LAS Exam 3

What are three laws (and their dates) that broadened civil rights for Native Americans in the 1960s and 1970s?

1968: Indian Civil Rights Act Indian Self-Determination and Assistance Act of 1975 1978: American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

Approximately how many acres of reservation lands were taken from Native American tribes between the Dawes Act (1887) and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934)?

90 million

Which of the following is an example of a Native American settlement aggregation that Thrush describes from the colonial or early national periods?

A. Algonquian praying towns in Massachusetts B. Spanish missions and encomiendas in California C. The multiethnic native town of Kaskaskia

What kind of artifact was common in the excavations in the Siege Area at the Battle of the Big Hole?

A. Buttons B. Pieces of equipment C. Cartridge cases D. Bullets

Which of the following reflects Lewis Henry Morgan's attitude about the future of Native Americans in the US?

A. He believed that Native Americans would be inevitably replaced by American "civilization"

Which of the following was NOT permissible under California's 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians?

A. Indians could legally be bought and sold as slaves These WERE permissible under law B. Whites could take custody of indigenous children and make them domestic servants. C. Whites could lease Indian prisoners and compel them to labor for them. D. Whites could indenture Indians.

The traqueros were

A. Latino railroad workers who constructed many of America's rail lines

What are some measures that can be used to evaluate whether all Americans enjoy the same access to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"?

A. Life expectancy B. Incarceration rates C. Educational outcomes D. Household wealth

Which of the following was a strategy for the forced assimilation of Native American children in Indian boarding schools?

A. Making children wear Euro-American clothing B. Promoting Christian conversion over native beliefs C. Teaching English and not allowing the use of native languages

Which of the following early California landowners were linked to indigenous slavery or other unfair labor practices involving natives?

A. Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo B. John Sutter C. John Bidwell D. Andrew Kelsey

During the 1800s, which of the following groups was credited with the construction of the Eastern Woodland mounds and earthworks?

A. Native Americans B. Phoenicians C. Israelites

Which of the following statements is true about the well-being of the Native Americans population in the US today?

A. Native Americans have higher infant mortality rates than any group other than African-Americans B. The per capita income of Native Americans living on reservations is less than half of the overall US population's per capita income C. Poverty rates for Native Americans in some US cities are higher than 50% D. The unemployment rate for Native Americans is consistently higher than that of any other group

Which of the following is an area of scholarship that Thrush sees emerging in the field of Native urban history?

A. Native biographies of major American cities B. Native histories of urban spaces beyond the big cities C. Histories of diverse Native urbanities D. Native histories of empire's metropoles

What are six American museums founded before 1900?

Smithsonian Institution Peabody Museum, Harvard American Museum of Natural History Bureau of American Ethnology Field Museum of Natural History Peabody Museum, Yale

What are six states that DeMain mentions as places where Native American votes can influence elections?

Arizona, New Mexico, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, Oklahoma, Montana

Which of the following best describes the work of the American Colonization Society from 1821-1867?

B. Based on the idea that free people of color could never have equal status in the US, it resettled 13,000 African-Americans to Liberia.

Which of the following was NOT one of the main goals of the "new Indian" activists of the early 20th century?

B. Recovery of at least 50% of tribal lands lost in the allotment process

How did the laws of Oregon treat free people of color before the Civil War?

B. The state passed laws banning people of color from entering or living in Oregon.

How were Native Americans represented at the 1893 Columbian Exposition?

B. They were portrayed as bloodthirsty savages

How did US officials approach native hunting among Plains tribes in the late 1800s?

B. They worked to destroy buffalo herds so that tribes would "abandon the chase"

What single artifact provides the best evidence that the indigenous village was attacked?

Cannonball fragments

Who are at least three groups that were once excluded from "white" status but now "fit snugly into the White box" according to Warren and Twine?

Celts, Slavs, Mediterraneans

What are five gold rushes that took place after the one in California in 1849?

Colorado (1859), Idaho (1862), Arizona (1862), Montana (1862), The Black Hills gold rush (1874) in South Dakota and Wyoming

What were the dates of the Native American activism known as the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement?

D. 1969-1978

How many acres of land in Oklahoma were made available to homesteaders in 1889?

D. 2 million

When did the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian open on the Mall in Washington DC?

D. 2004

How many Americans chose to join the Ku Klux Klan during the 1910s and 1920s, when Jim Crow laws were being imposed in the South and anti-immigrant sentiment was common at the national level?

D. 4,000,000-5,000,000

Approximately how many African-Americans left the US South between 1916-1970 in what is called the Great Migration?

D. 6,000,000

Approximately how many acres of collectively held lands were taken from Native American reservations between the passage of the Dawes Act and the Indian Reorganization Act?

D. 90 million

According to Ferguson, when did archaeologists really begin to study African-American sites and contexts?

D. After the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s.

In John Gast's 1872 lithograph American Progress, what are Native Americans doing?

D. Fleeing westward into the darkness along with the buffalo

How did the Supreme Court ruling against Kiowa sovereignty in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock influence the administration of another US-controlled territory?

D. It contributed to arguments over the annexation of the Philippines

What impact did the 1906 Antiquities Act have on Native American cultural heritage?

D. It established that archaeological sites on public land were public resources

How did the Native American population of the United States change from 1950-1990?

D. It grew from 343,400 to 1,959,200

Which Native American activist group coalesced as a street patrol in Minneapolis-St. Paul to protect Native Americans from harassment on city streets?

D. The American Indian Movement

Which of the following has affected the archaeological contexts of the Siege Area at the site of the Battle of the Big Hole?

D. The US Forest Service built a barn and a museum on the site

How did the Page Act (1875) and Angell Treaty (1880) change US immigration policies?

D. They restricted immigration from Asian countries to the US.

What was an incentive that the Dawes Act offered Native Americans who left their reservations?

D. US citizenship

What are three ways that California's 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians promoted the white population's access to unfair labor from the indigenous population?

It legalized white custody of Indian minors, Prisoner leasing, Indenture

How did the 1965 Immigration Act influence present-day diversity in the US?

It no longer privileged European immigrants over people coming from other parts of the world

According to Ferguson, when did African-American archaeology begin in the US, and what are three limitations seen in early archaeological interpretations of African-American life?

late 1960s. Limitations are that papers were written to fulfil contractual agreements, archaeologists have little academic background in African archaeology, and the fact that most archaeologists are white.

How did the indigenous population of California change during the early years of the Gold Rush, from 1845 to 1855?

It fell from 150,000 to 50,000

When did the US end its policy of making treaties with Native American tribes?

1871

When did the Bureau of American Ethnology begin to send researchers to catalog Native American customs?

1873

How did US laws in the 1870s and 1880s work to incentivize Native Americans departing their reservations?

1874 men receiving rations had to perform labor to earn them, not allowing them their cultural lifestyle to support themselves and also giving them a set of skills so that they could leave for better wages- because there's no advantage to staying 1875 Homestead laws were extended to Indians to split them up and away from their tribes, and anyone who left their tribe received citizenship. Boarding schools were even a way to get their families to not take them back.

What are three restrictions to Native American religious freedom from the late 1800s and early 1900s?

1882: US Secretary of the Interior orders an end to "heathenish dances." 1884: Bureau of Indian Affairs publishes "Regulations of the Indian Office": traditional religious participation punishable by 30 days in jail. 1910: Sun Dance outlawed.

What are four indigenous rights organizations founded in the first years of the 20th century?

1911: Society of American Indians founded 1912: Alaska Native Brotherhood founded 1923: American Indian Defense Association founded 1926: National Council of American Indians

What are some problems that Ferguson identifies in the early archaeological investigations of African-American life?

A. Researchers had plenty of data, but no theoretical framing B. Many researchers focused only on artifact frequencies to measure the rate at which people of color picked up "European" traits C. Most archaeologists lacked familiarity with African-American history, especially emerging scholarship. D. Their view of the past was limited by how African-Americans had been represented in (or left out of) American history textbooks

Which of the following was a US government restriction on the free practice of Native American religions in the late 1800s?

A. The 1882 order by the US Secretary of the Interior that native dances no longer be performed. B. The 1884 regulation by the Bureau of Indian Affairs that traditional religious practitioners be punished with 30 days in jail.

Which of the following was involved in studying Native American languages during the 1800s?

A. The American Ethnological Society B. The Smithsonian Institution C. The Bureau of American Ethnology

Which of the following was NOT an indigenous rights organization founded before the Indian Reorganization Act?

A. The American Indian Movement These WERE founded before the Indian Reorganization Act B. The Society of American Indians C. The Alaska Native Brotherhood D. The American Indian Defense Association E. The National Council of American Indians

Which of the following was NOT a 1970s law that broadened civil rights for Native Americans?

A. The Indian Civil Rights Act There WERE laws that broadened civil rights B. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act C. The American Indian Child Welfare Act D. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act

What events took place in 1854 and had a lasting impact on American priorities in the West?

A. The Kansas-Nebraska Act B. The Gadsden Purchase C. The start of the First Sioux War

Which of the following laws has led to a more active engagement with Native American groups over archaeological sites, artifacts, and human remains?

A. The National Historic Preservation Act (1986) B. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (1979) C. The National Museum of the American Indian Act (1989) D. The Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)

Which of the following advocacy groups opposed the Dawes Act and allotment process in the late 1800s?

A. The Women's National Indian Association B. The Indian Rights Association C. The Lake Mohonk Conference of the Friends of the Indian E. None of the above opposed the Dawes Act

Which of the following does NOT appear on the annuity lists of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes?

A. Tin cups B. Coffee grinders C. Guns D. Horse tack E. All of the above appear on the lists

What were some tactics that the Black Codes of 1865-1866 used to try and force emancipated African-Americans to remain in conditions of unfree and unfair labor?

A. Vagrancy laws B. Convict leasing C. Debt peonage

How do the cases of the Big Hole battlefield and the Sand Creek Massacre site illustrate some of the difficulties of reconciling archaeological evidence with oral histories and other documents?

Both groups agree on the sand creek massacre boundary, and the primary elements of the event, but they have different interpretations of the evidence."for some of the tribes the...oral tradition takes precedent over historical and archaeological data in this case." "Where oral tradition diverges from the evidence we explain it as the failure of memory to be passed accurately through 3-5 generations. Thus we accept the ...scientific evidence and emerge with a reasonable and scientifically defensible conclusion. In the Sands Creek case, however, we failed to consider the deep-seated cultural values and meanings placed on the traditional site by traditional Native American religious and cultural practitioners." Notable because for much of the life of society in general such cultural norms taking precedence were the norm, and only recently with the removal from our cultural values in the west has scientific evidence taken its place. It is understandable that people would value oral tradition over impersonal science.

When did the Bureau of American Ethnology begin to send researchers to catalog Native American cultural practices and material culture?

C. 1879

Which of the following sites does Thrush mention as an example of pre-contact "indigenous urbanities"?

C. Cahokia

According to Ferguson, which term best represents the model in which "material things are part of the lexicon of culture while the ways they are made, used, and perceived are part of the grammar or structure"?

C. Creolization

Which of the following was NOT a collector of Native American material culture before the US Civil War?

C. George Heye These WERE collectors before the Civil War A. Thomas Jefferson B. Pierre Eugene du Simitiere D. Charles Willson Peale

Why is the 1998 film Smoke Signals significant?

C. It was the first Native-made film to have a run in US theaters

Which of the following was NOT an element of Grant's assimilation policy in the 1870s?

C. Promotion of tribal constitutions and governing institutions

What is the name of the banking practice that identifies certain neighborhoods as too "hazardous" to risk on home loans?

C. Redlining

What did the Dawes Act of 1887 call for?

C. Survey and individual allotment of Native American lands

Which US government policy is reflected in the 1956 Indian Relocation Act?

C. Termination

Which battle involved the Nez Perce and the US army?

C. The Battle of the Big Hole (1877)

Which of the following museums was NOT founded during the 1800s?

C. The Museum of the American Indian/Heye Foundation These WERE founded in the 1800s A. The Smithsonian Institution B. The Peabody Museum (Harvard) D. The American Museum of Natural History E. The Field Museum of Natural History

How did Native American activism press for greater recognition of indigenous rights during the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement years?

During the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement at least 70 property takeovers occurred, on of most notable is in 1969 college student activists occupied Alcatraz for 18 months John Echohawk founded Native American Rights Fund in 1970 to fight for indigenous groups. 1970 American Indian Student Association and others protested museum policies about the study and display of Native remains. 1978 Longest walk brought attention to repatriation and led to formation of American Indians against Desecration in 1980

Which of the following was the fastest-growing racial category on the 2010 US Census?

E. "Multiracial"

According to the slides, how many human trafficking cases have been reported in Texas since 2007?

E. 2100

How much land did the Sioux lose in 1877 when Congress repealed the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty?

E. 40 million acres

According to Franklin, what percentage of the archaeologists in the Society for American Archaeology identified as "European American" when the organization made a survey of its members in 1994?

E. 98%

When did Americans first begin to collect Native American skulls for race-based studies?

E. Before the Civil War

Which of the following is NOT a state that DeMain mentions as having a Native voting bloc that could influence Senate and Congressional elections?

E. California

Which group was forcibly resettled to a US military encampment in what is call the Long Walk?

E. The Navajo

Which of the following is NOT a region where large areas of Native American lands were lost between 1850 and 1890?

East of the Mississippi River These ARE regions where land was lost A. In the Plains region B. On the West Coast C. In the Southwest E. In the Great Basin

What were three elements of President Grant's policy of Native American assimilation during the 1870s?

Education, Religious conversion, Promotion of agriculture.

How did the non-indigenous population in California change from 1850 to 1890?

It grew from 93,000 to 1.21 million

How do Franklin's observations on the demographics of professional archaeologists in the US relate to Ferguson's criticisms of the interpretation of African-American archaeology?

Franklin says demographics of archaeologists are overwhelmingly white- a problem because archaeology is not an uncritical and impersonal approach, and information is tainted by the internal biases that people from a different (especially white European) ethnicity will almost certainly bring to the table. Ferguson's work agrees, saying that archaeologists are just now beginning to realize how easily they fool themselves into believing their own objectivity. The fact that programs such when Fairbanks began plantation archaeology were done as a response to the civil right's call for greater relevance means they did the bare minimum to that end and did not get people from that background involved to tell their side of the story

How did the political status of Native Americans change from the 1920s to the 1940s?

Indian Citizen Act in the 1920s granted citizenship to noncitizen Indians. Indian Reorganiztion Act ended allotment policy and allowed tribes to establish their own US modeled constitutions. Important because it rejected assimilation in favor of cultural pluralism. New policies strengthened tribal rights. Indian Reorganization Act (1934) restored indian nations sovereign powers over reservation lands and resources AND it made the new law voluntary- Indian perspectives helped shape the final version of the IRA.

What are three ways that Indian boarding schools promoted forced assimilation on Native American children?

Indian boarding schools separated children from their families and imposed new clothing, beliefs, and the English language on them.

Which of the following is an artifact found at the Sand Creek Massacre site that is considered unique to 19th century Native American sites?

Metal arrowheads

How have museums and popular culture promoted the idea that "authentic" Native American culture vanished as frontier territories were conquered?

Museums created an official version of Indian that was not necessarily accurate but was taken as that. It's thought that the indigenous population must disappear in order to be proven authentic because "progress" requires the eradication of earlier peoples. So it follows that no authentic Indian from this frozen piece of time could adapt to modernity. Museums granted scientific authority to this stereotypical authenticity by presenting facts and images of native past frozen in time, insinuating that this world is not one that allows real indians to exist.

What are three federal laws (and their dates) passed between 1966-1990 that significantly changed how Native American archaeological heritage was managed?

National Historic Preservation Act (1966), Archaeological Resources Protection Act (1979) Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)

How early did Americans begin to collect Native American skulls for race-based studies?

Native American burials were being dug to collect skulls by the time of the 1830 Indian Removal Act

Which of the following is NOT a historic gold rush?

Nevada (1865) There WERE historic gold rushes A. California (1849) B. Colorado (1859) D. Montana (1862) E. Black Hills (1874)

How much did the non-indigenous population of California change from 1850 to 1890? How did the indigenous population change in the decade between 1845-1855, when gold was discovered in California?

Non-indigenous: 93,000- 1.21 million Indigenous: 150,000- 50,000

Who are two groups that some Americans argued were the builders of ancient Native American mounds in the Eastern Woodlands?

Phoenicians, Israelites

How did the "Americanization" process advocated by "friends of the Indian" relate to the goals of Native American activists of the late 1800s and early 1900s?

The "friends of the Indians" advocated for the Indians to completely assimilate, meaning the eventual demise of the native way of life. The Native American activists proved that they were both native AND modern. They did this by becoming professionals in fields that previously didn't admit them. They became doctors and other professionals and used their standing to advocate for their tribes, giving them a voice where they didn't previously.

Why is the Navajo Long Walk a significant event in the development of US policies toward Native Americans in the late 1800s?

The important move the US employed was disruption. The military made it impossible for the Navajo to return by destroying their livelihood and forcing them into reservations that did not allow them to support themselves either- they had to be given the means of survival. This, in order to force the natives off the reservations at some point, this reflected the policy of assimilation. To further enforce assimilation they used boarding schools and allocation programs, built the idea of racial and biological inferiority as the reason they were dying.

What are blood quantum rules?

The minimum percentage of "native" blood needed for tribal citizenship

essay How does DeMain describe Native American groups confronting the legacy of termination and relocation?

The real intent of the relocation program was to eliminate natives as a people which clearly leads to anger in those affected. A few tribes have had federal recognition restored and Congress extended recognition to other unrecognized groups. The reversal of termination and end of relocation encouraged growth of tribal communities but this led to other issues. Unemployment is a huge problem. Despite this local entrepreneurship is high and many are getting jobs in professional fields.

Which of the following is an example DeMain gives of the integration of Native American values into government and social welfare policy?

The use of elder and youth councils to mitigate prison sentences

Who were the traqueros, and what contribution did they make to the economic development of the US?

They constructed the infrastructure that would hold the country together economically as the internal frontiers were consolidated

What are five kinds of goods that appear on annuity lists of the supplies the US government was obliged by treaty to pay the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes?

Tin cups, bowls, plates, coffee grinders, coffee pots, kettles, pans, knives, forks, spoons, fleshers, axes, butcher knives, horse tack, guns, lead, and bullets, flour, sugar, salt, dresses So dishes, tools, weapons, food, clothing.

What was the Great Migration, and how many US citizens took part in it?

When African-Americans left the rural south from 1916-1970 facing discrimination and segregation in northern cities. 6 million

What explanation did the 1865 Doolittle Committee use to explain the declining Native American population?

wars with whites. vulnerability to disease. alcohol abuse. Racial inferiority