Large Animal Final Lecture
the max volume of medication that should be injected IM at any one site in an average-size horse
15 mL
What is the average gestation period for cattle?
283 days
The normal packed cell volume in a horse ranges from
32% to 52%
The normal pulse rate in sheep and goats is
70 to 90 bpm
When performing a nerve block, a local anesthetic is used. The toxic dose of local anesthetics in horses
13 mg/kg
What size intravenous catheter is used for administration of large volumes of maintenance fluids
14-gauge catheter
To minimize the chances of accidentally entering the carotid artery when giving an intravenous injection into the jugular vein
Access the vein in the cranial half of the jugular groove
Which of the following local anesthetic procedures would not be used for a standing flank laparotomy in cattle?
Cornual nerve block
When placing lateral radiographs of a horse's leg on the view box, the _______ aspect would be toward the ________, and the ________ aspect would toward the __________.
Dorsal, left, caudal, right
Which is the name of the view taken of a horse's right front lower leg when the x-ray beam is directed at a 45° angle from in front of the leg toward the inner aspect of the leg?
Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique
Which of the following statements about rumen fluid collection is true
Rumenocentesis is performed caudal to the xiphoid process and left of ventral midline
Regarding fecal collection in a horse
Sample sizes are similar to those collected in small animals.
Which of the following statements is true?
Sheep and goats rarely give birth to freemartins.
Most standing surgeries in the horse are performed for
Treatment and repair of traumatic injuries
which of the following mastitis tests is performed by the plant receiving the milk shipped from the farm
Wisconsin mastitis test
The intramuscular injection site used the least often in the horse is the
Triceps muscle
when performing abdominocentesis
as little as one drop of fluid is required when collecting samples into a serum tube.
Which of the following diseases is reportable and zoonotic?
brucellosis
When performing venipuncture on the jugular vein in cattle
direct the needle either cranially or caudally
which of the following statements about oral medication administration is not true?
during medication administration, the head should be tilted.
for which of the following viral diseases is a vaccine not available
foot and mouth disease
regarding the use of arthrocentesis to obtain synovial fluid samples
most horses do not require local anesthesia when it is performed on the lower leg
Catheterization of the urinary bladder
poor substitute for cystocentesis of a sterile sample is needed
For which of the following diseases is mucoid diarrhea with flecks of blood the primary clinical sign?
swine dysentary
Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid collection is true
the atlantooccipital space is locted on the dorsal midline, at the level of the wings of the atlas
Which of the following statements is not true?
"Spider lamb syndrome" is contracted by consumption of infective oocytes in cat feces
The normal temperature range in cattle is
100-102.5 F
The normal temperature range in sheep and goats is
101° F to 104° F
If a standing surgery is performed on an elective vs. emergency basis, withhold grain for _______ and water for ________
12 hours, 0 hours
Which of the following statements about Haemonchus contortus infestation is true?
20% of the flock harbors 80% of the worms
When using nasogastric intubation for medication delivery, remember that the stomach capacity of an average 1000-lb horse is ___________, so the maximum amount of fluid given at one dosing should be ________.
4 to 5 gallons, 1 gallon
unless refrigerated, venous blood samples should be run within ___ of drawing the blood
4-6 hours
The normal pulse rate in cattle is
40 to 80 bpm
Which of the following statements regarding the euthanasia of cattle is not true?
A euthanized animal can be sent for rendering without concern over chemical residues
When preparing the patient for general anesthesia
Anticholinergics are not routinely used
All of the following statements about chlamydophilosis are true except
Abortion occurs in the first 2 to 3 weeks of gestation.
When administering oral medications
Adding them to feed can be a highly unreliable method of delivery
Which of the following statements about swine influenza is true?
Affected animals can have fevers up to 108° F
Infestation with the parasite Fasciola hepatica predisposes flocks to which of the following diseases?
Black disease
_______ is the most common way to sterilize an endoscope after use on a patient suspected of an infectious disease.
Cold sterilization
Which of the following statements about artificial insemination in cattle is not true?
Cows observed to be in standing heat are inseminated as soon as possible
The system of raising sheep that would produce a 20 to 40 lb "Easter lamb" is
Fall lambs
Which of the following statements about ruminants under general anesthesia is not true?
Distention of the rumen is preventable.
Which of the following types of castration is bloodless and involves crushing the spermatic cord through the skin without making an incision?
Emasculatome
In embryo transfer, flushing the uterus of the donor is done for the purpose of
Embryo recovery
Which of the following diseases usually is seen in feedlot lambs consuming high-concentrate diets?
Enterotoxemia
Which of the following statements about castration in the horse is true?
Evisceration of the intestines can occur up to 6 days postoperatively.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Have the potential to be nephrotoxic
Which of the following statements about general anesthesia is true?
Hyperthermia is rare
The following statements about butorphanol, used to restrain horses during standing surgery, are true except
Its use with sedative-hypnotics or tranquilizers is optional
With regard to blood pressure during general anesthesia
IV fluids are given at 10 mL/kg/hr for the first hour, then reduced to 5 mL/kg/hr.
If a radiograph is too light
Increase either the kVp or mAs
The following statements about xylazine, used to restrain horses during standing surgery, are true except
Increases GI motility
Orchidectomy in the horse
Is done to curb objectionable stallion-like behavior
Induction with injectable drugs followed by maintenance with injectable drugs
Is used for surgical procedures <1 hour
Which of the following statements about caseous lymphadenitis is true?
It causes abscesses
Regarding compartment syndrome while the horse is under general anesthesia
Its risk can be minimized by keeping the MAP above 70 mm Hg.
With regard to Caslick surgery
It is the most common reproductive surgery performed on female horses
Regarding caudal epidural anesthesia for standing surgery
It never is performed cranial to the first intercoccygeal space.
Because it is less expensive and least toxic, which of the following local anesthetics is used most commonly in farm animals?
Lidocaine
Which of the following local anesthetics has a toxic dose of 13 mg/kg body weight in cattle?
Lidocaine
Regarding the Bier block
Lidocaine without epinephrine (2%) is injected intravenously.
Which of the following statements about urine collection is not true?
Male goats tend to urinate less frequently during breeding season
Which of the following is a true statement?
Microbial samples recovered by endoscopic transtracheal aspiration may not accurately reflect the suspected respiratory disease.
______ is the diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the overall musculoskeletal system of an adult horse.
Nuclear scintigraphy
The most common method of tracheal intubation in a horse is by
Orotracheal intubation
During examination of a male's external genitalia, prolonged penile extension is more likely to occur when using
Phenothiazine-based tranquilizers
A breeding soundness examination of males emphasizes
Physical ability, Vision and conformation
Which of the following statements about exudative epidermitis is true?
Pigs gain immunity as they age
For which of the following diseases are mummification and stillbirth the only indications that a herd is infected?
Porcine parvovirus
in horses, ____ never should be given IV injection
Procaine penicillin G
The following statements about acepromazine, used to restrain horses during standing surgery, are true except
Provides good analgesia
Which of the following statements regarding cryptorchidism is true?
Retained testicles do not produce sperm, but do produce testosterone.
ALARA means
Selecting the lowest possible mA, kVp, and time to achieve the best image
Which of the following statements about recovery from general anesthesia is true?
Supplemental oxygen is delivered at a rate of 15 L/min
Which of the following statements about treating urolithiasis is not true?
Surgical procedures are designed to prevent urolithiasis.
Dye appearing across the back of a cow in standing heat was caused by a
Teaser Animal
Which of the following statements is true about mastitis testing
The California mastitis test is used on individuals to identify which quarters or halves of the udder are infected
Which of the following statements about brucellosis in sheep is not true?
The disease is prevalent in the eastern portions of North America.
All of the following statements about anesthetic maintenance and recovery are true except
The endotracheal tube is removed after the cuff has been deflated.
When placing an intravenous catheter
The insertion site should be as far "upstream" as possible
Which of the following statements about intramuscular injection sites is true?
The lateral cervical muscles are not used for IM injection in show goats.
All of the following statements about castration in sheep and goats are true except
The risk of tetanus following castration with an emasculatome is greater than with an elastrator
Which of the following statements about contagious ecthyma is not true?
The vaccine consists of a modified live virus.
The most common use of endoscopy in equines is
To examine the upper respiratory tract
Which of the following is not a reason to dehorn cattle?
To treat parasitic invasions of the frontal sinus
Dorsolateral-Palmarmedial oblique of the left front fetlock
What is the name of this 45 degrees angled radiography? Answer completely.
A cattle chute that features the ability to open an entire side is advantageous when
an animal collapses
routine tuberculosis testing
an intradermal (ID) injection is given into the caudal tail fold; ID skin testing for allergic reactions is performed in the lateral cervical or flank area.
Among beef cattle breeds, purebred _____ cattle are black and polled.
angus
other than blood, normal body fluids obtained from closed body cavities
are free of bacteria
All of the following statements about intramuscular injections in cattle are true except
because of the costs associated with injection site lesions, the trend is to avoid IM injections into the hindlegs
When choosing a bull for breeding, traits such as birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and scrotal circumference of the bull's prior offspring can be examined. When done without factoring in their degree of heritability, these characteristics are examples of
estimated progeny differences
All of the following statements are true except
hooves on cattle stop growing after 2-3 years, depending on breed
The "triangle" of the lateral cervical area is bordered dorsally by the
nuchal ligament
The single greatest risk from administering general anesthesia to a horse is
recovery
once a cattle's body is secured and the head catch deployed further restraint of the head can be applied most safely using
rope halters
A condition of the hoof wall, often occurring secondary to laminitis, that causes a hollowed-out space containing a mealy substance on the palmar surface of the hoof describes which disease?
seedy toe
When performing a thoacocentesis
signs of iattrogenic pneumothorax include elevated respiratory rate, dyspnea, and cyanosis
which of the following statements about venipuncture in cattle is true?
the large milk veins are inappropriate for venipuncture
