Late Adulthood

Name three factors that help protect the brain, slow aging, and increase plasticity.

1) exercise 2) nutrition 3) avoiding drugs, including cigarettes

Elderly people with a Urinary Tract Infection may bot present with classic symptoms, and may instead present with what 7 symptoms?

1) incontinence 2) agitation 3) confusion 4) lethargy 5) urinary retention 6) decreased mobility 7) decreased appetite

The brain volume of a typical 80 year old is _____% less than that of a typical 30 year old.

20%

Late adulthood begins at age _____.

65

_____ is the prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age, as if age determines who you are.

Ageism

_____ _____ can be a major or mild Neurocognitive Disorder in which plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex destroy the ability of neurons to communicate with one another, causing severe cognitive loss.

Alzheimer Disease

One theory of aging is the _____ _____ Theory, which states that the cumulative effect of stress and toxins causes cellular damage and eventually death.

Cellular Aging

_____ is common among all Neurocognitive Disorders.

Comorbidity

_____ is a specialized speech style used by younger adults when addressing older adults and includes producing shorter, less complex sentences, using simpler vocabulary, and using repetition.

Elderspeak

_____ is the dominant symptom of Alzheimer Disease, with the _____ memory disappearing first.

Forgetfulness; working

_____ _____ Disorders account for 15% of Neurocognitive Disorders and come in many forms with many different causes.

Frontal Lobe

Frontal Lobe Disorders are also known as _____ _____ _____.

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

The _____ _____ is a mechanism in the DNA of cells that regulates life, growth, and aging, with various genes and alleles that protect and/or hasten aging and death.

Genetic Clock

_____ Theories postulate that _____ "switch on" to cause aging.

Genetic; genes

The fact that healthy cells still stop replicating at a certain point is called the _____ _____.

Hayflick limit

_____ _____ Disorder is caused by an excess of a certain kind of protein dispersed throughout the brain that interferes with communication between neurons.

Lewy Body

Impairment of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease are called _____ _____.

Neurocognitive Disorders

_____ _____ is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity as dopamine-producing neurons degenerate.

Parkinson's Disease

_____ _____, even more than good nutrition and mental exercise, prevents, postpones, and slows cognitive losses of all kinds.

Physical exercise

_____ are clumps of protein found in tissues surrounding neurons.

Plaques

_____ is a situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medications and the interactions of various side effects results in dementia symptoms.

Polypharmacy

_____ _____ refers to the process whereby the side effects of drugs are misdiagnosed as symptoms of another problem resulting in further prescriptions and further side effects and unanticipated drug interactions. This may lead to further misdiagnoses and further symptoms.

Prescribing cascade

_____ _____ encompasses the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all people with the passage of time.

Primary aging

_____ _____ encompasses the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.

Secondary aging

_____ are twisted masses of protein threads within neurons.

Tangles

A series of mini-strokes is called a TIA = _____ _____ _____

Transient Ischemic Attack

Repeated Transient Ischemic Attacks produce _____ _____ (VaD).

Vascular Dementia

One theory of aging is the _____ and _____ Theory, which is the oldest and most general theory, stating that organ reserves and repair processes become exhausted over the decades.

Wear; Tear

The more _____ people in late adulthood are, the more healthy years they will have, the less depressed they will be, and the less their risk of disease.

active

One can reach old age and remain vital by decreasing one's _____ _____ by exercising daily, eating well, not overeating, avoiding drugs including cigarettes, and coping with stress in ways that reduce or eliminate stressors.

allostatic load

In Frontal Lobe Disorders the parts of the brain that regulate emotions (especially the _____) and social behavior (especially the _____ _____) deteriorate.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Cognitive effects can occur with almost any drug, especially those drugs intended to reduce _____ and _____, which often have side effects on memory and reasoning.

anxiety; depression

Malnutrition and dehydration can cause symptoms that seem like _____ disease.

brain

The _____ selects, optimizes, and compensates for aging.

brain

The critical organ of aging is the _____.

brain

Older adults with Parkinson's Disease develop _____ problems sooner than younger adults with PD.

cognitive

Young adults with Parkinson's Disease usually have sufficient _____ _____ to avoid major intellectual loss, with about 1/3 of them experiencing mild impairment.

cognitive reserve

Neurocognitive Disorders become _____ with age, but are abnormal and pathological even in the very old.

common

According to the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, each _____ strategy involves personal _____, societal practices, and technological options.

compensatory; choice

Ageism is insidious and erodes the older person's feelings of _____ leading to self-doubt, which fosters _____, morbidity, and even mortality.

competence; anxiety

Multiple blows to the head, even without _____, can cause CTE = _____ _____ _____

concussions; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Drug interactions can cause _____ and memory loss.

confusion

In late adulthood, the brain slows down and _____ between parts of the brain weaken, thus, it takes longer to _____ what is needed in a particular _____.

connections; understand; situation

In Alzheimer Disease, plaques and tangles proliferate and neurons _____, especially in the _____.

degenerate; hippocampus

The _____ between normal age-related problems, mild Neurocognitive Disorders, and major Neurocognitive Disorders is not clearly defined.

demarcation

The most common reversible condition that is mistaken for a neurocognitive disorder is _____.

depression

Accurate _____ is even more crucial when memory problems do NOT arise from a neurocognitive disorder.

diagnosis

In late adulthood, comprehension becomes more _____ because white and gray matter of the brain are _____, causing reading and conversation _____ to slow down.

difficult; reduced; rates

Day-night circadian rhythms _____ with age, leading people in late adulthood to take a _____ amount of time to fall asleep, wake _____ frequently during the night, wake before _____, and feel sleepy during the day, making them more likely to take _____.

diminish; longer; more; dawn; naps

The progression of Vascular Dementia differs from Alzheimer Disease, but the _____ _____ is similar.

final result

Ageism is a self-_____ _____.

fulfilling prophecy

Alzheimer Disease is partly _____ and most cases begin around age _____, though some people with certain genes can develop quick progressing Alzheimer Disease during _____ adulthood.

genetic; 75; middle

The recommended doses of many drugs are determined primarily by clinical trials with younger adults for whom _____ usually eliminates _____ medication. This is not always the case for elderly people.

homeostasis; excess

Care _____ when it is known that a disease is undermining intellectual capacity.

improves

The main symptom of Lewy Body Disorder is loss of _____.

inhibition

Ageism is _____ in our culture and pervasive in the media, employment, and retirement communities.

institutionalized

The Eriksonian stage in late adulthood is _____ vs. _____.

integrity; despair

The elderly may compensate sexually by finding satisfaction in other forms of physical _____.

intimacy

The memory loss involved in Lewy Body Disorder is _____ dramatic than with Alzheimer Disease.

less

The motor effects of Lewy Body Disorder are _____ severe than those of Parkinson's Disease.

less

The aging digestive system is _____ efficient but needs _____ nutrients and _____ calories.

less; more; fewer

Neurocognitive Disorders may be diagnosed as _____ or _____ depending on the severity of symptoms.

major; mild

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy causes _____ loss and _____ changes.

memory; emotional

Neurocognitive Disorders often involve _____ impairment. Other symptoms vary depending on specifics of brain _____ and context.

memory; loss

Some types of Neurocognitive Disorders begin in _____ age or even earlier and may be caused by Huntington Disease, Multiple _____, severe head injury, syphilis, AIDS, or bovine spongiform _____/mad cow disease.

middle; Sclerosis; encephalitis

Vascular Dementia is _____ common than Alzheimer Disease in those over the age of 90.

more

Lewy Body Disorder results in impairment of both _____ and _____.

movement; cognition

Parkinson's Disease effects _____ long before cognition, but can sometimes lead to _____.

movement; dementia

Brain shrinkage is most evident in particular regions of the _____ including the _____, which stores memories, and the _____ _____, the seat of decision making an planning.

neocortex; hippocampus; prefrontal cortex

New _____ do form during late adulthood, and _____ _____ allows for brains to function well even while aging; however, neither of these processes completely _____ for aging.

neurons; cognitive reserve; compensate

Stroke(s) causes temporary _____ of blood vessels in the brain, and the interruption in blood flow reduces _____, destroying parts of the brain.

obstruction; oxygen

According to gerontologists, the _____-_____ are between the ages of 75 and 85 and have generally suffered some losses in body, mind, or social support, but still proudly care for themselves.

old-old

According to gerontologists, the _____-_____ are over the age of 85 and tend to be dependent on others.

oldest-old

Brain shrinkage and cell loss is particularly notable among the _____-_____.

oldest-old

Individuals with untreated anxiety or depression may exaggerate minor memory losses or refuse to talk; it is the _____ with neurocognitive disorders.

opposite

Neurocognitive Disorders vary in _____ as well and include over 70 diseases, each with particular _____, sequence, and severity.

origin; symptoms

With emotional disorders, memory of the _____ is impaired, but _____ term memory is not. It is the _____ with neurocognitive disorders.

past; short; opposite

The main symptoms of Frontal Lobe Disorders are emotional and _____ changes including fading judgment, compassion, and self-_____.

personality; awareness

People in late adulthood often have reduced _____ _____ leading to increased stiffness and a reduced range of _____. This impairs circulation, digestion, thinking, balance, and gait.

physical movement; motion

Brain shrinkage is less evident in the more _____ parts of the brain.

primitive

Lewy bodies are deposits of a particular kind of _____ that interferes with communication between _____.

protein; neurons

Frontal Lobe Disorders usually progress _____ and lead to death within _____ years.

rapidly; five

Elderspeak _____ communication.

reduces

The crisis of integrity vs. despair is resolved if one's life comes together in a _____ of all the resilience and strengths already developed.

resynthesis

The theory that the elderly compensate for aging impairments in order to optimize whatever tasks they select to do is called _____ _____ with _____.

selective optimization; compensation

Good health habits _____ the aging process.

slow

All senses become _____ and less sharp with each passing decade.

slower

The elderly may compensate when driving by driving more _____ and reducing driving in the _____.

slowly; dark

Homeostasis _____ with age making the elderly _____ likely to recognize and remedy their hunger and thirst, thus impairing their cognition.

slows; less

Ageism involves _____, making it a social disease causing needless fear, waste, illness, and misery.

stereotyping

The second most common Neurocognitive Disorder is a ____ or a series of them, also known as a _____ NCD.

stroke; Vascular

Stroke symptoms appear _____ and include blurred vision, weak or paralyzed _____, mental _____, and _____ speech.

suddenly; limbs; confusion; slurred

The elderly may compensate for declining senses using _____ like hearing aids.

technology

If individuals with Parkinson's Disease live more than _____ years, major neurocognitive impairment almost always occurs.

ten

With Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs), symptoms may vanish quickly and are generally _____, making recognition and _____ action necessary in order to prevent another TIA.

unnoticed; preventative

The elderly may drink less due to _____ concerns.

urination

Age changes _____ a great deal from person to person.

vary

Brain _____ decreases by 1% per year throughout adulthood, and this process accelerates after age 60.

volume

Frontal Lobe Disorders are more likely to occur at relatively _____ ages than Alzheimer Disease or Vascular Dementia.

young

According to gerontologists, the _____-_____ are between the ages of 65 and 75 and are generally healthy, active, financially secure, and independent.

young-old