LC 34-37

Heredity accounts for about _____ percent of the variation among people in happiness ratings

50

Nearly _____ percent of all Americans think that being very well off is important for happiness. This belief is _____ by scientific research

75; contradicted

Jim recently received a large inheritance from a distant relative. Based on research, it can be expected that

Jim will initially be happy, but will then adjust and need more to be happy

The Stanford prison experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in the simulation of a prison. Half of the students became guards and the other half prisoners. After only six days, the lead psychologist, _____, had to call off the study because of the guards' degrading behaviors and the way the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled

Phillip Zimbardo

Which statement is true with respect to religiosity? -Attending church without changing the lifestyle has positive effects on longevity -Religiously active people tend to live longer -Religiosity can be explained by gender differences -Religiously active people tend to utilize doctors and hospitals more often

Religiously active people tend to live longer

Social scripts refer to

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Social thinking is to _____ as social influence is to _____

attitude; obedience

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action

Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Many studies cited in the textbook have shown that, in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____ is/are needed to solve a problem

cooperation

Following an ugly confrontation with a co-worker, Simon seeks sympathy from his friends. Simon is practicing _____ coping

emotion-focused

Casey and Reagan both earned A's on their biology test. Casey believes that her test score was due to luck, while Reagan attributes her grade to hard work. Casey demonstrates an _____ locus of control; Reagan demonstrates an _____ locus of control

external; internal

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will MOST likely increase the probability that Arlette will

fail to notice the older woman's problem

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression

frontal lobe

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group is called

group polarization

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim

has more experience interacting with Asian people

This is the tendency to favor one's own group

in-group bias

Aggression is related to _____ activity in the amygdala and _____ activity in the frontal lobe

increased; decreased

Since 1950, Americans' buying power has _____ and their happiness has _____

increased; remained constant

Jennifer has been experiencing depression. Which recommendation from her doctor is likely to be MOST successful?

join an exercise group

Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them on the street struggling to find food and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates

just-world theory

A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients _____ than do their nonreligious counterparts

live longer

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates

mirror-image perceptions

People heavily exposed to pornography are _____ likely to have lenient views of rape and are _____ likely to recommend long prison sentences for convicted rapists

more; less

Milgram is to _____ as _____ is to cognitive dissonance

obedience; Festinger

Couples are more likely to meet _____ than they were in the past

online

A researcher defines subjective well-being as the ratio of positive to negative emotion words that participants check on a list. This precise _____ definition should allow subsequent researchers to replicate her work

operational

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by

oxytocin

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love as deep affectionate attachment is to companionate love

passionate

Clarissa and Julio are in English class together and have been assigned to sit next to each other. Which factor will MOST likely affect their first impression of each other?

physical attractiveness

In recent years, the study of happiness has taken on increased importance with the rise of _____psychology

positive

Faced with overlapping, unrealistic deadlines at work, Ira recruits his co-workers to perform some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects. Ira is engaged in _____ coping

problem-focused

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Sense of obligation BEST reflects the

reciprocity norm

Some European-Canadians living in a large city on Canada's west coast believe that wealthy immigrants from Hong Kong and, increasingly, China's mainland have inflated the price of housing in the city, making homeownership difficult for many. They therefore view Asian-Canadians negatively. This is BEST explained by _____ theory

scapegoat

The ability to control impulses and delay gratification is called

self-control

The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. According to the textbook, the phenomenon of home field advantage is BEST understood with reference to

social facilitation

Casandra is a devoted Catholic and volunteers five hours each week at a local women's shelter. Casandra may volunteer so much because of

social-responsibility

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of

the frustration-aggression principle

Marilyn thinks a strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality, rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once each week. Her judgment BEST illustrates

the fundamental attribution error

"Fake it until you make it" is a saying of Alcoholics Anonymous and represents

the power of acting a new role

Since 1950, Americans' happiness has remained constant, even though their buying power has

tripled

Diffusion of responsibility is MOST likely to occur

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

discrimination

Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, but since he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat screen television to help him take his mind off his stress. This is an example of _____ coping

emotion-focused

It is often heard that successful long-term relationships are 50/50 or 100/100, highlighting the role of _____in companionate love

equity

The _____ phenomenon refers to the tendency to make judgments relative to a baseline established by one's experience

adaptation-level

A former major-league football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defense that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____ model, CTE reflects a biological influence on aggression

biopsychosocial

The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of

blood alcohol

Owen and his boyfriend are becoming more serious. "I feel I can tell him absolutely anything," Owen remarks. This example illustrates the contribution of _____ to the growing intimacy Owen and his boyfriend are experiencing

self-disclosure

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others

diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks

Whether people are progressive or conservative, they tend to favor those with whom they share a common political identity. This exemplifies

an in-group bias

Seven-year-old Marcus' parents use a lot of harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline Marcus is more likely to

demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is BEST explained in terms of the _____ theory

two-factor