Landforms Exam
Which of the following is considered to be a possible mechanism for glacier surges?
basal slip and slight floating of the glacier only
A continuos mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as a
continental glacier
Snow that has a compact, granular structure is known as
firn
The type of glacier that dominated Greenland and Antartica is
ice sheet
Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers
it is concave in shape
The presence of stratified, or sorted, glacial sediment indicates that
it was deposited by glacial meltwater
Which of the following might be expected to occur in either an ash-covered, mountainous, volcanic region following a heavy rain or snow covered,
lahar
Which pedogenic regime is associated with tropical soils?
laterization
A crescent shaped dune with anchoring vegetation is called a
parabolic dune
Based on the discussion in the text, you can conclude that a wadi would make a ___________ campsite because ____________.
poor; flash floods can occur without warning.
Braided streams are characterized by
sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small "channels". and a heavy load in relation to its discharge only.
A dune that is the mountainous giant of at the sandy deserts is called a
star dune
Which of the following may act as a base level? 1. a lake that a river flows into 2. sea level 3. the upper surface of a waterfall 4. all of these 5. a lake that a river flows into and sea level only
...
Alpine glaciers include all of the following except 1) an ice cap. 2) a mountain glacier. 3) a cirque glacier. 4) a valley glacier.
1) an ice cap.
Which of the following dune types is incorrectly matched with the conditions necessary for its formation? 1) barchan - abundant sand 2) transverse - abundant sand 3) parabolic - vegetation controlled 4) crescentic - unidirectional wind
1) barchan - abundant sand INCORRECT
Because Aridisols form in arid environments, they are likely to
1) be very thin and poorly developed. 2) contain little organic matter. 3) contain calcic and salic horizons. Correct 4) All of these.
Which of the following is not an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier?
1) cirque 2) horn 3) drumlin correct 4) col
Which of the following horizon designations is in the correct sequence from the surface to bedrock?1) O, R, C, B, A 2) A, B, C, O, R 3) S, O, I, L 4) O, A, E, B, C, R
O,A,E,B,C,R
Sand on a beach moves in a zigzag pattern when waves strike the beach ___________, and this movement of material is known as ____________.
at an angle; beach drift
Which of the following would not be found along a tectonically active shoreline? 1. sea stacks 2. terraces 3. barrier islands 4. cliffs
barrier islands
sand that extends from a coast into open water is called a
barrier split
If earth did NOT experience endogenic processes, the landscape would
be of very low relief as a result of weathering and erosion in the absence of uplift.
The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as 1. bed load 2. suspended load 3. dissolved load 4. truck load
bed load
John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to
both an imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward and a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley are correct...
The material from which stalactites and other cave formations develop is derived from
calcite that was dissolved from overlying rock as groundwater flowed through it and then precipitated when the water evaporated...
The total possible load a stream can transport is its _______, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its _____________.
capacity; competence
Karst topography is formed primarily by 1. carbonation and solution 2. mass wasting processes 3. oxidation and hydrolysis 4. exfoliation and hydration
carbonation and solution...
Concrete that is buried below the ground will usually weather faster than that above the ground this is because
carbonic acid solution attacks the concrete and water is more abundant in the soil are true...
If you followed a river from its headwaters to the ocean, you would observe the clarity decrease because of
changes in the amount of suspended load and an increase in amount of clay due to weathering of the load and influx of sediment into the river only
Which type of volcano and/or associated volcanic feature tends to be the most explosive and has the steepest slope?
cinder cone
An atoll is approximately ____________ in shape because it forms ___________.
circular; around submerged volcanic islands
As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? 1. gravel 2. sand 3. silt 4. clay
clay
Which of the following statements is true regarding the erosion and transport of clay?
clay is difficult to lift from a surface but is easy to keep suspended in the air.
So-called "sleeper waves" result from
constructive, in-phase interference .
The Great Lakes of North America were created by
continental glaciers that carved deep into pre-existing river valleys, creating troughs, which filled with water.
Minnesota is described as "the land of ten thousand lakes". These lakes were created by
continental glaciers that deposited ice in till plains.
A possible mechanism responsible for the movement of plates within tectonic theory
convection
A plate boundary in which plates re moving toward one another
convergent plate boundary
Which of the following shows the order in which you will encounter the layers of the earth, starting from the center of the earth and working your way to the surface?
core, mantle, crust
Based on tectonic theory the youngest seafloor should (and is) located near which type of tectonic boundary
divergent
A plate boundary in which plates are moving apart
divergent plate boundary
Watersheds are defined by
drainage divides...
which of the following is created by endogenic forces? 1. tornadoes 2. flooding from a thunderstorm 3. earthquakes 4. glaciers
earthquakes...
The E horizon is dominated by __________, whereas the B horizon is dominated by __________.
eluviation; illuviation
The movement of material out of a layer is called ______, whereas the deposition of material in a layer is called _________.
eluviation; illuviation
The largest practical potential source of fresh water in North America is
groundwater...
The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are
held aloft in the stream flow
Chemical weather is greatest under conditions of
higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures
You would expect only slight physical and chemical weathering under conditions of
higher temperature and lower precipitation
Oxisols are __________ and __________.
highly leached; nutrient-poor
In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth
hot and wet
A mixture of decomposed organic matter in soil that is usually dark in color is called
humus
Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process 1) pressure-release jointing 2) hydrolysis 3) salt crystal growth 4) frost wedging
hydrolysis
Which of the following was pulled inward to create the earth's core during the later accretion phase? 1. magnesium 2. silica 3. iron 4. aluminum
iron...
the most abundant element within the earths crust is
iron...
Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape
is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop and is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium only
Exfoliation occurs because
overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture
Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?
parallel...
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is
physical weathering
Beaches are
places along the coast where sediment is in motion
Which pedogenic regime tends to occur in cool, coniferous forests, and results in acidification of the soil?
podzolation
A desert is an area in which
potential evapotranspiration rates exceed actual evapotranspiration rates.
A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________ drainage pattern.
radial...
Horizons are often _________ in color because of ____________.
reddish or yellowish; the minerals they contain are often chemically oxidized.
When overland flow becomes concentrated on an interfluve, it creates small grooves called ___________, which can enlarge to form ___________ if erosion of the slope is not controlled.
rills; gullies...
What size material comprises the dust in a dust storm that extends thousands of feet above the ground?
silts and clays
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
sinkholes...
A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called
soil creep
Texture refers to _____________, whereas structure refers to _____________.
soil particle size; the aggregation of soil particles into "dirt clods"
The leading geological principle that states that "the same physical processes active in the environment today have been operating throughout geologic time" is called....
steady-state equilibrium...
Which of the following is a depositional landform created by glaciation?
stratified drift
A process where two plates converge and force the deser plate to be pushed under the plate of lower density
subduction
The Pacific Rim can be characterized as
tectonically active and emerging
which of the following layers should have the highest concentration of silica? 1. the asthenosphere 2. the lithosphere 3. the crust 4. the core
the crust...
The littoral zone extends inland to
the highest water line that occurs during a storm
What happens to the flow velocity and erosive power of a stream during a high discharge event if levees have been created to confine flow to the channel?
velocity increases because the width does not increase, and the erosive power increases
Rocks that appear pitted and grooved, and sometimes polished smooth by eolian processes, are termed
ventifacts
A sea stack (i.e., an isolated pillar of rock located offshore) is the erosional remnant of a
volcanic neck
Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weather processes is
water
The major erosional force in the desert is
water and fluvial processes
The line of contact between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is known as the
water table...
Which of the following are principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? 1. wave-built terrace 2. barrier split 3. bay barrier 4. wave cut platform
wave-cut platform
A common crescent-shaped dune with horns pointed downwind is called a
barchan dune
A stream becomes graded when
...
Based off the earthquake and volcanic distribution map in your text and our course slides where in the US would you be safest from both earthquakes and volcanoes? 1. Oakland, CA 2. Memphis, TN 3. Jackson Hole, WY 4. Boston, MA 5. Anchorage, AK 6. Seattle, WA
...
If the capacity of a stream is exceeded, ___________ will occur.
...
The construction of a damn across a river is likely to cause _______ upstream and ________ downstream.
...
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to
...
The energy of waves striking a headland that protrudes into the sea is _________ than that which strikes the beaches adjacent to it because__________.
...
The lengths of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern are ___________ and this increases energy __________.
...
Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? 1. the stream will begin to deposit more of its load 2. the amount of aggradation in the channel will increase 3. the amount of bed load transport will decrease 4. the stream will begin to erode its channel and/or banks
...
Which of the following is true of floodplains? 1. they rarely occur in fluvial landscape created by an "old river" 2. they are erosional landforms 3. they often evolve after a stream has ceased downcutting at a significant rate 4. they are the areas of a stream where terraces are present
...
Weathered bedrock or weathered parent material (regolith), excluding the unweathered bedrock itself, is designated the _____________ horizon.
C
Which of the following is not generally true of the basal layer of a glacier?
Crevasses form in this region of the glacier.
Which of the following is not true? 1) Soil erosion is occurring throughout most of the densely inhabited regions of the world. 2) Soil that has eroded could take centuries to be replaced. 3) Loss of soil, combined with exponential population growth, could lead to serious food shortages. 4) Fertilizers can maintain soil fertility and productivity into the distant future-even if the soil is eroding. 5) Both the direct and indirect costs of soil erosion is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars worldwide.
Fertilizers can maintain soil fertility and productivity into the distant future-even if the soil is eroding
Which of the following is correct regarding soil? ) 1)Soil is an inorganic by-product of geological processes. 2) Soil is composed of mineral matter only. 3) Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of both mineral and organic matter. 4) Soil science is called geomorphology.
Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of both mineral and organic matter
Which soil order would tend to occur in the southeastern United States. , with its high temperatures and humid environment?
Ultisols
Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ______-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic ___________-shape.
V; U
Relative to glacial mass balance, which of the following in incorrect?
Worldwide, most glaciers are showing marked net increase in mass at present.
When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and ___________ is formed.
a delta
A pyramidal peak formed in glaciated mountains is
a horn
Horns and cirques are typical features in
a mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers
A yazoo tributary stream cannot join with main river in an area because
a natural levee on the main river prevents joining
The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the
ablation zone
Glacial polish results from
abrasion
the sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called
abrasion
Roches moutons formed as a result of
abrasion on the stoas side and ice plucking on the lee side of a rocky outcrop
A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a
alluvial fan
The entrenchment of a river into its own floodplain produces
alluvial terraces
The zone where positive gains end and losses begin int he glacial mass balance is called
an equilibrium line
A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of
an oxbow lake
The steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the
angle of repose
If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand.
angle of repose and cohesiveness only
Maximum velocity in a stream is found
at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream
As regards the sides of a dune, which of the following is correctly matched?
both leeward- avalanche slope and leeward-angle of response
The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antartica takes _________ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because___________.
both longer;less snow falls per year in polar regions and longer; less melting and refreezing occurs in Antartica
Which of the following tends to occur when an area experiences tectonic uplift in its headwater region?
both. The amount of turbulence will increase and the channel will begin to erode downward at a faster rate
A tarn is a lake in a
cirque
A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a
cirque glacier
Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciation?
cirques
The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed
deflation
Crevasses usually form as a result of
tensional forces
If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that
you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year
A change in a system property that encourages further system change is called
an equilibrium trigger
The high ground that separates one valley from another is known as ___________, and it directs surface water runoff known as _________ toward a stream.
an interfluve; sheet flow...
A terrace is
an uplifted wave-cut platform
A water bearing rock stratum is called a(n)
aquifer...
Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop? 1. high proportion of calcium carbonate in the rock 2. joints in rock of low permeability 3. vegetation 4. arid conditions
arid conditions...
Which of the following is not true? 1) A typical ice age includes periods of warming. 2) During most of Earth's history, the planet has been much cooler than it has been during the last two million years. 3) Modern man and his immediate ancestors (Homo erectus and Homo sapiens) lived during a climate anomaly. 4) We may be living in an interglacial of an ice age
2) During most of Earth's history, the planet has been much cooler than it has been during the last two million years. NOT TRUE
Which of the following is true regarding loess deposits 1) They are principally composed of sands and gravels. 2) They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts. 3) They are found only in the United States. 4) They form only following glacial activity.
2) They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts.TRUE
Which of the following is incorrectly matched 1) cut bank - outer portion of a stream meander 2) point bar - area of substantial erosion 3) aggradation - sediment accumulation in the stream channel 4) braided stream - maze of interconnected channels
2) point bar - area of substantial erosion INCORRECT
The spatial distribution of Earth dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except 1) subtropical high-pressure cells between 15° and 35° N and S latitudes. 2) rain shadows to the lee of mountain ranges. 3) the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ. 4) great distances from moisture-bearing air masses.
3) the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ. EXCEPT THIS ONE
Basal slip is facilitated by 1) regelation. 2) presence of melt water. 3) saturated sediments. 4) All of these.
4) All of these.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding floodplains? 1) They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream. 2) Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank. 3) They are generally low-lying areas. 4) They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls.
4) They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls. INCORRECT
Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure? 1) making a roadcut in the side of a hill 2) increasing the slope angle 3) excessively watering a slope
ALL OF THESE: 1) making a roadcut in the side of a hill 2) increasing the slope angle 3) excessively watering a slope
Landslides occur when
ALL OF THESE: 1) a threshold is reached. 2) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity. 3) driving forces exceed resisting forces. 5) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity and driving forces exceed resisting forces only
Desertification is caused by
ALL OF THESE: poor agricultural practices deforestation global climate change
Terraces can form as a result of
ALL OF THESE: erosion rejuvination uplift
If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of
ALL OF THESE: friction the cohesion of particles to each other inertial resistance of the material
The rate at which rocks weather depends upon 1) the climate of an area. 2) the type of rock. 3) the amount of vegetation in an area. 4) All of these. 5) the climate of an area and the type of rock only.
ALL of these
Which of the following is/are explained by plate tectonic theory? Distribution of earthquakes Location of mountain ranges Distribution of volcanoes All of the above
All of the above
The bulk of ice on earth is in
Greenland and Antartica
At present, which of the soil orders of Soil Taxonomy occupy the most land area in the United States?
Mollisols
Which of the following is true of joints? 1) Joints are small, localized fault planes along which movement occurs. 2) Joints enable more water to move through the ground. 3) Joints enhance the rate of weathering. 4) All of these are true. 5) Only Joints enable more water to move through the ground and Joints enhance the rate of weathering are true.
Only joints enable more water to move through the ground and Joints enhance the rate of weather are true.
Consider the butte shown below, which is made of sedimentary rock. Buttes such as that shown above occur in the western United States, but not in the eastern United States. What could account for this?
The climate is different, and this affects the type of landforms that develop.
Which of the following is true of precipitation in North America? 1. the highest amounts occur in the southwest and midwest 2. the highest amounts occur in the southeast and extreme south 3. the lowest amounts are received in the midwest 4. the lowest amounts are received near hudson bay
The highest amounts occur in the southeast and extreme south...
In respect to mass the earth is considered to be ... 1. none of the above 2. a closed system 3. an open system 4. an isolated system
a closed system...
When a dam and reservoir are constructed, the natural response of the river and its channel gradient come under the control of
a local, or temporary, base level...
Which of the following would act to keep a system in a state of equilibrium? 1. a positive feedback 2. a threshold 3. an equilibruim trigger 4. a negative feedback
a threshold...
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? 1. abrasion- a hydraulic squeeze-and-release action 2. competence- a streams ability to move particles of a specific size 3. capacity- the total possible load that a stream can transport 4- suspended load- fine particles physically held aloft in a stream 5- particles rolled and bounced along a stream bed
abrasion- a hydraulic squeeze and release action
After a threshold is crossed, the landscape
adjusts to a new equilibrium
Excess surface water percolates through the zone of _____________ to reach the zone of ________________ and the water table.
aeration; saturation...
Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following? 1. slope 2. differing rock resistance 3. climatic and hydrologic variability 4. all of these
all of these...
Which of the following is a potential consequence of ground water mining? 1. land subsidence and cracked building foundations 2. compression of the aquifer, resulting in a permanent loss of water storage capacity 3. salt water intrusion 4. all of these 5. land subsidence and cracked building foundations and compression of the aquifer, resulting in a permanent loss of water storage capacity only
all of these...
the hydrologic cycle includes water 1. at the surface of earth and in the oceans 2. in the atmosphere 3. at a depth of up to several kilometers below the surface. 4. all of these 5. at the surface of earth and in the oceans and in the atmosphere only
all of these...
Earth's shape is describe as 1. a true sphere 2. an oblate ellipsoid 3. a disk 4. an ellipse
an ellipse...
Which of the following channel characteristics adjusts in response to changes in energy of flow and sediment load in the channel? 1. channel slope 2. channel width and depth 3. both channel slope and channel width and depth 4. none of these-river channel form is controlled exclusively by the type of rock or sediment through which the river flows
both channel slope and channel width and depth...
Barrier islands make ____________ sites for real estate because _____________.
both poor; they are unstable and often mobile and poor; they can be overrun by storm surges
In order to preserve their beaches, cities located along a coast will often build groins that protrude into the sea What is the result of this practice?
both sediment is deposited on the side of the groin facing into the current, and this results in deposition in the desired location and less sediment is available to areas down shore, so their beaches begin to erode.
As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a stream to erode its bed 1. increases 2. decreases 3. remains constant
decreases
Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion? 1. radial 2. annular 3. deranged 4. dendritic
dendritic...
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? Question options: 1) volcanic eruptions - endogenic 2) tectonic uplift - endogenic 3) heavy rainfall - exogenic 4) weathering and erosion - exogenic 5) denudation - endogenic
denudation-endogenic
Which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern? 1. volcano-radial 2. folded mountain belt- trellis 3.eroded dome- annular 4. topographically disrupted areas- parallel
eroded dome- annular...
Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent
erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer.
A winding hill of sorted sand and gravel deposits is known as a(n) _________ and is deposited by a(n) __________ glacier.
esker; continental
Because rivers constitute such a small percentage of Earth's total water supply, they play a small role in landform change. True or false
false
The suspended load of a stream is the coarser materials that are dragged along the stream bed. True or False
false
earthquakes are only found along plate boundaries
false
Earthquakes are only found along plate boundaries
fasle
All other factors being equal, landscapes of great relief experience
faster rates of landform change than those of low relief
Because the upper regions of a glacier flow ______________ than the base of the glacier, the upper part of the glacier tends to be ____________.
faster; stretched
Drowned glacial valleys are known as
fjords
Natural levees are created during
floods
Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of _____________.
flow through a faulted landscape...
Stream related processes are termed
fluvial...
The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of
frost wedging
The downstream portion of a river
generally is of higher velocity, although it is masked by reduced turbulence
Which pedogenic regime occurs in cool, wet climates in areas of poor drainage, and results in the accumulation of humus-as well as a water saturated layer of gray clay?
gleization
Kettle holes are formed by
ice that melts after having been burred by glacial sediments.
Salinization is likely to occur
in areas of high potential evapotranspiration and low actual evapotranspiration
Consider the equation Q=wdv. According to the equation, if Q (discharge) remains constant, but w and d decrease (as when a channel becomes more narrow and shallow), the velocity will
increase
An increase in turbulence
increases the rivers erosive power
Water enters the soil in a process called ______________, and then moves downward through the soil in a process called ________.
infiltration; percolation...
Which of the following is not true of ground water found between the surface and a depth of 4 km? 1. it is the largest potential freshwater source in the hydrologic cycle. 2. it contains 70 times as much water as all the fresh water lakes in the world 3. it contains water equal to that found in the atmosphere and rivers 4. 75% of the u.s. population derives a portion of its fresh water from this ground water.
it contains water equal to that found in the atmosphere and rivers
In order to protect the City of Galveston, Texas (located on a barrier island) from storm surges, a sea wall was built along the coast of the island. As a result, wave energy that used to dissipate by running up the sandy beach, now runs into a concrete wall and reflects back onto the small beach in front of the sea wall. What do you suppose this process has done to the beach in front of the wall?
it has eroded most of the beach because the wave energy is now directed toward the sea
Which of the following is true regarding an unconfined aquifer? 1. it consists of a permeable sediment layer surrounded by impermeable layers above and below it 2. It is recharged by the downward flow of water under the influence of gravity 3. water cannot migrate into the aquifer through pore spaces directly above it. 4. all of these are true 5. none of these are true.
it is recharged by the downward flow of water under the influence of gravity...
An example of chemical weathering is
karst topography
Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming
karst topography...
Wind is _____________ effective at eroding and transporting materials than other geomorphic agents because its density is _____________ that of other geomorphic agents.
less; less
The A horizon is usually __________ underlying layers because ___________.
lighter than, it contains little humus, but a consideral amount of mineral particles
A roughly equal measure of sand, silt, and clay is called
loam
When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved down shore because
longshore currents
Which of the following types of moraines is not oriented perpendicular to the direction of ice flow?
medial
When two valley glaciers join together, they form a __________ at the point at which they merge.
medial moraine.
Which material or layer should be least dense? 1. continental crust 2. the inner core 3. oceanic crust 4. the asthenosphere
oceanic crust...
The presence of talus slopes indicates that _________ occur and that the area near them is _________ for real estate development.
rock falls, unsafe
Erratics are
rocks that are not native to an area.
Desert landscapes tend to be _________ in appearance because of the __________.
rugged and hard-edged; lack of chemical weathering
Bed load is moved by
saltation and traction only
The ultimate base level is
sea level...
In response to the occurrence of a local base level, 1. a stream continues to operate to reduce its landscape to sea level-the ultimate base level 2. sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity 3. sea level changes 4. this situation never occurs in nature
sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity...
Stream transport involves all of the following except 1. saltation 2. bed load 3. traction 4. sheet flow
sheet flow
Which of the following is not true of artesian wells? 1. they occur in confined aquifers 2. the water in the associated aquifer is under pressure 3. the groundwater will rise above the level of the water table if a well is drilled into the aquifer 4. the potentiometric surface is below the water table
the potentiometric surface is below the water table...
The term "ground water mining" refers to
the removal of ground water at a rate faster than that at which it can be replaced...
Sometimes a river will flow through a structural and topographic high, such as a dome. In order for this to occur, what had to happen?
the river was flowing through the area prior to uplift and the river was able to erode down through the feature as uplift occured...
Soil consistency refers to
the soils resistance to breaking and manipulation under different moisture conditions
Which of the following is not true of tides 1. they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the moon 2. they are complex daily oscillations in sea level 3. they are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins 4. they are influenced by shoreline configuration
they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Moon.
Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because
they produce acids...
The material deposited behind a terminal moraine (i.e., the side on which the ice was located) forms a(n) ________, whereas that deposited in front of the terminal moraine forms a(n)__________.
till plain outwash plain
Drumlins are formed in _____________, and their tapered ends point _____________.
till plains; downstream.
Which types of boundaries will a volcano most likely not form?
transform boundaries
A plate boundary in which plates are sliding laterally past one another
transform plate boundary
The engineers who built the Vaiont Reservoir in Italy should have anticipated the possibility of a __________ because the valley in which the dam was located had hillsides made of sedimentary rock that tilted downslope toward the reservoir.
transitional slide
The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern?
trellis...
Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography?
trellis...
Soil creep is a natural process sometimes related to a freeze-thaw cycle of soil moisture.
true
Stream width, depth, and velocity can all change in response to changes in discharge rates. True or False
true
The meaning of the terms "river" and "stream" sometimes overlap although, in general, the term "river" is reserved for channels of water larger than a stream. true or false
true
The valley and ridge province in the eastern US is an example of a trellis drainage. True or False
true
Which of the following would make the best aquifer? 1. uncemented, loosely compacted clay 2. cemented sand that was highly compacted 3. uncemented sand that is loosely compacted 4. cemented gravel that was loosely compacted at the time of cementation
uncemented sand that is loosely compacted...
The material in a glacial moraine is
unsorted
Till plains refer to
unsorted coarse deposits characterized by low, rolling relief.
Endogenic forces are responsible for ________ and result from ________.
uplift; heat generated within earths interior
The coastal environment is considered to extend seaward
usually to the depths of 60m (200 ft), where storm waves can no longer move sediments
Which of the following is not true of waves of transition? 1. their wavelength increases as they move out of their generating region 2. the orbits of the individual water particles decrease as depth increases 3. waves of transition travel forward and are responsible for breakers 4. waves of transition are responsible for swells 5. the energy in waves of transition propagates through the water.
waves of transition travel forward and are responsible for breakers
As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causing the water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a breaker. These waves are called
waves of translation
The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called
weathering
Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? 1. deposition, erosion, transport, weathering 2. weathering, erosion, deposition, transport 3. weathering, deposition, erosion, transport 4. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
weathering erosion transport deposition
As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens? 1. stream channels narrow, become shallower, and lose velocity. 2. the rate of flow decreases 3. channel width increases but channel depth decreases 4. width depth and velocity all increase
width, depth, and velocity all increase...
