Sheet Number: Is used as a reference number for that map sheet. - Series Name: Usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale or the same sheet line designed to cover a particular geographical area. - Scale: A representative fraction that gives you the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the earth's surface. - Series Number: A sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit number (e.g., 1125) or a letter followed by a three or four-digit number (e.g., M556; N3341). - Edition Number: Represents the age of the map in relation to other editions of the same map and the agency responsible for its production. For example, EDITION 5-DMATC indicates the fifth edition prepared by the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. - Index to Boundaries: Which is a miniature of the map, shows the boundaries that occur within the map area, such as county lines and state boundaries. - Adjoining Sheets Diagram: Usually contains nine rectangles, but the number may vary depending on the locations of the adjoining sheets. All represented sheets are identified by their sheet numbers. - Elevation Guide: Is to miniature characterization of the terrain shown. The terrain is shown by bands of elevation (contours), spot elevations, and major drainage deatures. It helps you rapidly identify major land forms. - Declination Diagram: Indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid north, and magnetic north. - Bar Scales: Are used to convert map distance to ground distance. Maps may have three or more bar scales, each in a different unit of measure. - Contour Interval Note:Note states the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines on the map. When supplementary contorus are used, the interval is indicated. - Legend: Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of the more prominent features on the map, such as railroad tracks, buildings, and swamps.

Azimuth

Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line. This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north. Grid to Magnetic (General to Major) > Subtract 9 degree Magnetic to Grid (Major to General) > Add 9 degree

Locate Grid Coordinates on a Map

Grid Lines Vertical Grid Lines Horizontal Grid Lines Grid Squares Basic Map Reading Rule Grid Square Identification

Functions of Lensatic Compass Parts

Inspection Maintenance Limitations Objective Causing Performance Limitation - Metal Objects or Electrical Sources/ Safe Distance in Meters > High tension power lines/ 55 > Field gun, truck or tank/ 18 > Telegraph/telephone wires or barbed wire/ 10 > Machine gun/ 2 > Steel helmet or rifle(Note: Kevlar helmets have no effect)/ .5

Lensatic Compass

Is the most common and simplest instrument for measuring direction. Nomenclature: - Thumb Loop - Cover - Sighting Wire - Bezel Ring - Black Index Line - Compass Dial - Lanyard (Dummy Cord)

Back Azmith

Is the opposite direction of an azimuth. To obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, add 180 degrees if the azimuth is 180 degress or less; or subtract 180 degrees if the azimuth is 180 degrees or more.